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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: भक्ति-सूफी परंपराएँ | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vè;k; pkj esa geus i<+k fd izFke lgÏkCnh osQ eè; rd
vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk ifjos'k èkkfeZd bekjrksa µ Lrwi]
fogkj vkSj eafnjksa esa fpfÉr gks x;kA ;fn ;g bekjrsa fdlh fo'ks"k
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dk izrhd gSa] ogha vU; èkkfeZd
fo'oklksa dk iqu£uekZ.k ge lkfgfR;d ijaijk tSls iqjk.kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkh dj ldrs gSa ftudk orZeku Lo:i yxHkx mlh le;
cuuk vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA blosQ vykok ,sls èkkfeZd fo'okl Hkh
gSa tks lkfgfR;d vkSj n`f"Vd nksuksa gh nLrkos”kksa esa vR;ar èkwfey gSaA
bl dky osQ uwru lkfgfR;d Ïksrksa esa lar dfo;ksa dh jpuk,¡ gSa
ftuesa mUgksaus tulkèkkj.k dh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ekSf[kd :i ls vius
dks O;Dr fd;k FkkA ;g jpuk,¡ tks vfèkdrj laxhrc¼ gSa larksa osQ
vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk mudh e`R;q osQ mijkar ladfyr dh xb±A ;s ijaijk,¡
izokgeku Fkhaµvuq;kf;;ksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa us ewy lans'k dk u osQoy
foLrkj fd;k vfirq mu fopkjksa dks] tks fHkUu jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lanHkZ esa lafnXèk o vuko';d yxs] mUgsa ;k rks
ifjofrZr dj fn;k vFkok R;kx fn;kA bu Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu
bfrgkldkjksa osQ fy, ,d pqukSrh gSA
bfrgkldkj bu lar dfo;ksa osQ vuq;kf;;ksa (tks muosQ laiznk;
ls Fks) }kjk fy[kh xbZ mudh thofu;ksa dk Hkh bLrseky djrs gSaA
gkyk¡fd ;g thofu;k¡ v{kj'k% lR; ugha gSa rFkkfi buls ;g Kkr
gksrk gS fd vuq;k;h bu iFk&izn'kZd L=kh iq#"kksa osQ thou dks fdl
rjg ls ns[krs FksA
tSlkfd ge ns[ksaxs fd ;s Ïksr ,d fozQ;kRed vkSj fofoèk n`';
;kstuk dks le>us dh varnZ`f"V iznku djrs gSaA vkb, vc ge
blosQ oqQN ewy rRoksa dks ckjhdh ls ns[krs gSaA
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa esa cnyko vkSj J¼k xzaFk
(yxHkx vkBoha ls vBkjgoha lnh rd )
fp=k 6-1
ef.kDopDdkj dh ckjgoha 'krkCnh dh dkaL; ewfrZA ;s f'ko osQ vuq;k;h Fks
vkSj rfey esa HkfDrxku dh jpuk djrs FksA
fo"k;
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vè;k; pkj esa geus i<+k fd izFke lgÏkCnh osQ eè; rd
vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk ifjos'k èkkfeZd bekjrksa µ Lrwi]
fogkj vkSj eafnjksa esa fpfÉr gks x;kA ;fn ;g bekjrsa fdlh fo'ks"k
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dk izrhd gSa] ogha vU; èkkfeZd
fo'oklksa dk iqu£uekZ.k ge lkfgfR;d ijaijk tSls iqjk.kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkh dj ldrs gSa ftudk orZeku Lo:i yxHkx mlh le;
cuuk vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA blosQ vykok ,sls èkkfeZd fo'okl Hkh
gSa tks lkfgfR;d vkSj n`f"Vd nksuksa gh nLrkos”kksa esa vR;ar èkwfey gSaA
bl dky osQ uwru lkfgfR;d Ïksrksa esa lar dfo;ksa dh jpuk,¡ gSa
ftuesa mUgksaus tulkèkkj.k dh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ekSf[kd :i ls vius
dks O;Dr fd;k FkkA ;g jpuk,¡ tks vfèkdrj laxhrc¼ gSa larksa osQ
vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk mudh e`R;q osQ mijkar ladfyr dh xb±A ;s ijaijk,¡
izokgeku Fkhaµvuq;kf;;ksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa us ewy lans'k dk u osQoy
foLrkj fd;k vfirq mu fopkjksa dks] tks fHkUu jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lanHkZ esa lafnXèk o vuko';d yxs] mUgsa ;k rks
ifjofrZr dj fn;k vFkok R;kx fn;kA bu Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu
bfrgkldkjksa osQ fy, ,d pqukSrh gSA
bfrgkldkj bu lar dfo;ksa osQ vuq;kf;;ksa (tks muosQ laiznk;
ls Fks) }kjk fy[kh xbZ mudh thofu;ksa dk Hkh bLrseky djrs gSaA
gkyk¡fd ;g thofu;k¡ v{kj'k% lR; ugha gSa rFkkfi buls ;g Kkr
gksrk gS fd vuq;k;h bu iFk&izn'kZd L=kh iq#"kksa osQ thou dks fdl
rjg ls ns[krs FksA
tSlkfd ge ns[ksaxs fd ;s Ïksr ,d fozQ;kRed vkSj fofoèk n`';
;kstuk dks le>us dh varnZ`f"V iznku djrs gSaA vkb, vc ge
blosQ oqQN ewy rRoksa dks ckjhdh ls ns[krs gSaA
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa esa cnyko vkSj J¼k xzaFk
(yxHkx vkBoha ls vBkjgoha lnh rd )
fp=k 6-1
ef.kDopDdkj dh ckjgoha 'krkCnh dh dkaL; ewfrZA ;s f'ko osQ vuq;k;h Fks
vkSj rfey esa HkfDrxku dh jpuk djrs FksA
fo"k;
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HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ tSls 'kCn chloha
'krkCnh osQ lekt'kkL=kh jkcVZ jsMiQhYM
}kjk ,d o`Q"kd lekt osQ lkaLo`Qfrd
vkpj.kksa dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, eqfnzr
fd, x,A bl lekt'kkL=kh us ns[kk fd
fdlku mu deZdkaMksa vkSj i¼fr;ksa dk
vuqdj.k djrs Fks ftudk lekt osQ
