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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: अंतराष्ट्रीय संगठन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 1


ifjp;
bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus
osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ
ckjs esa i<+saxsA ge ns[ksaxs fd ,d mHkjrs gq,
fo'o esa u;h pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ iqufuZekZ.k dh ckrsa
gks jgh FkhaA bUgha pqukSfr;ksa esa ,d Fkh vejhdk
dh 'kfDr dk c<+ukA lq/kj dh çfØ;kvksa
vkSj mudh dfBukb;ksa dh ,d felky la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa gksus okyk cnyko
gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ls Hkkjr dk tqM+ko vkSj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ lq/kjksa dks ysdj mldk
fo'ks"k n`f"Vdks.k vius vki esa tkudkjh dk
,d vge fo"k; gSA bl vè;k; dk var bl
loky ls fd;k x;k gS fd D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k ,sls fo'o esa dksbZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrk gS ftlesa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr dk
ncnck gksA bl vè;k; esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkus okys oqQN vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vè;k; 6
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
;g la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk çrhd fpÞ~u gSA blesa nqfu;k dk u 
+
D'kk cuk gqvk
gS vkSj blosQ pkjksa rjiQ tSrwu dh ifÙk;k¡ gSaA ;s ifÙk;k¡ fo'o 'kkafr dk
laosQr djrh gSaA www.un.org ls lkHkkj
2018-19
Page 2


ifjp;
bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus
osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ
ckjs esa i<+saxsA ge ns[ksaxs fd ,d mHkjrs gq,
fo'o esa u;h pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ iqufuZekZ.k dh ckrsa
gks jgh FkhaA bUgha pqukSfr;ksa esa ,d Fkh vejhdk
dh 'kfDr dk c<+ukA lq/kj dh çfØ;kvksa
vkSj mudh dfBukb;ksa dh ,d felky la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa gksus okyk cnyko
gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ls Hkkjr dk tqM+ko vkSj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ lq/kjksa dks ysdj mldk
fo'ks"k n`f"Vdks.k vius vki esa tkudkjh dk
,d vge fo"k; gSA bl vè;k; dk var bl
loky ls fd;k x;k gS fd D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k ,sls fo'o esa dksbZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrk gS ftlesa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr dk
ncnck gksA bl vè;k; esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkus okys oqQN vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vè;k; 6
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
;g la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk çrhd fpÞ~u gSA blesa nqfu;k dk u 
+
D'kk cuk gqvk
gS vkSj blosQ pkjksa rjiQ tSrwu dh ifÙk;k¡ gSaA ;s ifÙk;k¡ fo'o 'kkafr dk
laosQr djrh gSaA www.un.org ls lkHkkj
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 82
gesa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu D;ksa pkfg,\
,d vksj bl rjg osQ dkVwZu vkSj fVIif.k;k¡
gSa rks nwljh vksj ge ikrs gSa fd la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dks vkt dh nqfu;k dk lcls
egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ekuk tkrk gSA
veweu ^;w ,u* dgs tkus okys bl laxBu
dks fo'o Hkj osQ cgqr&ls yksx ,d vfuok;Z
laxBu ekurs gSaA ;g laxBu mudh u”kj esa
'kkafr vkSj çxfr osQ çfr ekuork dh vk'kk
dk çrhd gSA gesa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k tSls
laxBuksa dh ”k:jr D;ksa gS\ vkb,] ;gk¡ ,sls
nks yksxksa osQ fopkj i<+rs gSa ftUgsa bl laxBu
osQ dkedkt dh van#uh tkudkjh gS &
^^la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk xBu ekuork dks
LoxZ igq¡pkus osQ fy, ugha cfYd mls ujd ls
cpkus osQ fy, gqvk gSA**
& Msx gSejlksYM_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
osQ nwljs egklfpo
^^crdgh dh pkSiky] Bhd dgk vkius!
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa [kwc cSBosaQ gksrh gSa] nuknu
Hkk"k.k gksrs gSa & [+kkldj vke lHkk osQ okf"kZd
l=k esaA ysfdu] tSlk fd pfpZy dgrs Fks]
gfFk;kj yM+kus ls cf<+;k gS fd ”kcku yM+kbZ
tk,A D;k ;g ckr csgrj ugha fd ,d ,slh
txg Hkh gks tgk¡ nqfu;k osQ lkjs ns'k bd_s gksa
vkSj dHkh&dHkkj viuh ckrksa ls ,d&nwljs dk
lj [kk,¡] cfuLir yM+kbZ osQ eSnku esa ,d&nwljs
dk lj dye djus osQ\**
& 'kf'k Fk:j_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa
lkoZtfud lwpuk vkSj lapkj osQ iwoZ
voj lfpoA
;s nks m¼j.k ,d egÙoiw.kZ ckr dh
rjiQ b'kkjk djrs gSaaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
gj e”kZ dh nok ugha ysfdu os egÙoiw.kZ
”k:j gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ;q¼ vkSj
'kkafr osQ ekeyksa esa enn djrs gSaA os
ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSa rkfd ge lc
dh csgrj thou&fLFkfr;k¡ dk;e gksaA
ns'kksa osQ chp eueqVko vkSj >xM+s gksrs
gSa] ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha fd vius
oSj&fojks/ osQ dkj.k os ,d&nwljs ls ;q¼
Bku ysaA bldh txg os foHksn osQ elyksa ij
ckrphr dj ldrs gSa vkSj mldk ,d
;gh ckr rks os laln osQ
ckjs esa dgrs gSaA D;k
gesa crdgh dh ,slh
pkSikysa okLro esa
pkfg,\
twu 2006 osQ nkSjku btjkby us yscuku ij geyk fd;kA mldk dguk Fkk fd mxzoknh xqV fg”kcqYykg ij fu;a=k.k djus osQ fy, geyk ”k:jh gSA
