एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: विभाजन को समझना | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

 Page 1


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
gesa irk gS fd 1947 esa gekjh vk”kknh ls tqM+h [+kq'kh foHkktu dh fgalk vkSj ccZjrk ls cnjax
iM+ xbZ FkhA fczfV'k&Hkkjr osQ nks laizHkq jkT;ksa] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku (ftlosQ if'peh vkSj
iwohZ Hkkx Fks)] esa c¡Vokjs ls dbZ vkdfLed ifjorZu vk,A yk[kksa tkusa xb±] db;ksa dh
ftanfx;k¡ iyd >idrs cny xb±] 'kgj cnys] Hkkjr cnyk] ,d u, ns'k dk mn; gqvk vkSj
,slk tulagkj] fgalk ,oa foLFkkiu gqvk ftldk bfrgkl esa igys dksbZ mnkgj.k u FkkA
bl vè;k; esa ge 1947 osQ c¡Vokjs dk vè;;u djsaxs % ;g D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk vkSj
blosQ pyrs 1946 ls *50 dh dky&vofèk esa (vkSj 1950 osQ ckn Hkh) vke yksxksa osQ D;k
nnZukd vuqHko jgsA vè;k; esa bl ckr dh Hkh ppkZ dh tk,xh fd yksxksa ls ckrphr vkSj
lk{kkRdkjksa osQ ”kfj,] ;kuh fd ekSf[kd bfrgkl dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] ge bu vuqHkoksa osQ
bfrgkl dks oSQls jp ldrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa ekSf[kd bfrgkl osQ I
+
kQk;nksa vkSj mldh lhekvksa
foHkktu dks le>uk
jktuhfr] Le`fr] vuqHko
fp=k 14-1
foHkktu dh otg ls yk[kksa yksx mtM+ x,] ^'kj.kkFkhZ* cudj jg x,A mudks viuh js'kk&js'kk ftanxh
u, fljs ls cquuh iM+hA
vè;k;
pkSng
2018-19
Page 2


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
gesa irk gS fd 1947 esa gekjh vk”kknh ls tqM+h [+kq'kh foHkktu dh fgalk vkSj ccZjrk ls cnjax
iM+ xbZ FkhA fczfV'k&Hkkjr osQ nks laizHkq jkT;ksa] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku (ftlosQ if'peh vkSj
iwohZ Hkkx Fks)] esa c¡Vokjs ls dbZ vkdfLed ifjorZu vk,A yk[kksa tkusa xb±] db;ksa dh
ftanfx;k¡ iyd >idrs cny xb±] 'kgj cnys] Hkkjr cnyk] ,d u, ns'k dk mn; gqvk vkSj
,slk tulagkj] fgalk ,oa foLFkkiu gqvk ftldk bfrgkl esa igys dksbZ mnkgj.k u FkkA
bl vè;k; esa ge 1947 osQ c¡Vokjs dk vè;;u djsaxs % ;g D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk vkSj
blosQ pyrs 1946 ls *50 dh dky&vofèk esa (vkSj 1950 osQ ckn Hkh) vke yksxksa osQ D;k
nnZukd vuqHko jgsA vè;k; esa bl ckr dh Hkh ppkZ dh tk,xh fd yksxksa ls ckrphr vkSj
lk{kkRdkjksa osQ ”kfj,] ;kuh fd ekSf[kd bfrgkl dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] ge bu vuqHkoksa osQ
bfrgkl dks oSQls jp ldrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa ekSf[kd bfrgkl osQ I
+
kQk;nksa vkSj mldh lhekvksa
foHkktu dks le>uk
jktuhfr] Le`fr] vuqHko
fp=k 14-1
foHkktu dh otg ls yk[kksa yksx mtM+ x,] ^'kj.kkFkhZ* cudj jg x,A mudks viuh js'kk&js'kk ftanxh
u, fljs ls cquuh iM+hA
vè;k;
pkSng
2018-19
???
foHkktu dks le>uk
dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA lk{kkRdkjksa ls ge fdlh lekt osQ vrhr osQ ,sls
vk;keksa osQ ckjs esa dkI
+
kQh tkudkjh gkfly dj ldrs gSa ftuosQ ckjs
esa nwljh rjg osQ Ïksrksa ls gesa cgqr de tkudkjh fey ikrh gS ;k dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha fey ikrh gSA ijarq dbZ ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa gesa lk{kkRdkj
dh i¼fr ls ”;knk irk ugha pyrkA ,sls igyqvksa osQ bfrgkl dks jpus
osQ fy, gesa fdlh vkSj fO+kQLe dh lkexzh dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA
vè;k; osQ var esa ge bl eqís ij nqckjk ykSVsaxsA
¶eSa rks flI+kZQ vius vCck ij p<+k gqvk O+kQ”kZ pqdk jgk gw¡¸
'kksèkdrkZ dh fjiksVZ bl izdkj gS%
eSa 1992 dh lfnZ;ksa esa iatkc ;wfuoflZVh] ykgkSj osQ bfrgkl foHkkx osQ iqLrdky; esa
tk;k djrk FkkA ogk¡ vCnqy yrhI
+
kQ uked ,d èkeZfu"B vèksM+ lTtu esjh cgqr enn
fd;k djrs FksA ftruk muosQ fy, djuk ”k:jh Fkk] mlls Hkh vkxs tkdj os eq>s
vko';d lkexzh eqgÕ;k djk nsrs Fks vkSj esjh vuqjksèk dh gqbZ I
+
kQksVksdkWfi;k¡ vxyh lqcg
esjs igq¡pus osQ igys gh cM+s O+kQk;ns ls rS;kj j[krs FksA esjs dke osQ izfr mudk ;g joS;k
eq>s bruk vuks[kk yxrk Fkk fd ,d fnu eSa vius dks jksd ugha ik;k vkSj iwN gh cSBk]
^yrhI
+
kQ lkgc] vki ”k:jr ls ”;knk vkxs c<+&c<+dj esjh bruh enn D;ksa djrs gSa\*
viuh ?kM+h ij u”kj Mkydj mUgksaus yiddj viuh uek”kh Vksih mBkbZ vkSj dgk]
^vHkh rks eq>s rqjar uek”k osQ fy, tkuk gS ij ykSVdj eSa vkiosQ loky dk tokc
”k:j nw¡xkA* vkèks ?kaVs ckn vius nÝ+rj esa ykSVrs gh mUgksaus ckr vkxs c<+kbZ%
^gk¡] vkidk lokyA eSa---- esjk eryc gS esjs okfyn tEew ls Fks] tEew f”kys osQ
,d NksVs&ls xk¡o osQ ckf'kansA bl xk¡o esa fganqvksa dk ncnck Fkk vkSj vxLr 1947
esa bykOksQ osQ fganw xqaMksa us xk¡o dh reke eqlyeku vkcknh dks ekj MkykA ,d jks”k
rhljs igj tc fganqvksa dh HkhM+ dk ikxyiu viuh gnsa ikj dj jgk Fkk rks esjs vCck
dks irk pyk fd xk¡o esa 'kk;n os gh ,dek=k eqfLye ukStoku gSa tks ftank cps gSaA
vius iwjs [+kkunku dks os igys gh bl O+kQRysvke esa [kks pqosQ Fks vkSj vc Hkkxus osQ
jkLrs <w¡<+ jgs FksA mUgsa ,d n;kyq cqtqxZ fganw iM+kslu dk [+k;ky vk;kA mUgksaus muls
fp=k 14-2
oSQejs dh rlohjksa ls gesa ml le; dh fgalk
dk ,glkl gksrk gSA
Ïksr 1
1- c¡Vokjs osQ oqQN vuqHko
;gk¡ rhu ?kVuk,¡ nh tk jgh gSa ftudk c;ku mu nq[kn fnuksa ls
xq”kjs yksxksa us 1993 esa ,d 'kksèkdrkZ osQ vkxs fd;k FkkA c;ku
djus okys ikfdLrkuh Fks vkSj 'kksèkdrkZ Hkkjrh;A 'kksèkdrkZ dk
mís'; ;g le>uk Fkk fd tks yksx ihf<+;ksa ls dekscs'k esy&feyki
ls jgrs vk, Fks mUgksaus 1947 esa ,d&nwljs ij bruk ”kcjnLr
dgj oSQls <k;kA
2018-19
Page 3


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
gesa irk gS fd 1947 esa gekjh vk”kknh ls tqM+h [+kq'kh foHkktu dh fgalk vkSj ccZjrk ls cnjax
iM+ xbZ FkhA fczfV'k&Hkkjr osQ nks laizHkq jkT;ksa] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku (ftlosQ if'peh vkSj
iwohZ Hkkx Fks)] esa c¡Vokjs ls dbZ vkdfLed ifjorZu vk,A yk[kksa tkusa xb±] db;ksa dh
ftanfx;k¡ iyd >idrs cny xb±] 'kgj cnys] Hkkjr cnyk] ,d u, ns'k dk mn; gqvk vkSj
,slk tulagkj] fgalk ,oa foLFkkiu gqvk ftldk bfrgkl esa igys dksbZ mnkgj.k u FkkA
bl vè;k; esa ge 1947 osQ c¡Vokjs dk vè;;u djsaxs % ;g D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk vkSj
blosQ pyrs 1946 ls *50 dh dky&vofèk esa (vkSj 1950 osQ ckn Hkh) vke yksxksa osQ D;k
nnZukd vuqHko jgsA vè;k; esa bl ckr dh Hkh ppkZ dh tk,xh fd yksxksa ls ckrphr vkSj
lk{kkRdkjksa osQ ”kfj,] ;kuh fd ekSf[kd bfrgkl dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] ge bu vuqHkoksa osQ
bfrgkl dks oSQls jp ldrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa ekSf[kd bfrgkl osQ I
+
kQk;nksa vkSj mldh lhekvksa
foHkktu dks le>uk
jktuhfr] Le`fr] vuqHko
fp=k 14-1
foHkktu dh otg ls yk[kksa yksx mtM+ x,] ^'kj.kkFkhZ* cudj jg x,A mudks viuh js'kk&js'kk ftanxh
u, fljs ls cquuh iM+hA
vè;k;
pkSng
2018-19
???