izHkqRo'kkyh oxZ tSls iqjksfgr vkSj jktk }kjk
ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA bu deZdkaMksa dks
jsMiQhYM us ¶egku¸ ijaijk dh laKk nhA
lkFk gh o`Q"kd leqnk; vU; yksdkpkjksa dk
Hkh ikyu djrs Fks tks bl egku ifjikVh ls
loZFkk fHkUu FksA mlus bUgsa ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk
osQ uke ls vfHkfgr fd;kA jsMiQhYM us
;g Hkh ns[kk fd egku vkSj y?kq nksuksa gh
ijaijkvksa esa le; osQ lkFk gq, ikjLifjd
vknku&iznku osQ dkj.k ifjorZu gq,A
gkyk¡fd fo}ku bu izfozQ;kvksa vkSj
oxhZdj.k osQ egRo ls budkj ugha djrs
rFkkfi os bu 'kCnksa esa tks inlksikukRed
Loj mHkj dj vkrk gS mldh voekuuk
djrs gSaA bls yf{kr djus dk ,d rjhdk
gS bu 'kCnksa dks m¼j.k fpÉ osQ lkFk
izLrqr djuk tSls ¶y?kq¸ vkSj ¶egku¸A
1- èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dh
   xaxk&tequh cukoV
laHkor% bl dky dh lcls izHkkoh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd lkfgR; vkSj
ewfrZdyk nksuksa esa gh vusd rjg osQ nsoh&nsork vfèkdkfèkd n`f"Vxr
gksrs gSaA ,d Lrj ij ;g rF; bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd fo".kq] f'ko
vkSj nsoh] ftUgsa vusd :iksa esa O;Dr fd;k x;k Fkk] dh vkjkèkuk dh
ifjikVh u osQoy pyrh jgh vfirq vkSj vfèkd foLr`r gqbZA
1-1 iwtk iz.kkfy;ksa dk leUo;
os bfrgkldkj tks bl fodkl dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa] mudk
lq>ko gS fd ;gk¡ de ls de nks izfozQ;k,¡ dk;Zjr FkhaA ,d izfozQ;k
czkã.kh; fopkjèkkjk osQ izpkj dh FkhA bldk izlkj ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dh
jpuk] ladyu vkSj ifjj{k.k }kjk gqvkA ;s xzaFk ljy laLo`Qr Nanksa esa
Fks tks oSfnd fo|k ls foghu fL=k;ksa vkSj 'kwnzksa }kjk Hkh xzkg~; FksA blh
dky dh ,d vU; izfozQ;k Fkh L=kh] 'kwnzksa o vU; lkekftd oxks± dh
vkLFkkvksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dks czkã.kksa }kjk Loho`Qr fd;k tkuk vkSj mls
,d u;k :i iznku djukA oLrqr% lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
lewps miegk}hi esa vusd èkkfeZd fopkjèkkjk,¡ vkSj i¼fr;k¡ ¶egku¸
laLo`Qr&ikSjkf.kd ifjikVh rFkk ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk osQ chp gq, vfojy
laokn dk ifj.kke gSaA
bl izfozQ;k dk lcls fof'k"V mnkgj.k iqjh] mM+hlk esa feyrk gS
tgk¡ eq[; nsork dks ckjgoha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs txUukFk
('kkfCnd vFkZ esa laiw.kZ fo'o dk Lokeh)] fo".kq osQ ,d Lo:i osQ
:i esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA
fp=k 6-2
;g vko`Qfr (nkfgus) txUukFk dh gS tks
viuh cgu lqHknzk (eè;) vkSj HkkbZ cyjke
(ck,¡) osQ lkFk gSaA
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vè;k; pkj esa geus i<+k fd izFke lgÏkCnh osQ eè; rd
vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk ifjos'k èkkfeZd bekjrksa µ Lrwi]
fogkj vkSj eafnjksa esa fpfÉr gks x;kA ;fn ;g bekjrsa fdlh fo'ks"k
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dk izrhd gSa] ogha vU; èkkfeZd
fo'oklksa dk iqu£uekZ.k ge lkfgfR;d ijaijk tSls iqjk.kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkh dj ldrs gSa ftudk orZeku Lo:i yxHkx mlh le;
cuuk vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA blosQ vykok ,sls èkkfeZd fo'okl Hkh
gSa tks lkfgfR;d vkSj n`f"Vd nksuksa gh nLrkos”kksa esa vR;ar èkwfey gSaA
bl dky osQ uwru lkfgfR;d Ïksrksa esa lar dfo;ksa dh jpuk,¡ gSa
ftuesa mUgksaus tulkèkkj.k dh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ekSf[kd :i ls vius
dks O;Dr fd;k FkkA ;g jpuk,¡ tks vfèkdrj laxhrc¼ gSa larksa osQ
vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk mudh e`R;q osQ mijkar ladfyr dh xb±A ;s ijaijk,¡
izokgeku Fkhaµvuq;kf;;ksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa us ewy lans'k dk u osQoy
foLrkj fd;k vfirq mu fopkjksa dks] tks fHkUu jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lanHkZ esa lafnXèk o vuko';d yxs] mUgsa ;k rks
ifjofrZr dj fn;k vFkok R;kx fn;kA bu Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu
bfrgkldkjksa osQ fy, ,d pqukSrh gSA
bfrgkldkj bu lar dfo;ksa osQ vuq;kf;;ksa (tks muosQ laiznk;
ls Fks) }kjk fy[kh xbZ mudh thofu;ksa dk Hkh bLrseky djrs gSaA
gkyk¡fd ;g thofu;k¡ v{kj'k% lR; ugha gSa rFkkfi buls ;g Kkr
gksrk gS fd vuq;k;h bu iFk&izn'kZd L=kh iq#"kksa osQ thou dks fdl
rjg ls ns[krs FksA
tSlkfd ge ns[ksaxs fd ;s Ïksr ,d fozQ;kRed vkSj fofoèk n`';
;kstuk dks le>us dh varnZ`f"V iznku djrs gSaA vkb, vc ge
blosQ oqQN ewy rRoksa dks ckjhdh ls ns[krs gSaA
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa esa cnyko vkSj J¼k xzaFk
(yxHkx vkBoha ls vBkjgoha lnh rd )
fp=k 6-1
ef.kDopDdkj dh ckjgoha 'krkCnh dh dkaL; ewfrZA ;s f'ko osQ vuq;k;h Fks
vkSj rfey esa HkfDrxku dh jpuk djrs FksA
fo"k;
N%
2018-19
141
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ tSls 'kCn chloha