Hkkjh la[;k esa vke ukxfjd ekjs x,A dbZ lkoZtfud bekjr vkSj fjgk;'kh bykosQ btjkbyh ceckjh dh pisV esa vk,A la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us bl ekeys
ij ,d çLrko cgqr ckn ;kuh vxLr esa ikl fd;k vkSj btjkbyh lsuk bl bykosQ ls vDVwcj esa gh okil gks ldhA ;s nksuksa dkVwZu bl ladV esa
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vkSj mlosQ egklfpo dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh djrs gSaA
gSjh gsfjlu] osQxYl dkVZwu
ihVj fiLesL=kksfop] osQxYl dkVZwu
2018-19
Page 3


ifjp;
bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus
osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ
ckjs esa i<+saxsA ge ns[ksaxs fd ,d mHkjrs gq,
fo'o esa u;h pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ iqufuZekZ.k dh ckrsa
gks jgh FkhaA bUgha pqukSfr;ksa esa ,d Fkh vejhdk
dh 'kfDr dk c<+ukA lq/kj dh çfØ;kvksa
vkSj mudh dfBukb;ksa dh ,d felky la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa gksus okyk cnyko
gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ls Hkkjr dk tqM+ko vkSj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ lq/kjksa dks ysdj mldk
fo'ks"k n`f"Vdks.k vius vki esa tkudkjh dk
,d vge fo"k; gSA bl vè;k; dk var bl
loky ls fd;k x;k gS fd D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k ,sls fo'o esa dksbZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrk gS ftlesa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr dk
ncnck gksA bl vè;k; esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkus okys oqQN vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vè;k; 6
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
;g la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk çrhd fpÞ~u gSA blesa nqfu;k dk u 
+
D'kk cuk gqvk
gS vkSj blosQ pkjksa rjiQ tSrwu dh ifÙk;k¡ gSaA ;s ifÙk;k¡ fo'o 'kkafr dk
laosQr djrh gSaA www.un.org ls lkHkkj
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 82
gesa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu D;ksa pkfg,\
,d vksj bl rjg osQ dkVwZu vkSj fVIif.k;k¡
gSa rks nwljh vksj ge ikrs gSa fd la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dks vkt dh nqfu;k dk lcls
egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ekuk tkrk gSA
veweu ^;w ,u* dgs tkus okys bl laxBu
dks fo'o Hkj osQ cgqr&ls yksx ,d vfuok;Z
laxBu ekurs gSaA ;g laxBu mudh u”kj esa
'kkafr vkSj çxfr osQ çfr ekuork dh vk'kk
dk çrhd gSA gesa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k tSls
laxBuksa dh ”k:jr D;ksa gS\ vkb,] ;gk¡ ,sls
nks yksxksa osQ fopkj i<+rs gSa ftUgsa bl laxBu
osQ dkedkt dh van#uh tkudkjh gS &
^^la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk xBu ekuork dks
LoxZ igq¡pkus osQ fy, ugha cfYd mls ujd ls
cpkus osQ fy, gqvk gSA**
& Msx gSejlksYM_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
osQ nwljs egklfpo
^^crdgh dh pkSiky] Bhd dgk vkius!
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa [kwc cSBosaQ gksrh gSa] nuknu
Hkk"k.k gksrs gSa & [+kkldj vke lHkk osQ okf"kZd
l=k esaA ysfdu] tSlk fd pfpZy dgrs Fks]
gfFk;kj yM+kus ls cf<+;k gS fd ”kcku yM+kbZ
tk,A D;k ;g ckr csgrj ugha fd ,d ,slh
txg Hkh gks tgk¡ nqfu;k osQ lkjs ns'k bd_s gksa
vkSj dHkh&dHkkj viuh ckrksa ls ,d&nwljs dk
lj [kk,¡] cfuLir yM+kbZ osQ eSnku esa ,d&nwljs
dk lj dye djus osQ\**
& 'kf'k Fk:j_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa
lkoZtfud lwpuk vkSj lapkj osQ iwoZ
voj lfpoA
;s nks m¼j.k ,d egÙoiw.kZ ckr dh
rjiQ b'kkjk djrs gSaaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
gj e”kZ dh nok ugha ysfdu os egÙoiw.kZ
”k:j gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ;q¼ vkSj
'kkafr osQ ekeyksa esa enn djrs gSaA os
ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSa rkfd ge lc
dh csgrj thou&fLFkfr;k¡ dk;e gksaA
ns'kksa osQ chp eueqVko vkSj >xM+s gksrs
gSa] ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha fd vius
oSj&fojks/ osQ dkj.k os ,d&nwljs ls ;q¼
Bku ysaA bldh txg os foHksn osQ elyksa ij
ckrphr dj ldrs gSa vkSj mldk ,d
;gh ckr rks os laln osQ
ckjs esa dgrs gSaA D;k
gesa crdgh dh ,slh
pkSikysa okLro esa
pkfg,\
twu 2006 osQ nkSjku btjkby us yscuku ij geyk fd;kA mldk dguk Fkk fd mxzoknh xqV fg”kcqYykg ij fu;a=k.k djus osQ fy, geyk ”k:jh gSA
Hkkjh la[;k esa vke ukxfjd ekjs x,A dbZ lkoZtfud bekjr vkSj fjgk;'kh bykosQ btjkbyh ceckjh dh pisV esa vk,A la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us bl ekeys
ij ,d çLrko cgqr ckn ;kuh vxLr esa ikl fd;k vkSj btjkbyh lsuk bl bykosQ ls vDVwcj esa gh okil gks ldhA ;s nksuksa dkVwZu bl ladV esa
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vkSj mlosQ egklfpo dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh djrs gSaA
gSjh gsfjlu] osQxYl dkVZwu
ihVj fiLesL=kksfop] osQxYl dkVZwu
2018-19
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu 83
'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku <w¡<+ ldrs gSaA oLrqr%
vf/dka'k >xM+ksa vkSj foHksnksa dk lek/ku
fcuk ;q¼ osQ gh fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;g
,d ,slk rF; gS ftl ij de è;ku tkrk
gSA bl lanHkZ esa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh;
laxBu dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; ugha gksrk
ftldh vius lnL;ksa ij /kSal pyrh gksA
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu jkT;
gh djrs gSa vkSj ;g muosQ ekeyksa osQ fy,
