Two Chief Characteristics of Russian Society before 1917

1. Feudal System:
The Russian society before 1917 was predominantly characterized by a feudal system. This system was based on a strict hierarchy where the nobility, clergy, and peasants had distinct roles and privileges. The nobility, including the Tsar, owned vast amounts of land and held significant power and wealth. They enjoyed privileges such as exemption from taxes and control over the peasantry. The clergy also held considerable influence, both religious and political, in society. Peasants, on the other hand, formed the majority of the population and were subjected to serfdom, bound to the land they worked on and under the control of the nobility. This feudal system created a stark divide between the privileged elite and the oppressed lower classes, leading to widespread discontent and social unrest.

2. Lack of Political Rights:
Another key characteristic of Russian society before 1917 was the severe lack of political rights and civil liberties for the majority of the population. The autocratic rule of the Tsar meant that there was no constitutional monarchy or democratic institutions in place. The Tsar held absolute power and authority, making all political decisions without any accountability to the people. This lack of political representation and voice for the common people fueled dissatisfaction and resentment towards the ruling elite. Additionally, censorship and strict control over the press limited freedom of expression and stifled any dissenting voices. The absence of political rights contributed to the growing revolutionary sentiment among various social groups, eventually culminating in the 1917 Russian Revolution.

Mention any two causes of Russian Revolution