foHkktu dks le>uk
dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA lk{kkRdkjksa ls ge fdlh lekt osQ vrhr osQ ,sls
vk;keksa osQ ckjs esa dkI
+
kQh tkudkjh gkfly dj ldrs gSa ftuosQ ckjs
esa nwljh rjg osQ Ïksrksa ls gesa cgqr de tkudkjh fey ikrh gS ;k dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha fey ikrh gSA ijarq dbZ ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa gesa lk{kkRdkj
dh i¼fr ls ”;knk irk ugha pyrkA ,sls igyqvksa osQ bfrgkl dks jpus
osQ fy, gesa fdlh vkSj fO+kQLe dh lkexzh dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA
vè;k; osQ var esa ge bl eqís ij nqckjk ykSVsaxsA
¶eSa rks flI+kZQ vius vCck ij p<+k gqvk O+kQ”kZ pqdk jgk gw¡¸
'kksèkdrkZ dh fjiksVZ bl izdkj gS%
eSa 1992 dh lfnZ;ksa esa iatkc ;wfuoflZVh] ykgkSj osQ bfrgkl foHkkx osQ iqLrdky; esa
tk;k djrk FkkA ogk¡ vCnqy yrhI
+
kQ uked ,d èkeZfu"B vèksM+ lTtu esjh cgqr enn
fd;k djrs FksA ftruk muosQ fy, djuk ”k:jh Fkk] mlls Hkh vkxs tkdj os eq>s
vko';d lkexzh eqgÕ;k djk nsrs Fks vkSj esjh vuqjksèk dh gqbZ I
+
kQksVksdkWfi;k¡ vxyh lqcg
esjs igq¡pus osQ igys gh cM+s O+kQk;ns ls rS;kj j[krs FksA esjs dke osQ izfr mudk ;g joS;k
eq>s bruk vuks[kk yxrk Fkk fd ,d fnu eSa vius dks jksd ugha ik;k vkSj iwN gh cSBk]
^yrhI
+
kQ lkgc] vki ”k:jr ls ”;knk vkxs c<+&c<+dj esjh bruh enn D;ksa djrs gSa\*
viuh ?kM+h ij u”kj Mkydj mUgksaus yiddj viuh uek”kh Vksih mBkbZ vkSj dgk]
^vHkh rks eq>s rqjar uek”k osQ fy, tkuk gS ij ykSVdj eSa vkiosQ loky dk tokc
”k:j nw¡xkA* vkèks ?kaVs ckn vius nÝ+rj esa ykSVrs gh mUgksaus ckr vkxs c<+kbZ%
^gk¡] vkidk lokyA eSa---- esjk eryc gS esjs okfyn tEew ls Fks] tEew f”kys osQ
,d NksVs&ls xk¡o osQ ckf'kansA bl xk¡o esa fganqvksa dk ncnck Fkk vkSj vxLr 1947
esa bykOksQ osQ fganw xqaMksa us xk¡o dh reke eqlyeku vkcknh dks ekj MkykA ,d jks”k
rhljs igj tc fganqvksa dh HkhM+ dk ikxyiu viuh gnsa ikj dj jgk Fkk rks esjs vCck
dks irk pyk fd xk¡o esa 'kk;n os gh ,dek=k eqfLye ukStoku gSa tks ftank cps gSaA
vius iwjs [+kkunku dks os igys gh bl O+kQRysvke esa [kks pqosQ Fks vkSj vc Hkkxus osQ
jkLrs <w¡<+ jgs FksA mUgsa ,d n;kyq cqtqxZ fganw iM+kslu dk [+k;ky vk;kA mUgksaus muls
fp=k 14-2
oSQejs dh rlohjksa ls gesa ml le; dh fgalk
dk ,glkl gksrk gSA
Ïksr 1
1- c¡Vokjs osQ oqQN vuqHko
;gk¡ rhu ?kVuk,¡ nh tk jgh gSa ftudk c;ku mu nq[kn fnuksa ls
xq”kjs yksxksa us 1993 esa ,d 'kksèkdrkZ osQ vkxs fd;k FkkA c;ku
djus okys ikfdLrkuh Fks vkSj 'kksèkdrkZ Hkkjrh;A 'kksèkdrkZ dk
mís'; ;g le>uk Fkk fd tks yksx ihf<+;ksa ls dekscs'k esy&feyki
ls jgrs vk, Fks mUgksaus 1947 esa ,d&nwljs ij bruk ”kcjnLr
dgj oSQls <k;kA
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vius ?kj esa iukg nsus dh izkFkZuk dhA os vCck dh enn dks jk”kh rks gqb±] exj cksyha] ^csVk]
vxj rqe ;gk¡ fNirs gks rks os yksx ge nksuksa dks gh èkj ysaxsA blls dksbZ I
+
kQk;nk ugha gksxkA
rqe esjs ihNs&ihNs ogk¡ pyks tgk¡ bu yksxksa us eqnks± osQ <sj yxk j[ks gSaA rqe ogk¡ eqnsZ tSls cudj
ysV tkuk vkSj eSa rqe ij oqQN yk'ksa Mky nw¡xhA csVk lkjh jkr eqnks± osQ chp ,sls gh ysVs jguk
vkSj lqcg ikS iQVrs gh th&tku ls fl;kydksV dh rjI
+
kQ nkSM+ tkukA
^esjs vCck ;g lq>ko eku x,A fiQj os nksuksa ogk¡ x, tgk¡ yk'ksa iM+h FkhaA vCck pqipki ”kehu
ij ysV x, vkSj cw<+h ekbZ us mu ij dbZ yk'ksa Mky nhaA dksbZ ?kaVs Hkj ckn gfFk;kjcan fganw naxkb;ksa
dk ,d tRFkk ogk¡ vk èkedkA muesa ls ,d fpYyk;k ^fdlh esa oqQN tku cph gS\* vkSj nwljs
yksx viuh vux<+ ykfB;ksa vkSj canwdksa ls ml <sj esa ftanxh osQ vklkj ryk'kus yxsA dksbZ fpYyk;k]
^vjs ml yk'k dh dykbZ ij ?kM+h gSA* mlus jkbI
+