tokcnsg gksrk gSA tc jkT;ksa esa bl ckr ij
lgefr gksrh gS fd dksbZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
cuuk pkfg,] rHkh ,sls laxBu dk;e gksrs
gSaA ,d ckj budk fuekZ.k gks tk, rks ;s
leL;kvksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku esa lnL;
ns'kksa dh enn djrs gSaA
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ,d vkSj rjhosQ ls
ennxkj gksrs gSaA jk"Vªksa osQ lkeus vDlj oqQN
dke ,sls vk tkrs gSa ftUgsa lkFk feydj gh
djuk gksrk gSA oqQN elys brus pqukSrhiw.kZ
gksrs gSa fd muls rHkh fuiVk tk ldrk gS
tc lHkh lkFk feydj dke djsaA bldh
,d felky rks chekjh gh gSA oqQN jksxksa dks
rc gh [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS tc fo'o
dk gj ns'k viuh vkcknh dks VhosQ yxkus
esa lg;ksx djsA ge ^Xykscy okfe±x*
(fo'oO;kih rkio`f¼) vkSj mlosQ çHkkoksa
dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA okrkoj.k esa xzhugkml
xSlksa osQ c<+us ls rkieku c<+ jgk gSA blls
leqæry dh Å¡pkbZ c<+us dk [+krjk gSA vxj
,slk gqvk rks fo'o osQ leqærVh; bykosQ
ftlesa cM+s&cM+s 'kgj Hkh 'kkfey gSa] Mwc
tk,saxsA gj ns'k vius&vius rjhosQ ls ^Xykscy
okfe±x* osQ nq"çHkkoksa dk lek/ku <w¡<+ ldrk
gSA rc Hkh varr% lcls çHkkodkjh lek/ku
rks ;gh gS fd oSf'od rkio`f¼ dks jksdk
,sls eqíksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh ,d lwph
cukb, ftUgsa lqy>kuk fdlh ,d ns'k
osQ fy, laHko ugha gS vkSj ftuosQ fy,
,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dh ”k:jr gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
'khr;q¼ osQ ckn osQ le; esa oqQN laxBuksa us
cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] [kkldj
fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esaA buesa ls
,d varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (baVjus'kuy ekWusVjh
iQaM&IMF) gSA  ;g laxBu oSf'od Lrj dh
foÙk&O;oLFkk dh ns[kjs[k djrk gS vkSj ek¡xs tkus ij foÙkh; rFkk
rduhdh lgk;rk eqgS;k djrk gSA 189 (12 vizSy 2016 dh
fLFkfr) ns'k varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k osQ lnL; gSa ysfdu gj lnL;
dh jk; dk otu cjkcj ugha gSA lewg&7 osQ lnL; (vejhdk]
tkiku] teZuh] Úkal] fczVsu] bVyh vkSj dukMk) osQ ikl 41-29
izfr'kr er gSaA vU; vxz.kh lnL;ksa esa phu (6-09 %)] Hkkjr (2-
64 %)] :l (2-59 %)] czk”khy (2-22 %) vkSj lmQnh vjc (2-
02 %) gSaA vosQys vejhdk osQ ikl 16-52 çfr'kr erkf/dkj gSaA
tk,A blosQ fy, fo'o osQ cM+s vkS|ksfxd
ns'kksa dk lg;ksx djuk ”k#jh gSA
nqHkkZX; ls] lg;ksx dh ”k:jr dks
igpkuuk vkSj lpeqp esa lg;ksx djuk nks
vyx&vyx ckrsa gSaA ns'k lg;ksx djus dh
”k:jr dks igpku ldrs gSa ysfdu lg;ksx
dk lcls csgrj rjhdk D;k gks µ bl ij
ges'kk muosQ chp lgefr ugha gks ldrhA
lg;ksx esa vkus okyh ykxr dk Hkkj dkSu
fdruk mBk,] lg;ksx ls gksus okys ykHk dk
vkilh c¡Vokjk U;k;ksfpr <ax ls oSQls gks]
eksy&rksy osQ ckn tks r; gks tk, mlls
dksbZ eqdjs ugha vkSj vkilh le>kSrs osQ ckn
tks ckrsa r; gqbZ gSa muls dksbZ Hkh nX
+
kk u djs&
bu fcanqvksa ij lHkh ns'k ges'kk lger ugha
2018-19
Page 4


ifjp;
bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus
osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ
ckjs esa i<+saxsA ge ns[ksaxs fd ,d mHkjrs gq,
fo'o esa u;h pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ iqufuZekZ.k dh ckrsa
gks jgh FkhaA bUgha pqukSfr;ksa esa ,d Fkh vejhdk
dh 'kfDr dk c<+ukA lq/kj dh çfØ;kvksa
vkSj mudh dfBukb;ksa dh ,d felky la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa gksus okyk cnyko
gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ls Hkkjr dk tqM+ko vkSj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ lq/kjksa dks ysdj mldk
fo'ks"k n`f"Vdks.k vius vki esa tkudkjh dk
,d vge fo"k; gSA bl vè;k; dk var bl
loky ls fd;k x;k gS fd D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k ,sls fo'o esa dksbZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrk gS ftlesa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr dk
ncnck gksA bl vè;k; esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkus okys oqQN vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vè;k; 6
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
;g la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk çrhd fpÞ~u gSA blesa nqfu;k dk u 
+
D'kk cuk gqvk
gS vkSj blosQ pkjksa rjiQ tSrwu dh ifÙk;k¡ gSaA ;s ifÙk;k¡ fo'o 'kkafr dk
laosQr djrh gSaA www.un.org ls lkHkkj
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 82
gesa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu D;ksa pkfg,\
,d vksj bl rjg osQ dkVwZu vkSj fVIif.k;k¡
gSa rks nwljh vksj ge ikrs gSa fd la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dks vkt dh nqfu;k dk lcls
egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ekuk tkrk gSA
veweu ^;w ,u* dgs tkus okys bl laxBu
dks fo'o Hkj osQ cgqr&ls yksx ,d vfuok;Z
laxBu ekurs gSaA ;g laxBu mudh u”kj esa
'kkafr vkSj çxfr osQ çfr ekuork dh vk'kk
dk çrhd gSA gesa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k tSls
laxBuksa dh ”k:jr D;ksa gS\ vkb,] ;gk¡ ,sls
nks yksxksa osQ fopkj i<+rs gSa ftUgsa bl laxBu
osQ dkedkt dh van#uh tkudkjh gS &
^^la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk xBu ekuork dks
LoxZ igq¡pkus osQ fy, ugha cfYd mls ujd ls
cpkus osQ fy, gqvk gSA**
& Msx gSejlksYM_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
osQ nwljs egklfpo
^^crdgh dh pkSiky] Bhd dgk vkius!