'krkCnh osQ lekt'kkL=kh jkcVZ jsMiQhYM
}kjk ,d o`Q"kd lekt osQ lkaLo`Qfrd
vkpj.kksa dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, eqfnzr
fd, x,A bl lekt'kkL=kh us ns[kk fd
fdlku mu deZdkaMksa vkSj i¼fr;ksa dk
vuqdj.k djrs Fks ftudk lekt osQ
izHkqRo'kkyh oxZ tSls iqjksfgr vkSj jktk }kjk
ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA bu deZdkaMksa dks
jsMiQhYM us ¶egku¸ ijaijk dh laKk nhA
lkFk gh o`Q"kd leqnk; vU; yksdkpkjksa dk
Hkh ikyu djrs Fks tks bl egku ifjikVh ls
loZFkk fHkUu FksA mlus bUgsa ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk
osQ uke ls vfHkfgr fd;kA jsMiQhYM us
;g Hkh ns[kk fd egku vkSj y?kq nksuksa gh
ijaijkvksa esa le; osQ lkFk gq, ikjLifjd
vknku&iznku osQ dkj.k ifjorZu gq,A
gkyk¡fd fo}ku bu izfozQ;kvksa vkSj
oxhZdj.k osQ egRo ls budkj ugha djrs
rFkkfi os bu 'kCnksa esa tks inlksikukRed
Loj mHkj dj vkrk gS mldh voekuuk
djrs gSaA bls yf{kr djus dk ,d rjhdk
gS bu 'kCnksa dks m¼j.k fpÉ osQ lkFk
izLrqr djuk tSls ¶y?kq¸ vkSj ¶egku¸A
1- èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dh
   xaxk&tequh cukoV
laHkor% bl dky dh lcls izHkkoh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd lkfgR; vkSj
ewfrZdyk nksuksa esa gh vusd rjg osQ nsoh&nsork vfèkdkfèkd n`f"Vxr
gksrs gSaA ,d Lrj ij ;g rF; bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd fo".kq] f'ko
vkSj nsoh] ftUgsa vusd :iksa esa O;Dr fd;k x;k Fkk] dh vkjkèkuk dh
ifjikVh u osQoy pyrh jgh vfirq vkSj vfèkd foLr`r gqbZA
1-1 iwtk iz.kkfy;ksa dk leUo;
os bfrgkldkj tks bl fodkl dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa] mudk
lq>ko gS fd ;gk¡ de ls de nks izfozQ;k,¡ dk;Zjr FkhaA ,d izfozQ;k
czkã.kh; fopkjèkkjk osQ izpkj dh FkhA bldk izlkj ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dh
jpuk] ladyu vkSj ifjj{k.k }kjk gqvkA ;s xzaFk ljy laLo`Qr Nanksa esa
Fks tks oSfnd fo|k ls foghu fL=k;ksa vkSj 'kwnzksa }kjk Hkh xzkg~; FksA blh
dky dh ,d vU; izfozQ;k Fkh L=kh] 'kwnzksa o vU; lkekftd oxks± dh
vkLFkkvksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dks czkã.kksa }kjk Loho`Qr fd;k tkuk vkSj mls
,d u;k :i iznku djukA oLrqr% lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
lewps miegk}hi esa vusd èkkfeZd fopkjèkkjk,¡ vkSj i¼fr;k¡ ¶egku¸
laLo`Qr&ikSjkf.kd ifjikVh rFkk ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk osQ chp gq, vfojy
laokn dk ifj.kke gSaA
bl izfozQ;k dk lcls fof'k"V mnkgj.k iqjh] mM+hlk esa feyrk gS
tgk¡ eq[; nsork dks ckjgoha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs txUukFk
('kkfCnd vFkZ esa laiw.kZ fo'o dk Lokeh)] fo".kq osQ ,d Lo:i osQ
:i esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA
fp=k 6-2
;g vko`Qfr (nkfgus) txUukFk dh gS tks
viuh cgu lqHknzk (eè;) vkSj HkkbZ cyjke
(ck,¡) osQ lkFk gSaA
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
;fn fp=k 6-2 dh fp=k 4-26 (vè;k; pkj) ls rqyuk dh tk,
rks ge ns[ksaxs fd nsork dks cgqr fHkUu rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
bl mnkgj.k esa ,d LFkkuh; nsork dks ftldh izfrek dks igys vkSj
vkt Hkh ydM+h ls LFkkuh; tutkfr osQ fo'ks"kKksa }kjk x<+k tkrk gS]
fo".kq osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fo".kq dk ;g :i ns'k osQ vU;
Hkkxksa esa feyus okys Lo:iksa ls loZFkk fHkUu FkkA
leUo; osQ ,sls mnkgj.k nsoh laiznk;ksa esa Hkh feyrs gSaA nsoh
dh mikluk vfèkdrj flanwj ls iksrs x, iRFkj osQ :i esa gh dh
tkrh FkhA bu LFkkuh; nsfo;ksa dks ikSjkf.kd ijaijk osQ Hkhrj eq[;
nsorkvksa dh iRuh osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZµdHkh og y{eh osQ
:i esa fo".kq dh iRuh cuha vkSj dHkh f'ko dh iRuh ikoZrh osQ
:i esa lkeus vkb±A
1-2 Hksn vkSj la?k"kZ
vfèkdk'kar% nsoh dh vkjkèkuk i¼fr dks rkaf=kd uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
rkaf=kd iwtk i¼fr miegk}hi osQ dbZ Hkkxksa esa izpfyr FkhµblosQ
varxZr L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa gh 'kkfey gks ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr
deZdkaMh; lanHkZ esa oxZ vkSj o.kZ osQ Hksn dh vogsyuk dh tkrh FkhA
bl i¼fr osQ fopkjksa us 'kSo vkSj ckS¼ n'kZu dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;k
[kklrkSj ls miegk}hi osQ iwohZ] mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esaA vkxkeh
lgÏkCnh esa bu leLr fo'oklksa vkSj vkpkjksa dk oxhZdj.k ¶¯gnw¸ osQ
:i esa gqvkA ;fn ge oSfnd vkSj ikSjkf.kd ijaijk osQ chp rqyuk djsa
rks ;g fo"kerk vkSj vfèkd Li"V :i ls mHkj dj vkrh gSA oSfnd
nsooqQy osQ vfXu] banz vkSj lkse tSls nsork iwjh rjg xkS.k gks x, vkSj
lkfgR; o ewfrZdyk nksuksa esa gh mudk fu:i.k ugha fn[krkA gkyk¡fd
oSfnd ea=kksa esa fo".kq] f'ko vkSj nsoh dh >yd feyrh gS] bldh
rqyuk buosQ fo'kn] ikSjkf.kd feFkdksa ls dnkfi ugha dh tk ldrhA