kQy dk oqaQnk ”kksj ls vCck dh m¡xfy;ksa ij ns
ekjkA vCckth crk;k djrs Fks fd ?kM+h okyh dykbZ dh iSQyh gFksyh dks fcyoqQy fcuk fgyk,
j[kuk muosQ fy, fdruk eqf'dy FkkA fdlh rjg oqQN lsoaQM rd os ,slk djus esa dke;kc jgs]
rHkh naxkb;ksa esa ls dksbZ cksyk] ^vjs] ,d ?kM+h gh rks gSA pyks] pyks ;gk¡ ls] v¡èksjk gksus yxk gSA*
vCckth dh rO
+
kQnhj Fkh fd os yksx pys x, vkSj esjs vCck iwjh jkr ml ej?kV osQ ekgkSy esa ysVs
jgsA lqcg dh mtkl gksrs gh os lpeqp viuh tku ysdj gh HkkxsA fl;kydksV igq¡pus rd os #osQ
gh ughaA
^eSa vkidh enn blfy, djrk gw¡ fd ,d fganw ekbZ us esjs vCck dh enn dh FkhA eSa rks flI
+
kZQ
vius vCck ij p<+k gqvk d”kZ pqdk jgk gw¡A*
eSaus dgk] ^exj eSa rks fganw ugha] fl[k [+kkunku ls ;k gn ls gn ,d feys&tqys fganw&fl[k
[+kkunku ls gw¡A*
^eSa Bhd&Bkd ugha tkurk fd vkidk e”kgc D;k gS\ vki osQ'k Hkh ugha j[krs vkSj eqlyeku
Hkh ugha gSaA lks] esjs fy, rks vki fganw gh gSa vkSj eSa tks FkksM+k&cgqr vkiosQ fy, djrk gw¡ og
blfy, fd ,d fganw ekbZ us esjs vCck dks cpk;k FkkA*
¶cjlksa gks x,] eSa fdlh iatkch eqlyeku ls ugha feyk¸
'kksèkdrkZ dk nwljk fdLlk ykgkSj osQ ,d ;wFk gkWLVy osQ eSustj osQ ckjs esa gS %
eSa txg dh ryk'k esa gkWLVy x;k Fkk vkSj ogk¡ eSaus rqjar viuh ukxfjdrk dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh
FkhA eSustj  us dgk] ^vki fganqLrkuh gSa] blfy, vkidks eSa dejk rks ns ugha ldrk exj vkidks
pk; fiyk ldrk gw¡ vkSj ,d fO+kQLlk lquk ldrk gw¡A* brus yypkus okys izLrko ij eSa ugha oSQls
dg ldrk FkkA eSustj us 'kq: fd;kµ
^ipkl osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh fgLls esa esjh iksfLVax fnYyh esa gqbZ FkhA* eSa è;ku ls lqu
jgk FkkA eSa ogk¡ ikfdLrkuh nwrkokl esa DyoZQ FkkA esjs ,d ykgkSjh nksLr us eq>s ,d #Ddk
(NksVh fpV~Bh) fn;k Fkk tks dHkh mlosQ iM+kslh jgs ,d O;fDr dks nsuk FkkA og O;fDr vktdy
fnYyh osQ igkM+xat esa jg jgk FkkA ,d fnu eSa viuh lkbfdy ysdj igkM+xat dks py iM+kA tSls
gh eSaus lsaVªy lsoszQVsfj;V osQ ikl okys oQFkhMªy (cM+k fxjtk?kj) dks ikj fd;k] eq>s ,d fl[k
lkbfdy ij tkrk fn[kkbZ fn;kA mls jksddj eSaus iatkch esa iwNk] ¶ljnkj th] igkM+xat dk jkLrk
fdèkj ls gS\¸
mUgksaus iwNk] ¶rqe 'kj.kkFkhZ gks\¸
¶ugha] eSa ykgkSj ls vk;k gw¡A eSa bO+kQcky vgen gw¡A¸
¶bdcky vgen----- ykgkSj ls\! #dks] #dks!¸
Ïksr 2
2018-19
Page 4


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
gesa irk gS fd 1947 esa gekjh vk”kknh ls tqM+h [+kq'kh foHkktu dh fgalk vkSj ccZjrk ls cnjax
iM+ xbZ FkhA fczfV'k&Hkkjr osQ nks laizHkq jkT;ksa] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku (ftlosQ if'peh vkSj
iwohZ Hkkx Fks)] esa c¡Vokjs ls dbZ vkdfLed ifjorZu vk,A yk[kksa tkusa xb±] db;ksa dh
ftanfx;k¡ iyd >idrs cny xb±] 'kgj cnys] Hkkjr cnyk] ,d u, ns'k dk mn; gqvk vkSj
,slk tulagkj] fgalk ,oa foLFkkiu gqvk ftldk bfrgkl esa igys dksbZ mnkgj.k u FkkA
bl vè;k; esa ge 1947 osQ c¡Vokjs dk vè;;u djsaxs % ;g D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk vkSj
blosQ pyrs 1946 ls *50 dh dky&vofèk esa (vkSj 1950 osQ ckn Hkh) vke yksxksa osQ D;k
nnZukd vuqHko jgsA vè;k; esa bl ckr dh Hkh ppkZ dh tk,xh fd yksxksa ls ckrphr vkSj
lk{kkRdkjksa osQ ”kfj,] ;kuh fd ekSf[kd bfrgkl dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] ge bu vuqHkoksa osQ
bfrgkl dks oSQls jp ldrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa ekSf[kd bfrgkl osQ I
+
kQk;nksa vkSj mldh lhekvksa
foHkktu dks le>uk
jktuhfr] Le`fr] vuqHko
fp=k 14-1
foHkktu dh otg ls yk[kksa yksx mtM+ x,] ^'kj.kkFkhZ* cudj jg x,A mudks viuh js'kk&js'kk ftanxh
u, fljs ls cquuh iM+hA
vè;k;
pkSng
2018-19
???