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa [kwc cSBosaQ gksrh gSa] nuknu
Hkk"k.k gksrs gSa & [+kkldj vke lHkk osQ okf"kZd
l=k esaA ysfdu] tSlk fd pfpZy dgrs Fks]
gfFk;kj yM+kus ls cf<+;k gS fd ”kcku yM+kbZ
tk,A D;k ;g ckr csgrj ugha fd ,d ,slh
txg Hkh gks tgk¡ nqfu;k osQ lkjs ns'k bd_s gksa
vkSj dHkh&dHkkj viuh ckrksa ls ,d&nwljs dk
lj [kk,¡] cfuLir yM+kbZ osQ eSnku esa ,d&nwljs
dk lj dye djus osQ\**
& 'kf'k Fk:j_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa
lkoZtfud lwpuk vkSj lapkj osQ iwoZ
voj lfpoA
;s nks m¼j.k ,d egÙoiw.kZ ckr dh
rjiQ b'kkjk djrs gSaaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
gj e”kZ dh nok ugha ysfdu os egÙoiw.kZ
”k:j gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ;q¼ vkSj
'kkafr osQ ekeyksa esa enn djrs gSaA os
ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSa rkfd ge lc
dh csgrj thou&fLFkfr;k¡ dk;e gksaA
ns'kksa osQ chp eueqVko vkSj >xM+s gksrs
gSa] ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha fd vius
oSj&fojks/ osQ dkj.k os ,d&nwljs ls ;q¼
Bku ysaA bldh txg os foHksn osQ elyksa ij
ckrphr dj ldrs gSa vkSj mldk ,d
;gh ckr rks os laln osQ
ckjs esa dgrs gSaA D;k
gesa crdgh dh ,slh
pkSikysa okLro esa
pkfg,\
twu 2006 osQ nkSjku btjkby us yscuku ij geyk fd;kA mldk dguk Fkk fd mxzoknh xqV fg”kcqYykg ij fu;a=k.k djus osQ fy, geyk ”k:jh gSA
Hkkjh la[;k esa vke ukxfjd ekjs x,A dbZ lkoZtfud bekjr vkSj fjgk;'kh bykosQ btjkbyh ceckjh dh pisV esa vk,A la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us bl ekeys
ij ,d çLrko cgqr ckn ;kuh vxLr esa ikl fd;k vkSj btjkbyh lsuk bl bykosQ ls vDVwcj esa gh okil gks ldhA ;s nksuksa dkVwZu bl ladV esa
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vkSj mlosQ egklfpo dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh djrs gSaA
gSjh gsfjlu] osQxYl dkVZwu
ihVj fiLesL=kksfop] osQxYl dkVZwu
2018-19
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu 83
'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku <w¡<+ ldrs gSaA oLrqr%
vf/dka'k >xM+ksa vkSj foHksnksa dk lek/ku
fcuk ;q¼ osQ gh fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;g
,d ,slk rF; gS ftl ij de è;ku tkrk
gSA bl lanHkZ esa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh;
laxBu dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; ugha gksrk
ftldh vius lnL;ksa ij /kSal pyrh gksA
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu jkT;
gh djrs gSa vkSj ;g muosQ ekeyksa osQ fy,
tokcnsg gksrk gSA tc jkT;ksa esa bl ckr ij
lgefr gksrh gS fd dksbZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
cuuk pkfg,] rHkh ,sls laxBu dk;e gksrs
gSaA ,d ckj budk fuekZ.k gks tk, rks ;s
leL;kvksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku esa lnL;
ns'kksa dh enn djrs gSaA
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ,d vkSj rjhosQ ls
ennxkj gksrs gSaA jk"Vªksa osQ lkeus vDlj oqQN
dke ,sls vk tkrs gSa ftUgsa lkFk feydj gh
djuk gksrk gSA oqQN elys brus pqukSrhiw.kZ
gksrs gSa fd muls rHkh fuiVk tk ldrk gS
tc lHkh lkFk feydj dke djsaA bldh
,d felky rks chekjh gh gSA oqQN jksxksa dks
rc gh [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS tc fo'o
dk gj ns'k viuh vkcknh dks VhosQ yxkus
esa lg;ksx djsA ge ^Xykscy okfe±x*
(fo'oO;kih rkio`f¼) vkSj mlosQ çHkkoksa
dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA okrkoj.k esa xzhugkml
xSlksa osQ c<+us ls rkieku c<+ jgk gSA blls
leqæry dh Å¡pkbZ c<+us dk [+krjk gSA vxj
,slk gqvk rks fo'o osQ leqærVh; bykosQ
ftlesa cM+s&cM+s 'kgj Hkh 'kkfey gSa] Mwc
tk,saxsA gj ns'k vius&vius rjhosQ ls ^Xykscy
okfe±x* osQ nq"çHkkoksa dk lek/ku <w¡<+ ldrk
gSA rc Hkh varr% lcls çHkkodkjh lek/ku
rks ;gh gS fd oSf'od rkio`f¼ dks jksdk
,sls eqíksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh ,d lwph
cukb, ftUgsa lqy>kuk fdlh ,d ns'k
osQ fy, laHko ugha gS vkSj ftuosQ fy,
,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dh ”k:jr gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
'khr;q¼ osQ ckn osQ le; esa oqQN laxBuksa us
cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] [kkldj
fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esaA buesa ls
,d varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (baVjus'kuy ekWusVjh
iQaM&IMF) gSA  ;g laxBu oSf'od Lrj dh
foÙk&O;oLFkk dh ns[kjs[k djrk gS vkSj ek¡xs tkus ij foÙkh; rFkk
rduhdh lgk;rk eqgS;k djrk gSA 189 (12 vizSy 2016 dh
fLFkfr) ns'k varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k osQ lnL; gSa ysfdu gj lnL;
dh jk; dk otu cjkcj ugha gSA lewg&7 osQ lnL; (vejhdk]
tkiku] teZuh] Úkal] fczVsu] bVyh vkSj dukMk) osQ ikl 41-29
izfr'kr er gSaA vU; vxz.kh lnL;ksa esa phu (6-09 %)] Hkkjr (2-
64 %)] :l (2-59 %)] czk”khy (2-22 %) vkSj lmQnh vjc (2-
02 %) gSaA vosQys vejhdk osQ ikl 16-52 çfr'kr erkf/dkj gSaA
