Supply-chain management is a cross-functional approach that includes managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end consumer.

Management is a chain of continuous and mutual functions because
√ In consist of series of functions:-
∆Planning
∆Organising
∆Staffing
∆Directing
∆Controlling
√ these functions are performed regularly without any stock  .
√ It is a never ending process. that's why management is a chain continuous and mutual functions.

Management as a Chain:
Management can be viewed as a chain of continuous and mutual functions, where each function is interconnected and interdependent. This chain consists of various activities that are essential for the effective functioning of an organization. Let's discuss these functions in detail:

1. Planning:
Planning is the first and foremost function of management. It involves setting objectives, determining actions to achieve those objectives, and developing strategies to accomplish them. Planning provides a roadmap for the organization and ensures that all activities are aligned towards a common goal.

2. Organizing:
Organizing involves arranging and allocating resources, such as human, financial, and physical resources, to achieve the objectives set during the planning phase. It includes designing the organizational structure, defining roles and responsibilities, and establishing communication channels. Organizing ensures that all resources are utilized effectively and efficiently.

3. Staffing:
Staffing involves determining the manpower requirements of the organization and recruiting, selecting, training, and developing the right individuals for the job. It also includes performance appraisal, compensation, and maintaining a healthy work environment. Staffing ensures that the organization has the right people with the right skills to accomplish its goals.

4. Directing:
Directing refers to the process of guiding, motivating, and leading employees towards the achievement of organizational objectives. It involves providing instructions, communicating expectations, resolving conflicts, and maintaining discipline. Directing ensures that employees are aligned and working towards common goals.

5. Controlling:
Controlling is the final function of management, which involves monitoring, measuring, and comparing actual performance with planned performance. It includes taking corrective actions if there are any deviations from the planned objectives. Controlling ensures that the organization stays on track and achieves its desired outcomes.

Mutual Function:
These functions of management are not performed in isolation but are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. They are interconnected and influence each other. For example, planning provides the basis for organizing and staffing, organizing provides the structure for directing, and controlling helps in evaluating the effectiveness of all other functions.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, management can be viewed as a chain of continuous and mutual functions. Each function is essential for the effective functioning of an organization, and they are interdependent and interconnected. By understanding and implementing these functions, managers can ensure the smooth operation and success of the organization.