foHkktu dks le>uk
dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA lk{kkRdkjksa ls ge fdlh lekt osQ vrhr osQ ,sls
vk;keksa osQ ckjs esa dkI
+
kQh tkudkjh gkfly dj ldrs gSa ftuosQ ckjs
esa nwljh rjg osQ Ïksrksa ls gesa cgqr de tkudkjh fey ikrh gS ;k dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha fey ikrh gSA ijarq dbZ ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa gesa lk{kkRdkj
dh i¼fr ls ”;knk irk ugha pyrkA ,sls igyqvksa osQ bfrgkl dks jpus
osQ fy, gesa fdlh vkSj fO+kQLe dh lkexzh dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA
vè;k; osQ var esa ge bl eqís ij nqckjk ykSVsaxsA
¶eSa rks flI+kZQ vius vCck ij p<+k gqvk O+kQ”kZ pqdk jgk gw¡¸
'kksèkdrkZ dh fjiksVZ bl izdkj gS%
eSa 1992 dh lfnZ;ksa esa iatkc ;wfuoflZVh] ykgkSj osQ bfrgkl foHkkx osQ iqLrdky; esa
tk;k djrk FkkA ogk¡ vCnqy yrhI
+
kQ uked ,d èkeZfu"B vèksM+ lTtu esjh cgqr enn
fd;k djrs FksA ftruk muosQ fy, djuk ”k:jh Fkk] mlls Hkh vkxs tkdj os eq>s
vko';d lkexzh eqgÕ;k djk nsrs Fks vkSj esjh vuqjksèk dh gqbZ I
+
kQksVksdkWfi;k¡ vxyh lqcg
esjs igq¡pus osQ igys gh cM+s O+kQk;ns ls rS;kj j[krs FksA esjs dke osQ izfr mudk ;g joS;k
eq>s bruk vuks[kk yxrk Fkk fd ,d fnu eSa vius dks jksd ugha ik;k vkSj iwN gh cSBk]
^yrhI
+
kQ lkgc] vki ”k:jr ls ”;knk vkxs c<+&c<+dj esjh bruh enn D;ksa djrs gSa\*
viuh ?kM+h ij u”kj Mkydj mUgksaus yiddj viuh uek”kh Vksih mBkbZ vkSj dgk]
^vHkh rks eq>s rqjar uek”k osQ fy, tkuk gS ij ykSVdj eSa vkiosQ loky dk tokc
”k:j nw¡xkA* vkèks ?kaVs ckn vius nÝ+rj esa ykSVrs gh mUgksaus ckr vkxs c<+kbZ%
^gk¡] vkidk lokyA eSa---- esjk eryc gS esjs okfyn tEew ls Fks] tEew f”kys osQ
,d NksVs&ls xk¡o osQ ckf'kansA bl xk¡o esa fganqvksa dk ncnck Fkk vkSj vxLr 1947
esa bykOksQ osQ fganw xqaMksa us xk¡o dh reke eqlyeku vkcknh dks ekj MkykA ,d jks”k
rhljs igj tc fganqvksa dh HkhM+ dk ikxyiu viuh gnsa ikj dj jgk Fkk rks esjs vCck
dks irk pyk fd xk¡o esa 'kk;n os gh ,dek=k eqfLye ukStoku gSa tks ftank cps gSaA
vius iwjs [+kkunku dks os igys gh bl O+kQRysvke esa [kks pqosQ Fks vkSj vc Hkkxus osQ
jkLrs <w¡<+ jgs FksA mUgsa ,d n;kyq cqtqxZ fganw iM+kslu dk [+k;ky vk;kA mUgksaus muls
fp=k 14-2
oSQejs dh rlohjksa ls gesa ml le; dh fgalk
dk ,glkl gksrk gSA
Ïksr 1
1- c¡Vokjs osQ oqQN vuqHko
;gk¡ rhu ?kVuk,¡ nh tk jgh gSa ftudk c;ku mu nq[kn fnuksa ls
xq”kjs yksxksa us 1993 esa ,d 'kksèkdrkZ osQ vkxs fd;k FkkA c;ku
djus okys ikfdLrkuh Fks vkSj 'kksèkdrkZ Hkkjrh;A 'kksèkdrkZ dk
mís'; ;g le>uk Fkk fd tks yksx ihf<+;ksa ls dekscs'k esy&feyki
ls jgrs vk, Fks mUgksaus 1947 esa ,d&nwljs ij bruk ”kcjnLr
dgj oSQls <k;kA
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vius ?kj esa iukg nsus dh izkFkZuk dhA os vCck dh enn dks jk”kh rks gqb±] exj cksyha] ^csVk]
vxj rqe ;gk¡ fNirs gks rks os yksx ge nksuksa dks gh èkj ysaxsA blls dksbZ I
+
kQk;nk ugha gksxkA
rqe esjs ihNs&ihNs ogk¡ pyks tgk¡ bu yksxksa us eqnks± osQ <sj yxk j[ks gSaA rqe ogk¡ eqnsZ tSls cudj