tk,A blosQ fy, fo'o osQ cM+s vkS|ksfxd
ns'kksa dk lg;ksx djuk ”k#jh gSA
nqHkkZX; ls] lg;ksx dh ”k:jr dks
igpkuuk vkSj lpeqp esa lg;ksx djuk nks
vyx&vyx ckrsa gSaA ns'k lg;ksx djus dh
”k:jr dks igpku ldrs gSa ysfdu lg;ksx
dk lcls csgrj rjhdk D;k gks µ bl ij
ges'kk muosQ chp lgefr ugha gks ldrhA
lg;ksx esa vkus okyh ykxr dk Hkkj dkSu
fdruk mBk,] lg;ksx ls gksus okys ykHk dk
vkilh c¡Vokjk U;k;ksfpr <ax ls oSQls gks]
eksy&rksy osQ ckn tks r; gks tk, mlls
dksbZ eqdjs ugha vkSj vkilh le>kSrs osQ ckn
tks ckrsa r; gqbZ gSa muls dksbZ Hkh nX
+
kk u djs&
bu fcanqvksa ij lHkh ns'k ges'kk lger ugha
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 84
vxLr 1941 % vejhdh jk"Vªifr :tosYV vkSj fczrkuh ç/kuea=kh
pfpZy }kjk vVykafVd pkVZj ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A
tuojh 1942 % /qjh 'kfDr;ksa osQ f[kykiQ yM+ jgs 26 fe=k&jk"Vª
vVykafVd pkVZj osQ leFkZu esa okf'kaXVu esa feys vkSj
fnlacj 1943 esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk ij
gLrk{kj gq,A
iQjojh 1945 % rhu cM+s usrkvksa (:tosYV] pfpZy vkSj LVkfyu) us
;kYVk lEesyu esa çLrkfor varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu osQ ckjs esa
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk ,d lEesyu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA
vçSy&ebZ 1945 % lsu ÚkaflLdks esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk varjkZ"Vªh;
laxBu cukus osQ elys ij osaQfær nks eghus yack
lEesyu laiÂA
26 twu 1945 % la;qDr jk"Vªla?k pkVZj ij 50 ns'kksa osQ gLrk{kjA
iksySaM us 15 vDVwcj dks gLrk{kj fd,A bl rjg
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa 51 ewy laLFkkid lnL; gSaA
24 vDVwcj 1945 % la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh LFkkiukA 24 vDVwcj la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k fnolA
30 vDVwcj 1945 % Hkkjr la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa 'kkfeyA
1942 dh la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk osQ vk/kj
ij nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ nkSjku (1943 esa)
vejhsdk osQ ;q¼ lwpuk foHkkx (;wukbVsM LVs~Vl
vkWfiQl vkWo okj baiQkWjes'ku) }kjk rS;kj fd;k
x;k iksLVjA bl iksLVj esa mu ns'kksa osQ >aMksa dks
ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftUgkasus fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ ;q¼d
ç;klksa osQ leFkZu djus dk ladYi fd;k FkkA
;g iksLVj ,d vFkZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g fn[kkrk
gS fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh tM+sa ;q¼ esa FkhaA
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh LFkkiuk
gksrsA ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu lg;ksx djus
osQ mik; vkSj lwpuk,¡ tqVkus esa enn dj
ldrk gSA ,slk laxBu fu;eksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh
dh ,d :ijs[kk ns ldrk gS rkfd lnL;ksa
dks ;g fo'okl gks fd vkus okyh ykxr esa
lcdh leqfpr lk>snkjh gksxh] ykHk dk
c¡Vokjk U;k;ksfpr gksxk vkSj dksbZ lnL; ,d
ckj le>kSrs esa 'kkfey gks tkrk gS rks og bl
le>kSrs osQ fu;e vkSj 'krks± dk ikyu djsxkA
'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn vc la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k FkksM+h vyx Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk
gS µ ge ,slk vuqeku dj ldrs gSaA vejhdk
vkSj mlosQ [kses osQ ns'k fotsrk cudj mHkjs
gSaA ,sls esa cgqr ls yksxksa vkSj ljdkjksa dks bl
ckr dh fpark lrk jgh gS fd vejhdk dh
vxqvkbZ esa if'peh ns'k brus rkdroj gks
tk,¡xs fd mudh bPNkvksa&vkdka{kkvksa ij
yxke dluk vlaHko gksxkA D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k vejhdk osQ lkFk laokn vkSj ppkZ
esa ennxkj gks ldrk gS vkSj D;k ;g laxBu
vejhdh ljdkj dh rkdr ij vaoqQ'k yxk
ldrk gS\ ge bu lokyksa osQ mÙkj vè;k;
osQ var esa [kkstsaxsA
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk fodkl
igys fo'o;q¼ us nqfu;k dks bl ckr osQ
fy, txk;k fd >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy,
,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cukus dk ç;kl ”k:j
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
^yhx vkWo us'kal* dk tUe gqvkA 'kq#vkrh
liQyrkvksa osQ ckotwn ;g laxBu nwljk
fo'o;q¼ (1939&45) u jksd ldkA igys
dh rqyuk esa bl egk;q¼ esa dgha ”;knk yksx
ekjs x;s vkSj ?kk;y gq,A
2018-19
Page 5


ifjp;
bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus
osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ
ckjs esa i<+saxsA ge ns[ksaxs fd ,d mHkjrs gq,
fo'o esa u;h pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ iqufuZekZ.k dh ckrsa
gks jgh FkhaA bUgha pqukSfr;ksa esa ,d Fkh vejhdk
dh 'kfDr dk c<+ukA lq/kj dh çfØ;kvksa
vkSj mudh dfBukb;ksa dh ,d felky la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa gksus okyk cnyko
gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ls Hkkjr dk tqM+ko vkSj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ lq/kjksa dks ysdj mldk