¯drq bu vlaxfr;ksa osQ ckotwn osnksa dks izkekf.kd ekuk tkrk jgkA
blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha fd dHkh la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr Hkh
mRiUu gks tkrh FkhA oSfnd ifjikVh osQ iz'kald mu lHkh vkpkjksa dh
fuank djrs Fks tks bZ'oj dh mikluk osQ fy, ea=kksa osQ mPpkj.k osQ lkFk
;Kksa osQ laiknu ls ijs FksA blosQ foijhr] os yksx Fks tks rkaf=kd
vkjkèkuk esa yxs Fks vkSj oSfnd lÙkk dh vogsyuk djrs FksA blosQ
vykok HkDr vius b"Vnso fo".kq ;k f'ko dks Hkh dbZ ckj loksZPp
iz{ksfir djrs FksA vU; ijaijkvksa tSls ckS¼ vFkok tSu èkeZ ls Hkh lacaèk
vdlj rukoiw.kZ gks tkrs FksA ;|fi Li"V }a} de fn[kkbZ iM+rs FksA
fp=k 6-3
ckS¼ nsoh] ekfjph dh ewfrZ (yxHkx nloha
'krkCnh] fcgkj)A ;g fofHkUu /kfeZd fo'oklksa
vkSj fØ;kdykiksa osQ ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k
dk mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gSA
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vè;k; pkj esa geus i<+k fd izFke lgÏkCnh osQ eè; rd
vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk ifjos'k èkkfeZd bekjrksa µ Lrwi]
fogkj vkSj eafnjksa esa fpfÉr gks x;kA ;fn ;g bekjrsa fdlh fo'ks"k
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dk izrhd gSa] ogha vU; èkkfeZd
fo'oklksa dk iqu£uekZ.k ge lkfgfR;d ijaijk tSls iqjk.kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkh dj ldrs gSa ftudk orZeku Lo:i yxHkx mlh le;
cuuk vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA blosQ vykok ,sls èkkfeZd fo'okl Hkh
gSa tks lkfgfR;d vkSj n`f"Vd nksuksa gh nLrkos”kksa esa vR;ar èkwfey gSaA
bl dky osQ uwru lkfgfR;d Ïksrksa esa lar dfo;ksa dh jpuk,¡ gSa
ftuesa mUgksaus tulkèkkj.k dh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ekSf[kd :i ls vius
dks O;Dr fd;k FkkA ;g jpuk,¡ tks vfèkdrj laxhrc¼ gSa larksa osQ
vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk mudh e`R;q osQ mijkar ladfyr dh xb±A ;s ijaijk,¡
izokgeku Fkhaµvuq;kf;;ksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa us ewy lans'k dk u osQoy
foLrkj fd;k vfirq mu fopkjksa dks] tks fHkUu jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lanHkZ esa lafnXèk o vuko';d yxs] mUgsa ;k rks
ifjofrZr dj fn;k vFkok R;kx fn;kA bu Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu
bfrgkldkjksa osQ fy, ,d pqukSrh gSA
bfrgkldkj bu lar dfo;ksa osQ vuq;kf;;ksa (tks muosQ laiznk;
ls Fks) }kjk fy[kh xbZ mudh thofu;ksa dk Hkh bLrseky djrs gSaA
gkyk¡fd ;g thofu;k¡ v{kj'k% lR; ugha gSa rFkkfi buls ;g Kkr
gksrk gS fd vuq;k;h bu iFk&izn'kZd L=kh iq#"kksa osQ thou dks fdl
rjg ls ns[krs FksA
tSlkfd ge ns[ksaxs fd ;s Ïksr ,d fozQ;kRed vkSj fofoèk n`';
;kstuk dks le>us dh varnZ`f"V iznku djrs gSaA vkb, vc ge
blosQ oqQN ewy rRoksa dks ckjhdh ls ns[krs gSaA
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa esa cnyko vkSj J¼k xzaFk
(yxHkx vkBoha ls vBkjgoha lnh rd )
fp=k 6-1
ef.kDopDdkj dh ckjgoha 'krkCnh dh dkaL; ewfrZA ;s f'ko osQ vuq;k;h Fks
vkSj rfey esa HkfDrxku dh jpuk djrs FksA
fo"k;
N%
2018-19
141
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ tSls 'kCn chloha
'krkCnh osQ lekt'kkL=kh jkcVZ jsMiQhYM
}kjk ,d o`Q"kd lekt osQ lkaLo`Qfrd
vkpj.kksa dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, eqfnzr
fd, x,A bl lekt'kkL=kh us ns[kk fd
fdlku mu deZdkaMksa vkSj i¼fr;ksa dk
vuqdj.k djrs Fks ftudk lekt osQ
izHkqRo'kkyh oxZ tSls iqjksfgr vkSj jktk }kjk
ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA bu deZdkaMksa dks
jsMiQhYM us ¶egku¸ ijaijk dh laKk nhA
lkFk gh o`Q"kd leqnk; vU; yksdkpkjksa dk
Hkh ikyu djrs Fks tks bl egku ifjikVh ls
loZFkk fHkUu FksA mlus bUgsa ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk
osQ uke ls vfHkfgr fd;kA jsMiQhYM us
;g Hkh ns[kk fd egku vkSj y?kq nksuksa gh
ijaijkvksa esa le; osQ lkFk gq, ikjLifjd
vknku&iznku osQ dkj.k ifjorZu gq,A
gkyk¡fd fo}ku bu izfozQ;kvksa vkSj
oxhZdj.k osQ egRo ls budkj ugha djrs
rFkkfi os bu 'kCnksa esa tks inlksikukRed
Loj mHkj dj vkrk gS mldh voekuuk
djrs gSaA bls yf{kr djus dk ,d rjhdk
gS bu 'kCnksa dks m¼j.k fpÉ osQ lkFk
izLrqr djuk tSls ¶y?kq¸ vkSj ¶egku¸A
1- èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dh
   xaxk&tequh cukoV
laHkor% bl dky dh lcls izHkkoh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd lkfgR; vkSj
ewfrZdyk nksuksa esa gh vusd rjg osQ nsoh&nsork vfèkdkfèkd n`f"Vxr
gksrs gSaA ,d Lrj ij ;g rF; bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd fo".kq] f'ko
vkSj nsoh] ftUgsa vusd :iksa esa O;Dr fd;k x;k Fkk] dh vkjkèkuk dh
ifjikVh u osQoy pyrh jgh vfirq vkSj vfèkd foLr`r gqbZA
1-1 iwtk iz.kkfy;ksa dk leUo;
os bfrgkldkj tks bl fodkl dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa] mudk
