Coined as a parallel to (Latin for "Peace of the Mongols") was the term for situation where trade between China and Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries was common and free from profound interference. Although the Mongol system of administration and governance during the brief era was not exactly peaceful, [1] the Pax Mongolica was a time of relative peace throughout the Old World that led to an increase of trade, as well as an increase in awareness, between distant nations. In

Social Organization of Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan, the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, established a unique and efficient social organization that contributed to the success and expansion of his empire. This social structure was designed to maintain control, foster loyalty, and ensure the effective administration of the vast territories under his rule. Key elements of Genghis Khan's social organization include:

Military Hierarchy:
- The Mongol military structure was organized into units known as "tumens," each consisting of 10,000 warriors.
- Tumens were further divided into units of 1,000, 100, and 10 soldiers, with each group led by a commander responsible for discipline and training.
- This hierarchical structure ensured effective command and control, allowing for swift and coordinated military actions.

Meritocracy:
- Genghis Khan's social organization was based on meritocracy, where individuals were appointed to positions based on their abilities and achievements rather than their social status or lineage.
- Promotions within the military and administration were based on merit, such as skill in warfare, strategic thinking, and loyalty to the empire.
- This system motivated individuals to strive for excellence and contributed to the overall efficiency of the Mongol Empire.

Administrative System:
- Genghis Khan established a centralized administrative system to govern the vast territories under his rule.
- The empire was divided into administrative units known as "ulus," each headed by a trusted commander or governor appointed by Genghis Khan.
- These governors were responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and ensuring the well-being of the local population.
- Genghis Khan encouraged the assimilation of conquered peoples into the Mongol Empire, allowing them to retain their own customs and traditions as long as they pledged loyalty to the empire.

Communication and Trade:
- Genghis Khan established an efficient communication network known as the "Yam system."
- This system consisted of a series of relay stations where messengers could exchange horses and travel quickly across the empire.
- The Yam system facilitated the transmission of orders, intelligence, and information, enabling swift decision-making and coordination.
- Genghis Khan also encouraged trade and commerce, promoting economic prosperity within the empire and fostering cultural exchange.

Code of Law:
- Genghis Khan implemented a code of law known as the "Yassa" to govern the Mongol Empire.
- The Yassa provided a set of rules and regulations to maintain order, administer justice, and protect the rights of the people.
- It emphasized concepts such as loyalty, discipline, and respect for elders.
- The Yassa also addressed issues such as property rights, marriage, and trade, aiming to create a fair and just society.

Overall, Genghis Khan's social organization was characterized by military hierarchy, meritocracy, a centralized administrative system, efficient communication networks, and a code of law. These elements contributed to the stability, expansion, and success of the Mongol Empire, making it one of the largest and most powerful empires in history.