fo'ks"k n`f"Vdks.k vius vki esa tkudkjh dk
,d vge fo"k; gSA bl vè;k; dk var bl
loky ls fd;k x;k gS fd D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k ,sls fo'o esa dksbZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrk gS ftlesa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr dk
ncnck gksA bl vè;k; esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkus okys oqQN vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vè;k; 6
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
;g la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk çrhd fpÞ~u gSA blesa nqfu;k dk u 
+
D'kk cuk gqvk
gS vkSj blosQ pkjksa rjiQ tSrwu dh ifÙk;k¡ gSaA ;s ifÙk;k¡ fo'o 'kkafr dk
laosQr djrh gSaA www.un.org ls lkHkkj
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 82
gesa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu D;ksa pkfg,\
,d vksj bl rjg osQ dkVwZu vkSj fVIif.k;k¡
gSa rks nwljh vksj ge ikrs gSa fd la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k dks vkt dh nqfu;k dk lcls
egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ekuk tkrk gSA
veweu ^;w ,u* dgs tkus okys bl laxBu
dks fo'o Hkj osQ cgqr&ls yksx ,d vfuok;Z
laxBu ekurs gSaA ;g laxBu mudh u”kj esa
'kkafr vkSj çxfr osQ çfr ekuork dh vk'kk
dk çrhd gSA gesa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k tSls
laxBuksa dh ”k:jr D;ksa gS\ vkb,] ;gk¡ ,sls
nks yksxksa osQ fopkj i<+rs gSa ftUgsa bl laxBu
osQ dkedkt dh van#uh tkudkjh gS &
^^la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk xBu ekuork dks
LoxZ igq¡pkus osQ fy, ugha cfYd mls ujd ls
cpkus osQ fy, gqvk gSA**
& Msx gSejlksYM_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
osQ nwljs egklfpo
^^crdgh dh pkSiky] Bhd dgk vkius!
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa [kwc cSBosaQ gksrh gSa] nuknu
Hkk"k.k gksrs gSa & [+kkldj vke lHkk osQ okf"kZd
l=k esaA ysfdu] tSlk fd pfpZy dgrs Fks]
gfFk;kj yM+kus ls cf<+;k gS fd ”kcku yM+kbZ
tk,A D;k ;g ckr csgrj ugha fd ,d ,slh
txg Hkh gks tgk¡ nqfu;k osQ lkjs ns'k bd_s gksa
vkSj dHkh&dHkkj viuh ckrksa ls ,d&nwljs dk
lj [kk,¡] cfuLir yM+kbZ osQ eSnku esa ,d&nwljs
dk lj dye djus osQ\**
& 'kf'k Fk:j_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa
lkoZtfud lwpuk vkSj lapkj osQ iwoZ
voj lfpoA
;s nks m¼j.k ,d egÙoiw.kZ ckr dh
rjiQ b'kkjk djrs gSaaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
gj e”kZ dh nok ugha ysfdu os egÙoiw.kZ
”k:j gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ;q¼ vkSj
'kkafr osQ ekeyksa esa enn djrs gSaA os
ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSa rkfd ge lc
dh csgrj thou&fLFkfr;k¡ dk;e gksaA
ns'kksa osQ chp eueqVko vkSj >xM+s gksrs
gSa] ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha fd vius
oSj&fojks/ osQ dkj.k os ,d&nwljs ls ;q¼
Bku ysaA bldh txg os foHksn osQ elyksa ij
ckrphr dj ldrs gSa vkSj mldk ,d
;gh ckr rks os laln osQ
ckjs esa dgrs gSaA D;k
gesa crdgh dh ,slh
pkSikysa okLro esa
pkfg,\
twu 2006 osQ nkSjku btjkby us yscuku ij geyk fd;kA mldk dguk Fkk fd mxzoknh xqV fg”kcqYykg ij fu;a=k.k djus osQ fy, geyk ”k:jh gSA
Hkkjh la[;k esa vke ukxfjd ekjs x,A dbZ lkoZtfud bekjr vkSj fjgk;'kh bykosQ btjkbyh ceckjh dh pisV esa vk,A la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us bl ekeys
ij ,d çLrko cgqr ckn ;kuh vxLr esa ikl fd;k vkSj btjkbyh lsuk bl bykosQ ls vDVwcj esa gh okil gks ldhA ;s nksuksa dkVwZu bl ladV esa
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vkSj mlosQ egklfpo dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh djrs gSaA
gSjh gsfjlu] osQxYl dkVZwu
ihVj fiLesL=kksfop] osQxYl dkVZwu
2018-19
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu 83
'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku <w¡<+ ldrs gSaA oLrqr%
vf/dka'k >xM+ksa vkSj foHksnksa dk lek/ku
fcuk ;q¼ osQ gh fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;g
,d ,slk rF; gS ftl ij de è;ku tkrk
gSA bl lanHkZ esa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh
Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh;
laxBu dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; ugha gksrk
ftldh vius lnL;ksa ij /kSal pyrh gksA
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu jkT;
gh djrs gSa vkSj ;g muosQ ekeyksa osQ fy,
tokcnsg gksrk gSA tc jkT;ksa esa bl ckr ij
lgefr gksrh gS fd dksbZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
cuuk pkfg,] rHkh ,sls laxBu dk;e gksrs
gSaA ,d ckj budk fuekZ.k gks tk, rks ;s
leL;kvksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku esa lnL;
ns'kksa dh enn djrs gSaA
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ,d vkSj rjhosQ ls
ennxkj gksrs gSaA jk"Vªksa osQ lkeus vDlj oqQN
dke ,sls vk tkrs gSa ftUgsa lkFk feydj gh
djuk gksrk gSA oqQN elys brus pqukSrhiw.kZ