lq>ko gS fd ;gk¡ de ls de nks izfozQ;k,¡ dk;Zjr FkhaA ,d izfozQ;k
czkã.kh; fopkjèkkjk osQ izpkj dh FkhA bldk izlkj ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dh
jpuk] ladyu vkSj ifjj{k.k }kjk gqvkA ;s xzaFk ljy laLo`Qr Nanksa esa
Fks tks oSfnd fo|k ls foghu fL=k;ksa vkSj 'kwnzksa }kjk Hkh xzkg~; FksA blh
dky dh ,d vU; izfozQ;k Fkh L=kh] 'kwnzksa o vU; lkekftd oxks± dh
vkLFkkvksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dks czkã.kksa }kjk Loho`Qr fd;k tkuk vkSj mls
,d u;k :i iznku djukA oLrqr% lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
lewps miegk}hi esa vusd èkkfeZd fopkjèkkjk,¡ vkSj i¼fr;k¡ ¶egku¸
laLo`Qr&ikSjkf.kd ifjikVh rFkk ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk osQ chp gq, vfojy
laokn dk ifj.kke gSaA
bl izfozQ;k dk lcls fof'k"V mnkgj.k iqjh] mM+hlk esa feyrk gS
tgk¡ eq[; nsork dks ckjgoha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs txUukFk
('kkfCnd vFkZ esa laiw.kZ fo'o dk Lokeh)] fo".kq osQ ,d Lo:i osQ
:i esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA
fp=k 6-2
;g vko`Qfr (nkfgus) txUukFk dh gS tks
viuh cgu lqHknzk (eè;) vkSj HkkbZ cyjke
(ck,¡) osQ lkFk gSaA
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
;fn fp=k 6-2 dh fp=k 4-26 (vè;k; pkj) ls rqyuk dh tk,
rks ge ns[ksaxs fd nsork dks cgqr fHkUu rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
bl mnkgj.k esa ,d LFkkuh; nsork dks ftldh izfrek dks igys vkSj
vkt Hkh ydM+h ls LFkkuh; tutkfr osQ fo'ks"kKksa }kjk x<+k tkrk gS]
fo".kq osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fo".kq dk ;g :i ns'k osQ vU;
Hkkxksa esa feyus okys Lo:iksa ls loZFkk fHkUu FkkA
leUo; osQ ,sls mnkgj.k nsoh laiznk;ksa esa Hkh feyrs gSaA nsoh
dh mikluk vfèkdrj flanwj ls iksrs x, iRFkj osQ :i esa gh dh
tkrh FkhA bu LFkkuh; nsfo;ksa dks ikSjkf.kd ijaijk osQ Hkhrj eq[;
nsorkvksa dh iRuh osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZµdHkh og y{eh osQ
:i esa fo".kq dh iRuh cuha vkSj dHkh f'ko dh iRuh ikoZrh osQ
:i esa lkeus vkb±A
1-2 Hksn vkSj la?k"kZ
vfèkdk'kar% nsoh dh vkjkèkuk i¼fr dks rkaf=kd uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
rkaf=kd iwtk i¼fr miegk}hi osQ dbZ Hkkxksa esa izpfyr FkhµblosQ
varxZr L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa gh 'kkfey gks ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr
deZdkaMh; lanHkZ esa oxZ vkSj o.kZ osQ Hksn dh vogsyuk dh tkrh FkhA
bl i¼fr osQ fopkjksa us 'kSo vkSj ckS¼ n'kZu dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;k
[kklrkSj ls miegk}hi osQ iwohZ] mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esaA vkxkeh
lgÏkCnh esa bu leLr fo'oklksa vkSj vkpkjksa dk oxhZdj.k ¶¯gnw¸ osQ
:i esa gqvkA ;fn ge oSfnd vkSj ikSjkf.kd ijaijk osQ chp rqyuk djsa
rks ;g fo"kerk vkSj vfèkd Li"V :i ls mHkj dj vkrh gSA oSfnd
nsooqQy osQ vfXu] banz vkSj lkse tSls nsork iwjh rjg xkS.k gks x, vkSj
lkfgR; o ewfrZdyk nksuksa esa gh mudk fu:i.k ugha fn[krkA gkyk¡fd
oSfnd ea=kksa esa fo".kq] f'ko vkSj nsoh dh >yd feyrh gS] bldh
rqyuk buosQ fo'kn] ikSjkf.kd feFkdksa ls dnkfi ugha dh tk ldrhA
¯drq bu vlaxfr;ksa osQ ckotwn osnksa dks izkekf.kd ekuk tkrk jgkA
blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha fd dHkh la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr Hkh
mRiUu gks tkrh FkhA oSfnd ifjikVh osQ iz'kald mu lHkh vkpkjksa dh
fuank djrs Fks tks bZ'oj dh mikluk osQ fy, ea=kksa osQ mPpkj.k osQ lkFk
;Kksa osQ laiknu ls ijs FksA blosQ foijhr] os yksx Fks tks rkaf=kd
vkjkèkuk esa yxs Fks vkSj oSfnd lÙkk dh vogsyuk djrs FksA blosQ
vykok HkDr vius b"Vnso fo".kq ;k f'ko dks Hkh dbZ ckj loksZPp
iz{ksfir djrs FksA vU; ijaijkvksa tSls ckS¼ vFkok tSu èkeZ ls Hkh lacaèk
vdlj rukoiw.kZ gks tkrs FksA ;|fi Li"V }a} de fn[kkbZ iM+rs FksA
fp=k 6-3
ckS¼ nsoh] ekfjph dh ewfrZ (yxHkx nloha
'krkCnh] fcgkj)A ;g fofHkUu /kfeZd fo'oklksa
vkSj fØ;kdykiksa osQ ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k
dk mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gSA
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HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
HkfDr ijaijk dks gesa blh lanHkZ esa j[kdj ns[kuk gksxkA ge
ftl dky fo'ks"k ij xkSj dj jgs gSa mlls iwoZ yxHkx ,d
g”kkj o"kZ iqjkuh HkfDriw.kZ mikluk dh ifjikVh jgh gSA bl le;
HkfDr izn'kZu esa] eafnjksa esa b"Vnso dh vkjkèkuk ls ysdj mikldksa
dk izseHkko esa rYyhu gks tkuk] fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA HkfDr jpukvksa
dk mPpkj.k vFkok xk;k tkuk bl mikluk i¼fr osQ va'k FksA
oS".ko vkSj 'kSo laiznk;ksa ij rks ;g dFku fo'ks"k :i ls ykxw
gksrk gSA
2- mikluk dh dfork,¡
   izkjafHkd HkfDr ijaijk
vkjkèkuk osQ rjhdksa osQ ozQfed fodkl osQ nkSjku cgqr ckj lar