ysV tkuk vkSj eSa rqe ij oqQN yk'ksa Mky nw¡xhA csVk lkjh jkr eqnks± osQ chp ,sls gh ysVs jguk
vkSj lqcg ikS iQVrs gh th&tku ls fl;kydksV dh rjI
+
kQ nkSM+ tkukA
^esjs vCck ;g lq>ko eku x,A fiQj os nksuksa ogk¡ x, tgk¡ yk'ksa iM+h FkhaA vCck pqipki ”kehu
ij ysV x, vkSj cw<+h ekbZ us mu ij dbZ yk'ksa Mky nhaA dksbZ ?kaVs Hkj ckn gfFk;kjcan fganw naxkb;ksa
dk ,d tRFkk ogk¡ vk èkedkA muesa ls ,d fpYyk;k ^fdlh esa oqQN tku cph gS\* vkSj nwljs
yksx viuh vux<+ ykfB;ksa vkSj canwdksa ls ml <sj esa ftanxh osQ vklkj ryk'kus yxsA dksbZ fpYyk;k]
^vjs ml yk'k dh dykbZ ij ?kM+h gSA* mlus jkbI
+
kQy dk oqaQnk ”kksj ls vCck dh m¡xfy;ksa ij ns
ekjkA vCckth crk;k djrs Fks fd ?kM+h okyh dykbZ dh iSQyh gFksyh dks fcyoqQy fcuk fgyk,
j[kuk muosQ fy, fdruk eqf'dy FkkA fdlh rjg oqQN lsoaQM rd os ,slk djus esa dke;kc jgs]
rHkh naxkb;ksa esa ls dksbZ cksyk] ^vjs] ,d ?kM+h gh rks gSA pyks] pyks ;gk¡ ls] v¡èksjk gksus yxk gSA*
vCckth dh rO
+
kQnhj Fkh fd os yksx pys x, vkSj esjs vCck iwjh jkr ml ej?kV osQ ekgkSy esa ysVs
jgsA lqcg dh mtkl gksrs gh os lpeqp viuh tku ysdj gh HkkxsA fl;kydksV igq¡pus rd os #osQ
gh ughaA
^eSa vkidh enn blfy, djrk gw¡ fd ,d fganw ekbZ us esjs vCck dh enn dh FkhA eSa rks flI
+
kZQ
vius vCck ij p<+k gqvk d”kZ pqdk jgk gw¡A*
eSaus dgk] ^exj eSa rks fganw ugha] fl[k [+kkunku ls ;k gn ls gn ,d feys&tqys fganw&fl[k
[+kkunku ls gw¡A*
^eSa Bhd&Bkd ugha tkurk fd vkidk e”kgc D;k gS\ vki osQ'k Hkh ugha j[krs vkSj eqlyeku
Hkh ugha gSaA lks] esjs fy, rks vki fganw gh gSa vkSj eSa tks FkksM+k&cgqr vkiosQ fy, djrk gw¡ og
blfy, fd ,d fganw ekbZ us esjs vCck dks cpk;k FkkA*
¶cjlksa gks x,] eSa fdlh iatkch eqlyeku ls ugha feyk¸
'kksèkdrkZ dk nwljk fdLlk ykgkSj osQ ,d ;wFk gkWLVy osQ eSustj osQ ckjs esa gS %
eSa txg dh ryk'k esa gkWLVy x;k Fkk vkSj ogk¡ eSaus rqjar viuh ukxfjdrk dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh
FkhA eSustj  us dgk] ^vki fganqLrkuh gSa] blfy, vkidks eSa dejk rks ns ugha ldrk exj vkidks
pk; fiyk ldrk gw¡ vkSj ,d fO+kQLlk lquk ldrk gw¡A* brus yypkus okys izLrko ij eSa ugha oSQls
dg ldrk FkkA eSustj us 'kq: fd;kµ
^ipkl osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh fgLls esa esjh iksfLVax fnYyh esa gqbZ FkhA* eSa è;ku ls lqu
jgk FkkA eSa ogk¡ ikfdLrkuh nwrkokl esa DyoZQ FkkA esjs ,d ykgkSjh nksLr us eq>s ,d #Ddk
(NksVh fpV~Bh) fn;k Fkk tks dHkh mlosQ iM+kslh jgs ,d O;fDr dks nsuk FkkA og O;fDr vktdy
fnYyh osQ igkM+xat esa jg jgk FkkA ,d fnu eSa viuh lkbfdy ysdj igkM+xat dks py iM+kA tSls
gh eSaus lsaVªy lsoszQVsfj;V osQ ikl okys oQFkhMªy (cM+k fxjtk?kj) dks ikj fd;k] eq>s ,d fl[k
lkbfdy ij tkrk fn[kkbZ fn;kA mls jksddj eSaus iatkch esa iwNk] ¶ljnkj th] igkM+xat dk jkLrk
fdèkj ls gS\¸
mUgksaus iwNk] ¶rqe 'kj.kkFkhZ gks\¸
¶ugha] eSa ykgkSj ls vk;k gw¡A eSa bO+kQcky vgen gw¡A¸
¶bdcky vgen----- ykgkSj ls\! #dks] #dks!¸
Ïksr 2
2018-19
???
foHkktu dks le>uk
?