gksrs gSa fd muls rHkh fuiVk tk ldrk gS
tc lHkh lkFk feydj dke djsaA bldh
,d felky rks chekjh gh gSA oqQN jksxksa dks
rc gh [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS tc fo'o
dk gj ns'k viuh vkcknh dks VhosQ yxkus
esa lg;ksx djsA ge ^Xykscy okfe±x*
(fo'oO;kih rkio`f¼) vkSj mlosQ çHkkoksa
dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA okrkoj.k esa xzhugkml
xSlksa osQ c<+us ls rkieku c<+ jgk gSA blls
leqæry dh Å¡pkbZ c<+us dk [+krjk gSA vxj
,slk gqvk rks fo'o osQ leqærVh; bykosQ
ftlesa cM+s&cM+s 'kgj Hkh 'kkfey gSa] Mwc
tk,saxsA gj ns'k vius&vius rjhosQ ls ^Xykscy
okfe±x* osQ nq"çHkkoksa dk lek/ku <w¡<+ ldrk
gSA rc Hkh varr% lcls çHkkodkjh lek/ku
rks ;gh gS fd oSf'od rkio`f¼ dks jksdk
,sls eqíksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh ,d lwph
cukb, ftUgsa lqy>kuk fdlh ,d ns'k
osQ fy, laHko ugha gS vkSj ftuosQ fy,
,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dh ”k:jr gSA
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
'khr;q¼ osQ ckn osQ le; esa oqQN laxBuksa us
cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] [kkldj
fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esaA buesa ls
,d varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (baVjus'kuy ekWusVjh
iQaM&IMF) gSA  ;g laxBu oSf'od Lrj dh
foÙk&O;oLFkk dh ns[kjs[k djrk gS vkSj ek¡xs tkus ij foÙkh; rFkk
rduhdh lgk;rk eqgS;k djrk gSA 189 (12 vizSy 2016 dh
fLFkfr) ns'k varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k osQ lnL; gSa ysfdu gj lnL;
dh jk; dk otu cjkcj ugha gSA lewg&7 osQ lnL; (vejhdk]
tkiku] teZuh] Úkal] fczVsu] bVyh vkSj dukMk) osQ ikl 41-29
izfr'kr er gSaA vU; vxz.kh lnL;ksa esa phu (6-09 %)] Hkkjr (2-
64 %)] :l (2-59 %)] czk”khy (2-22 %) vkSj lmQnh vjc (2-
02 %) gSaA vosQys vejhdk osQ ikl 16-52 çfr'kr erkf/dkj gSaA
tk,A blosQ fy, fo'o osQ cM+s vkS|ksfxd
ns'kksa dk lg;ksx djuk ”k#jh gSA
nqHkkZX; ls] lg;ksx dh ”k:jr dks
igpkuuk vkSj lpeqp esa lg;ksx djuk nks
vyx&vyx ckrsa gSaA ns'k lg;ksx djus dh
”k:jr dks igpku ldrs gSa ysfdu lg;ksx
dk lcls csgrj rjhdk D;k gks µ bl ij
ges'kk muosQ chp lgefr ugha gks ldrhA
lg;ksx esa vkus okyh ykxr dk Hkkj dkSu
fdruk mBk,] lg;ksx ls gksus okys ykHk dk
vkilh c¡Vokjk U;k;ksfpr <ax ls oSQls gks]
eksy&rksy osQ ckn tks r; gks tk, mlls
dksbZ eqdjs ugha vkSj vkilh le>kSrs osQ ckn
tks ckrsa r; gqbZ gSa muls dksbZ Hkh nX
+
kk u djs&
bu fcanqvksa ij lHkh ns'k ges'kk lger ugha
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 84
vxLr 1941 % vejhdh jk"Vªifr :tosYV vkSj fczrkuh ç/kuea=kh
pfpZy }kjk vVykafVd pkVZj ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A
tuojh 1942 % /qjh 'kfDr;ksa osQ f[kykiQ yM+ jgs 26 fe=k&jk"Vª
vVykafVd pkVZj osQ leFkZu esa okf'kaXVu esa feys vkSj
fnlacj 1943 esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk ij
gLrk{kj gq,A
iQjojh 1945 % rhu cM+s usrkvksa (:tosYV] pfpZy vkSj LVkfyu) us
;kYVk lEesyu esa çLrkfor varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu osQ ckjs esa
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk ,d lEesyu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA
vçSy&ebZ 1945 % lsu ÚkaflLdks esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk varjkZ"Vªh;
laxBu cukus osQ elys ij osaQfær nks eghus yack
lEesyu laiÂA
26 twu 1945 % la;qDr jk"Vªla?k pkVZj ij 50 ns'kksa osQ gLrk{kjA
iksySaM us 15 vDVwcj dks gLrk{kj fd,A bl rjg
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa 51 ewy laLFkkid lnL; gSaA
24 vDVwcj 1945 % la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh LFkkiukA 24 vDVwcj la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k fnolA
30 vDVwcj 1945 % Hkkjr la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa 'kkfeyA
1942 dh la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk osQ vk/kj
ij nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ nkSjku (1943 esa)
vejhsdk osQ ;q¼ lwpuk foHkkx (;wukbVsM LVs~Vl
vkWfiQl vkWo okj baiQkWjes'ku) }kjk rS;kj fd;k
x;k iksLVjA bl iksLVj esa mu ns'kksa osQ >aMksa dks
ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftUgkasus fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ ;q¼d
ç;klksa osQ leFkZu djus dk ladYi fd;k FkkA
;g iksLVj ,d vFkZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g fn[kkrk
gS fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh tM+sa ;q¼ esa FkhaA
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh LFkkiuk
gksrsA ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu lg;ksx djus
osQ mik; vkSj lwpuk,¡ tqVkus esa enn dj
ldrk gSA ,slk laxBu fu;eksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh
dh ,d :ijs[kk ns ldrk gS rkfd lnL;ksa
dks ;g fo'okl gks fd vkus okyh ykxr esa
lcdh leqfpr lk>snkjh gksxh] ykHk dk
c¡Vokjk U;k;ksfpr gksxk vkSj dksbZ lnL; ,d
ckj le>kSrs esa 'kkfey gks tkrk gS rks og bl