dfo ,sls usrk osQ :i esa mHkjs ftuosQ vkl&ikl HkDrtuksa osQ
,d iwjs leqnk; dk xBu gks x;kA ;|fi cgqr lh HkfDr ijaijkvksa
esa czkã.k] nsorkvksa vkSj HkDrtu osQ chp egRoiw.kZ fcpkSfy, cus
jgs rFkkfi bu ijaijkvksa us fL=k;ksa vkSj ¶fuEu o.kks±¸ dks Hkh
Loho`Qfr o LFkku fn;kA HkfDr ijaijk dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk bldh
fofoèkrk gSA
nwljs Lrj ij] èkeZ osQ bfrgkldkj HkfDr ijaijk dks nks eq[; oxks±
esa ck¡Vrs gSa % lxq.k (fo'ks"k.k lfgr) vkSj fuxqZ.k (fo'ks"k.k foghu)A
izFke oxZ esa f'ko] fo".kq rFkk muosQ vorkj o nsfo;ksa dh vkjkèkuk
vkrh gS] ftudh ewrZ :i esa voèkkj.kk gqbZA fuxqZ.k HkfDr ijaijk esa
vewrZ] fujkdkj bZ'oj dh mikluk dh tkrh FkhA
2-1 rfeyukMq osQ vyokj vkSj u;ukj lar
izkjafHkd HkfDr vkanksyu (yxHkx NBh 'krkCnh) vyokjksa (fo".kq
HkfDr esa rUe;) vkSj u;ukjksa (f'koHkDr) osQ usr`Ro esa gqvkA os ,d
LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkze.k djrs gq, rfey esa vius bZ"V dh Lrqfr
esa Hktu xkrs FksA
viuh ;k=kkvksa osQ nkSjku vyokj vkSj u;ukj larksa us oqQN ikou
LFkyksa dks vius b"V dk fuoklLFky ?kksf"kr fd;kA bUgha LFkyksa ij
ckn esa fo'kky eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj os rhFkZLFky ekus x,A
lar&dfo;ksa osQ Hktuksa dks bu eafnjksa esa vuq"Bkuksa osQ le; xk;k tkrk
Fkk vkSj lkFk gh bu larksa dh izfrek dh Hkh iwtk dh tkrh FkhA
? ppkZ dhft,---
vius 'kgj ;k xk¡o esa iwftr nsoh&nsorkvksa
osQ uke vkSj muosQ fp=k.k ij fopkj
dhft,A mudh mikluk ls tqM+s vuq"Bkuksa
dh O;k[;k dhft,A
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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vè;k; pkj esa geus i<+k fd izFke lgÏkCnh osQ eè; rd
vkrs&vkrs Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk ifjos'k èkkfeZd bekjrksa µ Lrwi]
fogkj vkSj eafnjksa esa fpfÉr gks x;kA ;fn ;g bekjrsa fdlh fo'ks"k
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dk izrhd gSa] ogha vU; èkkfeZd
fo'oklksa dk iqu£uekZ.k ge lkfgfR;d ijaijk tSls iqjk.kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij Hkh dj ldrs gSa ftudk orZeku Lo:i yxHkx mlh le;
cuuk vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA blosQ vykok ,sls èkkfeZd fo'okl Hkh
gSa tks lkfgfR;d vkSj n`f"Vd nksuksa gh nLrkos”kksa esa vR;ar èkwfey gSaA
bl dky osQ uwru lkfgfR;d Ïksrksa esa lar dfo;ksa dh jpuk,¡ gSa
ftuesa mUgksaus tulkèkkj.k dh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ekSf[kd :i ls vius
dks O;Dr fd;k FkkA ;g jpuk,¡ tks vfèkdrj laxhrc¼ gSa larksa osQ
vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk mudh e`R;q osQ mijkar ladfyr dh xb±A ;s ijaijk,¡
izokgeku Fkhaµvuq;kf;;ksa dh dbZ ihf<+;ksa us ewy lans'k dk u osQoy
foLrkj fd;k vfirq mu fopkjksa dks] tks fHkUu jktuhfrd] lkekftd
vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lanHkZ esa lafnXèk o vuko';d yxs] mUgsa ;k rks
ifjofrZr dj fn;k vFkok R;kx fn;kA bu Ïksrksa dk ewY;kadu
bfrgkldkjksa osQ fy, ,d pqukSrh gSA
bfrgkldkj bu lar dfo;ksa osQ vuq;kf;;ksa (tks muosQ laiznk;
ls Fks) }kjk fy[kh xbZ mudh thofu;ksa dk Hkh bLrseky djrs gSaA
gkyk¡fd ;g thofu;k¡ v{kj'k% lR; ugha gSa rFkkfi buls ;g Kkr
gksrk gS fd vuq;k;h bu iFk&izn'kZd L=kh iq#"kksa osQ thou dks fdl
rjg ls ns[krs FksA
tSlkfd ge ns[ksaxs fd ;s Ïksr ,d fozQ;kRed vkSj fofoèk n`';
;kstuk dks le>us dh varnZ`f"V iznku djrs gSaA vkb, vc ge
blosQ oqQN ewy rRoksa dks ckjhdh ls ns[krs gSaA
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
èkkfeZd fo'oklksa esa cnyko vkSj J¼k xzaFk
(yxHkx vkBoha ls vBkjgoha lnh rd )
fp=k 6-1
ef.kDopDdkj dh ckjgoha 'krkCnh dh dkaL; ewfrZA ;s f'ko osQ vuq;k;h Fks
vkSj rfey esa HkfDrxku dh jpuk djrs FksA
fo"k;
N%
2018-19
141
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk,¡
¶egku¸ vkSj ¶y?kq¸ tSls 'kCn chloha
'krkCnh osQ lekt'kkL=kh jkcVZ jsMiQhYM
}kjk ,d o`Q"kd lekt osQ lkaLo`Qfrd
vkpj.kksa dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, eqfnzr
fd, x,A bl lekt'kkL=kh us ns[kk fd
fdlku mu deZdkaMksa vkSj i¼fr;ksa dk
vuqdj.k djrs Fks ftudk lekt osQ
izHkqRo'kkyh oxZ tSls iqjksfgr vkSj jktk }kjk
ikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA bu deZdkaMksa dks
jsMiQhYM us ¶egku¸ ijaijk dh laKk nhA
lkFk gh o`Q"kd leqnk; vU; yksdkpkjksa dk
Hkh ikyu djrs Fks tks bl egku ifjikVh ls
loZFkk fHkUu FksA mlus bUgsa ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk
osQ uke ls vfHkfgr fd;kA jsMiQhYM us
;g Hkh ns[kk fd egku vkSj y?kq nksuksa gh
ijaijkvksa esa le; osQ lkFk gq, ikjLifjd
vknku&iznku osQ dkj.k ifjorZu gq,A
gkyk¡fd fo}ku bu izfozQ;kvksa vkSj
oxhZdj.k osQ egRo ls budkj ugha djrs
rFkkfi os bu 'kCnksa esa tks inlksikukRed
Loj mHkj dj vkrk gS mldh voekuuk
djrs gSaA bls yf{kr djus dk ,d rjhdk
gS bu 'kCnksa dks m¼j.k fpÉ osQ lkFk
