Factors responsible for permanent settlement:

1. Availability of Resources:
One of the primary factors that influence permanent settlement is the availability of resources. People tend to settle in areas where there is an abundance of essential resources such as water, fertile land for agriculture, minerals, and forests. These resources ensure the sustenance and livelihood of the population.

2. Climate and Topography:
Climate and topography play a crucial role in determining permanent settlement. Favorable climatic conditions, such as moderate temperatures, adequate rainfall, and suitable growing seasons, attract people to settle in an area. Additionally, the topography of the land, including the presence of rivers, mountains, and plains, influences settlement patterns.

3. Accessibility:
The accessibility of an area is a key factor in permanent settlement. People prefer areas that are easily accessible by road, rail, or waterways, as it facilitates transportation and trade. Good connectivity to markets, schools, healthcare facilities, and other amenities also encourages permanent settlement.

4. Economic Opportunities:
The availability of economic opportunities is a significant factor that attracts people to settle permanently. Areas with thriving industries, job prospects, and a stable economy tend to have a higher rate of permanent settlement. The presence of natural resources, commercial centers, and infrastructure development contributes to economic opportunities.

5. Social and Cultural Factors:
Social and cultural factors also influence permanent settlement. People often prefer areas where they have social and cultural ties, such as their ancestral homeland or places where their community is well-established. Community cohesion, religious institutions, and cultural traditions can play a role in determining settlement patterns.

6. Government Policies:
Government policies and initiatives can impact permanent settlement. Development projects, incentives for industries, and infrastructure development implemented by the government can attract people to settle in certain areas. Policies related to land ownership, housing, and employment opportunities also influence settlement patterns.

7. Security and Stability:
The level of security and stability in an area is crucial for permanent settlement. People prefer areas with a low crime rate, political stability, and social harmony. A secure and stable environment provides a sense of safety and encourages people to settle down permanently.

In conclusion, permanent settlement is influenced by a combination of factors including the availability of resources, climate and topography, accessibility, economic opportunities, social and cultural factors, government policies, and security. These factors collectively shape settlement patterns and determine where people choose to establish their permanent homes.