(1)izR;sd Ïksr ls vkil esa ckrphr
djus okys bu yksxksa osQ #[+k osQ ckjs esa
gesa D;k irk pyrk gS\
(2) ;s dgkfu;k¡ yksxksa dh foHkktu&
lacaèkh fofHkUu Le`fr;ksa osQ ckjs esa gesa D;k
crkrh gSa\
(3) bu yksxksa us [+kqn dks vkSj ,d&nwljs
dks oSQls is'k fd;k vkSj igpkuk\
? ppkZ dhft,---
foHkktu lacaèkh ys[ku esa ,slh dgkfu;ksa
osQ egÙo dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
og ¶#dks!¸ dh vkokt eq>s csjge gqDe tSlh lqukbZ nh vkSj eSaus lkspk fd vc rks eSa x;kA
;s fl[k eq>s [+kRe gh dj nsxkA ij vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha Fkk] blfy, eSa #d x;kA og
Hkkjh&Hkjde fl[k nkSM+rk vk;k vkSj mlus eq>s dldj Hkhap fy;kA Hkhxh vk¡[kksa ls mlus dgk]
¶cjlksa gks x,] eSa fdlh iatkch eqlyeku ls ugha feykA eSa feyus dks rjl jgk Fkk ij ;gk¡
iatkch cksyus okys eqlyeku feyrs gh ughaA¸
Ïksr 3
fp=k 14-3
,d djksM+ ls ”;knk yksx
vius&vius oru ls mtM+
x, vkSj nwljh txgksa ij tkus
osQ fy, etcwj gks x,
¶uk] ugha! rqe dHkh gekjs ugha gks ldrs¸
'kksèkdrkZ dh rhljh ?kVuk bl izdkj gS %
eq>s vHkh Hkh 1992 esa ykgkSj esa feys ,d vkneh dh cgqr vPNh rjg
;kn gSA og X
+
kyrh ls eq>s fons'k esa i<+us okyk ikfdLrkuh le> cSBk
FkkA tkus fdl otg ls og eq>s ilan djus yxk FkkA og eq>ls vuqjksèk
dj jgk Fkk fd i<+kbZ iwjh djosQ eSa O+kQkSe dh f[+kner djus osQ fy,
okil ykSV vkmQ¡A eSaus dgk fd eSa ykSVw¡xk] ysfdu ckrphr osQ nkSj esa
eSaus tc crk;k fd eSa Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gw¡ rks ,dne ls mldk ygtk
cny x;k vkSj vius vkidks Hkjld jksdrs&jksdrs Hkh mlosQ eq¡g ls
fudy x;k]
  ¶vksg] fganqLrkuh] eSa le>k Fkk vki ikfdLrkuh gSaA¸ eSaus mls
le>kus dh iwjh dksf'k'k dh fd eSa vius vkidks nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ
ekurk gw¡] ij og vM+k jgk] ¶uk] ugha! rqe dHkh gekjs ugha gks ldrsA
rqEgkjs yksxksa us 1947 esa esjk iwjk xk¡o&dk&xk¡o lkI
+
kQ dj fn;k FkkA ge
dêðj nq'eu gS] vkSj ges'kk jgsaxsA¸
2018-19
Page 5


??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
gesa irk gS fd 1947 esa gekjh vk”kknh ls tqM+h [+kq'kh foHkktu dh fgalk vkSj ccZjrk ls cnjax
iM+ xbZ FkhA fczfV'k&Hkkjr osQ nks laizHkq jkT;ksa] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku (ftlosQ if'peh vkSj
iwohZ Hkkx Fks)] esa c¡Vokjs ls dbZ vkdfLed ifjorZu vk,A yk[kksa tkusa xb±] db;ksa dh
ftanfx;k¡ iyd >idrs cny xb±] 'kgj cnys] Hkkjr cnyk] ,d u, ns'k dk mn; gqvk vkSj
,slk tulagkj] fgalk ,oa foLFkkiu gqvk ftldk bfrgkl esa igys dksbZ mnkgj.k u FkkA
bl vè;k; esa ge 1947 osQ c¡Vokjs dk vè;;u djsaxs % ;g D;ksa vkSj oSQls gqvk vkSj
blosQ pyrs 1946 ls *50 dh dky&vofèk esa (vkSj 1950 osQ ckn Hkh) vke yksxksa osQ D;k
nnZukd vuqHko jgsA vè;k; esa bl ckr dh Hkh ppkZ dh tk,xh fd yksxksa ls ckrphr vkSj
lk{kkRdkjksa osQ ”kfj,] ;kuh fd ekSf[kd bfrgkl dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] ge bu vuqHkoksa osQ
bfrgkl dks oSQls jp ldrs gSaA bl vè;k; esa ekSf[kd bfrgkl osQ I
+
kQk;nksa vkSj mldh lhekvksa
foHkktu dks le>uk
jktuhfr] Le`fr] vuqHko
fp=k 14-1
foHkktu dh otg ls yk[kksa yksx mtM+ x,] ^'kj.kkFkhZ* cudj jg x,A mudks viuh js'kk&js'kk ftanxh
u, fljs ls cquuh iM+hA
vè;k;
pkSng
2018-19
???
foHkktu dks le>uk
dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA lk{kkRdkjksa ls ge fdlh lekt osQ vrhr osQ ,sls
vk;keksa osQ ckjs esa dkI
+
kQh tkudkjh gkfly dj ldrs gSa ftuosQ ckjs
esa nwljh rjg osQ Ïksrksa ls gesa cgqr de tkudkjh fey ikrh gS ;k dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha fey ikrh gSA ijarq dbZ ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa gesa lk{kkRdkj
dh i¼fr ls ”;knk irk ugha pyrkA ,sls igyqvksa osQ bfrgkl dks jpus
osQ fy, gesa fdlh vkSj fO+kQLe dh lkexzh dh enn ysuh iM+rh gSA