izLrqr djuk tSls ¶y?kq¸ vkSj ¶egku¸A
1- èkkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dh
   xaxk&tequh cukoV
laHkor% bl dky dh lcls izHkkoh fof'k"Vrk ;g gS fd lkfgR; vkSj
ewfrZdyk nksuksa esa gh vusd rjg osQ nsoh&nsork vfèkdkfèkd n`f"Vxr
gksrs gSaA ,d Lrj ij ;g rF; bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd fo".kq] f'ko
vkSj nsoh] ftUgsa vusd :iksa esa O;Dr fd;k x;k Fkk] dh vkjkèkuk dh
ifjikVh u osQoy pyrh jgh vfirq vkSj vfèkd foLr`r gqbZA
1-1 iwtk iz.kkfy;ksa dk leUo;
os bfrgkldkj tks bl fodkl dks le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa] mudk
lq>ko gS fd ;gk¡ de ls de nks izfozQ;k,¡ dk;Zjr FkhaA ,d izfozQ;k
czkã.kh; fopkjèkkjk osQ izpkj dh FkhA bldk izlkj ikSjkf.kd xzaFkksa dh
jpuk] ladyu vkSj ifjj{k.k }kjk gqvkA ;s xzaFk ljy laLo`Qr Nanksa esa
Fks tks oSfnd fo|k ls foghu fL=k;ksa vkSj 'kwnzksa }kjk Hkh xzkg~; FksA blh
dky dh ,d vU; izfozQ;k Fkh L=kh] 'kwnzksa o vU; lkekftd oxks± dh
vkLFkkvksa vkSj vkpj.kksa dks czkã.kksa }kjk Loho`Qr fd;k tkuk vkSj mls
,d u;k :i iznku djukA oLrqr% lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd
lewps miegk}hi esa vusd èkkfeZd fopkjèkkjk,¡ vkSj i¼fr;k¡ ¶egku¸
laLo`Qr&ikSjkf.kd ifjikVh rFkk ¶y?kq¸ ijaijk osQ chp gq, vfojy
laokn dk ifj.kke gSaA
bl izfozQ;k dk lcls fof'k"V mnkgj.k iqjh] mM+hlk esa feyrk gS
tgk¡ eq[; nsork dks ckjgoha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs txUukFk
('kkfCnd vFkZ esa laiw.kZ fo'o dk Lokeh)] fo".kq osQ ,d Lo:i osQ
:i esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA
fp=k 6-2
;g vko`Qfr (nkfgus) txUukFk dh gS tks
viuh cgu lqHknzk (eè;) vkSj HkkbZ cyjke
(ck,¡) osQ lkFk gSaA
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142
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
;fn fp=k 6-2 dh fp=k 4-26 (vè;k; pkj) ls rqyuk dh tk,
rks ge ns[ksaxs fd nsork dks cgqr fHkUu rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
bl mnkgj.k esa ,d LFkkuh; nsork dks ftldh izfrek dks igys vkSj
vkt Hkh ydM+h ls LFkkuh; tutkfr osQ fo'ks"kKksa }kjk x<+k tkrk gS]
fo".kq osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fo".kq dk ;g :i ns'k osQ vU;
Hkkxksa esa feyus okys Lo:iksa ls loZFkk fHkUu FkkA
leUo; osQ ,sls mnkgj.k nsoh laiznk;ksa esa Hkh feyrs gSaA nsoh
dh mikluk vfèkdrj flanwj ls iksrs x, iRFkj osQ :i esa gh dh
tkrh FkhA bu LFkkuh; nsfo;ksa dks ikSjkf.kd ijaijk osQ Hkhrj eq[;
nsorkvksa dh iRuh osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZµdHkh og y{eh osQ
:i esa fo".kq dh iRuh cuha vkSj dHkh f'ko dh iRuh ikoZrh osQ
:i esa lkeus vkb±A
1-2 Hksn vkSj la?k"kZ
vfèkdk'kar% nsoh dh vkjkèkuk i¼fr dks rkaf=kd uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
rkaf=kd iwtk i¼fr miegk}hi osQ dbZ Hkkxksa esa izpfyr FkhµblosQ
varxZr L=kh vkSj iq#"k nksuksa gh 'kkfey gks ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr
deZdkaMh; lanHkZ esa oxZ vkSj o.kZ osQ Hksn dh vogsyuk dh tkrh FkhA
bl i¼fr osQ fopkjksa us 'kSo vkSj ckS¼ n'kZu dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;k
[kklrkSj ls miegk}hi osQ iwohZ] mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkxksa esaA vkxkeh
lgÏkCnh esa bu leLr fo'oklksa vkSj vkpkjksa dk oxhZdj.k ¶¯gnw¸ osQ
:i esa gqvkA ;fn ge oSfnd vkSj ikSjkf.kd ijaijk osQ chp rqyuk djsa
rks ;g fo"kerk vkSj vfèkd Li"V :i ls mHkj dj vkrh gSA oSfnd
nsooqQy osQ vfXu] banz vkSj lkse tSls nsork iwjh rjg xkS.k gks x, vkSj
lkfgR; o ewfrZdyk nksuksa esa gh mudk fu:i.k ugha fn[krkA gkyk¡fd
oSfnd ea=kksa esa fo".kq] f'ko vkSj nsoh dh >yd feyrh gS] bldh
rqyuk buosQ fo'kn] ikSjkf.kd feFkdksa ls dnkfi ugha dh tk ldrhA
¯drq bu vlaxfr;ksa osQ ckotwn osnksa dks izkekf.kd ekuk tkrk jgkA
blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha fd dHkh la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr Hkh
mRiUu gks tkrh FkhA oSfnd ifjikVh osQ iz'kald mu lHkh vkpkjksa dh
fuank djrs Fks tks bZ'oj dh mikluk osQ fy, ea=kksa osQ mPpkj.k osQ lkFk
;Kksa osQ laiknu ls ijs FksA blosQ foijhr] os yksx Fks tks rkaf=kd
vkjkèkuk esa yxs Fks vkSj oSfnd lÙkk dh vogsyuk djrs FksA blosQ
vykok HkDr vius b"Vnso fo".kq ;k f'ko dks Hkh dbZ ckj loksZPp
iz{ksfir djrs FksA vU; ijaijkvksa tSls ckS¼ vFkok tSu èkeZ ls Hkh lacaèk
vdlj rukoiw.kZ gks tkrs FksA ;|fi Li"V }a} de fn[kkbZ iM+rs FksA
fp=k 6-3
ckS¼ nsoh] ekfjph dh ewfrZ (yxHkx nloha
'krkCnh] fcgkj)A ;g fofHkUu /kfeZd fo'oklksa
vkSj fØ;kdykiksa osQ ,dhdj.k dh izfØ;k
dk mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gSA
2018-19
143
HkfDr&lwI
+
kQh ijaijk,¡
HkfDr ijaijk dks gesa blh lanHkZ esa j[kdj ns[kuk gksxkA ge
ftl dky fo'ks"k ij xkSj dj jgs gSa mlls iwoZ yxHkx ,d
g”kkj o"kZ iqjkuh HkfDriw.kZ mikluk dh ifjikVh jgh gSA bl le;