le>kSrs osQ fu;e vkSj 'krks± dk ikyu djsxkA
'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn vc la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k FkksM+h vyx Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk
gS µ ge ,slk vuqeku dj ldrs gSaA vejhdk
vkSj mlosQ [kses osQ ns'k fotsrk cudj mHkjs
gSaA ,sls esa cgqr ls yksxksa vkSj ljdkjksa dks bl
ckr dh fpark lrk jgh gS fd vejhdk dh
vxqvkbZ esa if'peh ns'k brus rkdroj gks
tk,¡xs fd mudh bPNkvksa&vkdka{kkvksa ij
yxke dluk vlaHko gksxkA D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k vejhdk osQ lkFk laokn vkSj ppkZ
esa ennxkj gks ldrk gS vkSj D;k ;g laxBu
vejhdh ljdkj dh rkdr ij vaoqQ'k yxk
ldrk gS\ ge bu lokyksa osQ mÙkj vè;k;
osQ var esa [kkstsaxsA
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk fodkl
igys fo'o;q¼ us nqfu;k dks bl ckr osQ
fy, txk;k fd >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy,
,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cukus dk ç;kl ”k:j
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
^yhx vkWo us'kal* dk tUe gqvkA 'kq#vkrh
liQyrkvksa osQ ckotwn ;g laxBu nwljk
fo'o;q¼ (1939&45) u jksd ldkA igys
dh rqyuk esa bl egk;q¼ esa dgha ”;knk yksx
ekjs x;s vkSj ?kk;y gq,A
2018-19
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu 85
http://www.newint.org/issue375/pics/un-map-big.gif ij vk/kfjr
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk
izeq[k vax izeq[k vax
izeq[k vax izeq[k vax izeq[k vax
lgk;d fudk;
lSU; lfefr] varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/
U;k;kf/dj.k (iwoZ ;wxksLykfo;k]
jokaMk) 'kkafr laLFkkid
vfHk;ku vkSj fe'ku
lac¼ laxBu
varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ
(IAEA) vke lHkk vkSj
lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ nksuksa osQ çfr
mÙkjnk;hA
dk;ZØe vkSj dks"k
O;kikj ,oa fodkl
lEesyu (UNCTAD)
i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe
(UNEP)
fodkl dk;ZØe
(UNDP)
ckydks"k (UNICEF)
tula[;k&dks"k
(UNFPA)
'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx
(UNHCR)
fo'o [kk| dk;ZØe
(WFP)
fo'ks"k dk;ks± osQ fy,
vk;ksx
ekuokf/dkj] eknd nzO;]
fVdkÅ fodkl] efgykvksa
dh fLFkfr
{ks=kh; vk;ksx
vkfFkZd vk;ksx
(vÚhdk] ;wjksi] nf{k.k
vejhdk vkSj oSQjsfc;kbZ
ns'k) vkfFkZd vkSj
lkekftd vk;ksx
(,f'k;k&ç'kkar vkSj
if'pe ,f'k;k)
lqj{kk&ifj"kn~
15 lnL; gSaA ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa
phu] izQkal] :l] fczVsu vkSj vejhdk
dks ohVks (fu"ks/kf/dkj) dk vf/dkjA
nl vLFkk;h lnL;ksa dk pquko vke
lHkk }kjk nks o"kksZa osQ fy,A fu.kZ;
lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjhA
'kks/ vkSj çf'k{k.k laLFkku
lkekftd fodkl osQ fy,
'kks/ laLFkku (UNRISD)
vke lHkk
193 lnL;ksa osQ çfrfuf/A lHkh dks
,dleku erA çeq[k fu.kZ;ksa osQ fy, nks
frgkbZ vkSj ckdh esa lkekU; cgqer dh
”k:jrA fu.kZ; lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjh
ughaA
lgk;d fudk;
lfefr;k¡ vkSj rnFkZ fudk;
lac¼ laxBu
jklk;fud gfFk;kjksa ij fu"ks/
osQ fy, laxBu (OPCW)
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"kn~
lnL; ns'kksa dk pquko vke lHkk }kjk rhu
o"kksZa osQ fy,A lHkh HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa dks
çfrfuf/Ro nsrs gq, 54 lnL;A
lac¼ laxBu
fo'o O;kikj laxBu
(WTO)
varjkZ"Vªh;
U;k;ky;
blesa 15 U;k;/h'kksa
dk pquko 9 o"kksZ±
osQ fy, vke lHkk
vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn~
nksuksa esa iw.kZ cgqer
}kjk gksrk gSA
eq[;ky; gsx esaA
lfpoky;
vU; izeq[k laxBuksa osQ dk;ks± osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; LVkiQA bldk
iz/ku egklfpo gksrk gS ftldh
fu;qfDr lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ dh lykg
ij vke lHkk ik¡p lkyksa osQ
fy, djrh gSA
vU; bdkbZ;k¡
ekuokf/dkj mPpk;ksx dk dk;kZy;
(OHCHR) la;qDr jk"Vª fo'ofo|ky;
(UNU) ,pvkbZoh@,M~l dk;ZØe
(UNAIDS)
fo'ks"k ,tsafl;k¡ (foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fcuk)
varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO)
[kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (FAO)
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k 'kS{kf.kd] oSKkfud ,oa
lkaLd`frd laxBu (UNESCO)
fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO)
varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k (IMF)
varjkZ"Vªh; ekSle&foKku laxBu (IMO)
varjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k (ITU)
U;kflrk ifj"kn~
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh U;kflrk
iz.kkyh osQ varxZr vkus okyh
vafre ^VªLV VsjhVjh* iykm osQ
vktkn gksus osQ lkFk 1 uoEcj
1994 ls ;g ifj"kn~ LFkfxrA
fu;qDr djus okys osQ çfr lh/h tokcnsgh n'kkZrk gS
foÙkh; lgk;rk foghu laca/ n'kkZrk gSA
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr n'kkZrk gSA ;g ik¡p LFkk;h
lnL;ksa osQ fu"ks/kf/dkj (ohVks) ls fu;af=kr gksrh gSA
2018-19
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