HkfDr izn'kZu esa] eafnjksa esa b"Vnso dh vkjkèkuk ls ysdj mikldksa
dk izseHkko esa rYyhu gks tkuk] fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA HkfDr jpukvksa
dk mPpkj.k vFkok xk;k tkuk bl mikluk i¼fr osQ va'k FksA
oS".ko vkSj 'kSo laiznk;ksa ij rks ;g dFku fo'ks"k :i ls ykxw
gksrk gSA
2- mikluk dh dfork,¡
   izkjafHkd HkfDr ijaijk
vkjkèkuk osQ rjhdksa osQ ozQfed fodkl osQ nkSjku cgqr ckj lar
dfo ,sls usrk osQ :i esa mHkjs ftuosQ vkl&ikl HkDrtuksa osQ
,d iwjs leqnk; dk xBu gks x;kA ;|fi cgqr lh HkfDr ijaijkvksa
esa czkã.k] nsorkvksa vkSj HkDrtu osQ chp egRoiw.kZ fcpkSfy, cus
jgs rFkkfi bu ijaijkvksa us fL=k;ksa vkSj ¶fuEu o.kks±¸ dks Hkh
Loho`Qfr o LFkku fn;kA HkfDr ijaijk dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk bldh
fofoèkrk gSA
nwljs Lrj ij] èkeZ osQ bfrgkldkj HkfDr ijaijk dks nks eq[; oxks±
esa ck¡Vrs gSa % lxq.k (fo'ks"k.k lfgr) vkSj fuxqZ.k (fo'ks"k.k foghu)A
izFke oxZ esa f'ko] fo".kq rFkk muosQ vorkj o nsfo;ksa dh vkjkèkuk
vkrh gS] ftudh ewrZ :i esa voèkkj.kk gqbZA fuxqZ.k HkfDr ijaijk esa
vewrZ] fujkdkj bZ'oj dh mikluk dh tkrh FkhA
2-1 rfeyukMq osQ vyokj vkSj u;ukj lar
izkjafHkd HkfDr vkanksyu (yxHkx NBh 'krkCnh) vyokjksa (fo".kq
HkfDr esa rUe;) vkSj u;ukjksa (f'koHkDr) osQ usr`Ro esa gqvkA os ,d
LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkze.k djrs gq, rfey esa vius bZ"V dh Lrqfr
esa Hktu xkrs FksA
viuh ;k=kkvksa osQ nkSjku vyokj vkSj u;ukj larksa us oqQN ikou
LFkyksa dks vius b"V dk fuoklLFky ?kksf"kr fd;kA bUgha LFkyksa ij
ckn esa fo'kky eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk vkSj os rhFkZLFky ekus x,A
lar&dfo;ksa osQ Hktuksa dks bu eafnjksa esa vuq"Bkuksa osQ le; xk;k tkrk
Fkk vkSj lkFk gh bu larksa dh izfrek dh Hkh iwtk dh tkrh FkhA
? ppkZ dhft,---
vius 'kgj ;k xk¡o esa iwftr nsoh&nsorkvksa
osQ uke vkSj muosQ fp=k.k ij fopkj
dhft,A mudh mikluk ls tqM+s vuq"Bkuksa
dh O;k[;k dhft,A
2018-19
144
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
2-2 tkfr osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k
oqQN bfrgkldkjksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd vyokj vkSj u;ukj larksa us
tkfr izFkk o czkã.kksa dh izHkqrk osQ fojksèk esa vkok”k mBkbZA oqQN gn
rd ;g ckr lR; izrhr gksrh gS D;ksafd HkfDr lar fofoèk leqnk;ksa
ls Fks tSls czkã.k] f'kYidkj] fdlku vkSj oqQN rks mu tkfr;ksa ls vk,
Fks ftUgsa ¶vLi`';¸ ekuk tkrk FkkA
vyokj vkSj u;ukj larksa dh jpukvksa dks osn ftruk egÙoiw.kZ
crkdj bl ijaijk dks lEekfur fd;k x;kA mnkgj.kLo:i] vyokj
larksa osQ ,d eq[; dkO; ladyu uyf;jkfnO;izcaèke~ dk o.kZu rfey
osn osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA bl rjg bl xzaFk dk egRo laLo`Qr
osQ pkjksa osnksa ftruk crk;k x;k tks czkã.kksa }kjk iksf"kr FksA
2-3 L=kh HkDr
laHkor% bl ijaijk dh lcls cM+h fof'k"Vrk blesa fL=k;ksa dh
mifLFkfr FkhA mnkgj.kr% vaMky uked vyokj L=kh osQ HkfDr xhr
O;kid Lrj ij xk, tkrs Fks (vkSj vkt Hkh xk, tkrs gSa)A vaMky
Lo;a dks fo".kq dh izs;lh ekudj viuh izseHkkouk dks Nanksa esa O;Dr
djrh FkhaA ,d vkSj L=kh f'koHkDr djbDdky vEeb;kj us vius
mís'; izkfIr gsrq ?kksj riL;k dk ekxZ viuk;kA u;ukj ijaijk esa
mldh jpukvksa dks lqjf{kr fd;k x;kA gkyk¡fd bu fL=k;ksa us vius
lkekftd drZO;ksa dk ifjR;kx fd;kA og fdlh oSdfYid O;oLFkk
vFkok fHk{kq.kh leqnk; dh lnL;k ugha cuhaA bu fL=k;ksa dh thou
i¼fr vkSj budh jpukvksa us fir`lÙkkRed vkn'kks± dks pqukSrh nhA
HkfDr lkfgR; dk ladyu
nloha 'krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs ckjg vyokjksa dh jpukvksa dk ,d
ladyu dj fy;k x;k tks uyf;jkfnO;izcaèke~ (¶pkj g”kkj ikou
jpuk,¡¸) osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA nloha 'krkCnh esa gh vIikj lacanj
vkSj laqnjkj dh dfork,¡ roje uked ladyu esa j[kh xb± ftlesa
dforkvksa dk laxhr osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZdj.k gqvkA
Ïksr 1
prqosZnh (pkjksa osnksa osQ Kkrk
czkã.k) vkSj ¶vLi`';¸
;g m¼j.k rksanjkfMIiksfM uked ,d czkã.k
vyokj osQ dkO; ls fy;k x;k gS%
prqosZnh tks vtuch gSa vkSj rqEgkjh lsok
osQ izfr fu"Bk ugha j[krs] muls Hkh ”;knk
vki (gs fo".kq) mu ¶nklksa¸ dks ilan
djrs gSa] tks vkids pj.kksa ls izse j[krs gSa]
pkgs os o.kZ&O;oLFkk osQ ijs gksaA
? ? D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd
rksanjkfMIiksfM tkfr O;oLFkk
osQ fojksèkh Fks\
'kkL=k ;k HkfDr
;g Nan vIikj uked u;ukj lar dh
jpuk gS %
gs èkwrZtu] tks rqe 'kkL=k dks m¼`r djrs
gks
rqEgkjk xks=k vkSj oqQy Hkyk fdl
dke dk\
rqe osQoy ekjis: osQ Lokeh (f'ko tks
rfeyukMq osQ ratkoqj ftys osQ ekjis:
esa clrs gSaA) dks viuk ,dek=k
vkJ;nkrk ekudj ureLrd gksA
? ? D;k czkã.kksa osQ izfr rksanjkfMIiksfM
vkSj vIikj osQ fopkjksa esa lekurk gS
vFkok ugha\
Ïksr 2
2018-19
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