vè;k; osQ var esa ge bl eqís ij nqckjk ykSVsaxsA
¶eSa rks flI+kZQ vius vCck ij p<+k gqvk O+kQ”kZ pqdk jgk gw¡¸
'kksèkdrkZ dh fjiksVZ bl izdkj gS%
eSa 1992 dh lfnZ;ksa esa iatkc ;wfuoflZVh] ykgkSj osQ bfrgkl foHkkx osQ iqLrdky; esa
tk;k djrk FkkA ogk¡ vCnqy yrhI
+
kQ uked ,d èkeZfu"B vèksM+ lTtu esjh cgqr enn
fd;k djrs FksA ftruk muosQ fy, djuk ”k:jh Fkk] mlls Hkh vkxs tkdj os eq>s
vko';d lkexzh eqgÕ;k djk nsrs Fks vkSj esjh vuqjksèk dh gqbZ I
+
kQksVksdkWfi;k¡ vxyh lqcg
esjs igq¡pus osQ igys gh cM+s O+kQk;ns ls rS;kj j[krs FksA esjs dke osQ izfr mudk ;g joS;k
eq>s bruk vuks[kk yxrk Fkk fd ,d fnu eSa vius dks jksd ugha ik;k vkSj iwN gh cSBk]
^yrhI
+
kQ lkgc] vki ”k:jr ls ”;knk vkxs c<+&c<+dj esjh bruh enn D;ksa djrs gSa\*
viuh ?kM+h ij u”kj Mkydj mUgksaus yiddj viuh uek”kh Vksih mBkbZ vkSj dgk]
^vHkh rks eq>s rqjar uek”k osQ fy, tkuk gS ij ykSVdj eSa vkiosQ loky dk tokc
”k:j nw¡xkA* vkèks ?kaVs ckn vius nÝ+rj esa ykSVrs gh mUgksaus ckr vkxs c<+kbZ%
^gk¡] vkidk lokyA eSa---- esjk eryc gS esjs okfyn tEew ls Fks] tEew f”kys osQ
,d NksVs&ls xk¡o osQ ckf'kansA bl xk¡o esa fganqvksa dk ncnck Fkk vkSj vxLr 1947
esa bykOksQ osQ fganw xqaMksa us xk¡o dh reke eqlyeku vkcknh dks ekj MkykA ,d jks”k
rhljs igj tc fganqvksa dh HkhM+ dk ikxyiu viuh gnsa ikj dj jgk Fkk rks esjs vCck
dks irk pyk fd xk¡o esa 'kk;n os gh ,dek=k eqfLye ukStoku gSa tks ftank cps gSaA
vius iwjs [+kkunku dks os igys gh bl O+kQRysvke esa [kks pqosQ Fks vkSj vc Hkkxus osQ
jkLrs <w¡<+ jgs FksA mUgsa ,d n;kyq cqtqxZ fganw iM+kslu dk [+k;ky vk;kA mUgksaus muls
fp=k 14-2
oSQejs dh rlohjksa ls gesa ml le; dh fgalk
dk ,glkl gksrk gSA
Ïksr 1
1- c¡Vokjs osQ oqQN vuqHko
;gk¡ rhu ?kVuk,¡ nh tk jgh gSa ftudk c;ku mu nq[kn fnuksa ls
xq”kjs yksxksa us 1993 esa ,d 'kksèkdrkZ osQ vkxs fd;k FkkA c;ku
djus okys ikfdLrkuh Fks vkSj 'kksèkdrkZ Hkkjrh;A 'kksèkdrkZ dk
mís'; ;g le>uk Fkk fd tks yksx ihf<+;ksa ls dekscs'k esy&feyki
ls jgrs vk, Fks mUgksaus 1947 esa ,d&nwljs ij bruk ”kcjnLr
dgj oSQls <k;kA
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
vius ?kj esa iukg nsus dh izkFkZuk dhA os vCck dh enn dks jk”kh rks gqb±] exj cksyha] ^csVk]
vxj rqe ;gk¡ fNirs gks rks os yksx ge nksuksa dks gh èkj ysaxsA blls dksbZ I
+
kQk;nk ugha gksxkA
rqe esjs ihNs&ihNs ogk¡ pyks tgk¡ bu yksxksa us eqnks± osQ <sj yxk j[ks gSaA rqe ogk¡ eqnsZ tSls cudj
ysV tkuk vkSj eSa rqe ij oqQN yk'ksa Mky nw¡xhA csVk lkjh jkr eqnks± osQ chp ,sls gh ysVs jguk
vkSj lqcg ikS iQVrs gh th&tku ls fl;kydksV dh rjI
+
kQ nkSM+ tkukA
^esjs vCck ;g lq>ko eku x,A fiQj os nksuksa ogk¡ x, tgk¡ yk'ksa iM+h FkhaA vCck pqipki ”kehu
ij ysV x, vkSj cw<+h ekbZ us mu ij dbZ yk'ksa Mky nhaA dksbZ ?kaVs Hkj ckn gfFk;kjcan fganw naxkb;ksa
dk ,d tRFkk ogk¡ vk èkedkA muesa ls ,d fpYyk;k ^fdlh esa oqQN tku cph gS\* vkSj nwljs
yksx viuh vux<+ ykfB;ksa vkSj canwdksa ls ml <sj esa ftanxh osQ vklkj ryk'kus yxsA dksbZ fpYyk;k]
^vjs ml yk'k dh dykbZ ij ?kM+h gSA* mlus jkbI
+
kQy dk oqaQnk ”kksj ls vCck dh m¡xfy;ksa ij ns
ekjkA vCckth crk;k djrs Fks fd ?kM+h okyh dykbZ dh iSQyh gFksyh dks fcyoqQy fcuk fgyk,
j[kuk muosQ fy, fdruk eqf'dy FkkA fdlh rjg oqQN lsoaQM rd os ,slk djus esa dke;kc jgs]
rHkh naxkb;ksa esa ls dksbZ cksyk] ^vjs] ,d ?kM+h gh rks gSA pyks] pyks ;gk¡ ls] v¡èksjk gksus yxk gSA*
vCckth dh rO
+
kQnhj Fkh fd os yksx pys x, vkSj esjs vCck iwjh jkr ml ej?kV osQ ekgkSy esa ysVs
jgsA lqcg dh mtkl gksrs gh os lpeqp viuh tku ysdj gh HkkxsA fl;kydksV igq¡pus rd os #osQ
gh ughaA
^eSa vkidh enn blfy, djrk gw¡ fd ,d fganw ekbZ us esjs vCck dh enn dh FkhA eSa rks flI
+
kZQ
vius vCck ij p<+k gqvk d”kZ pqdk jgk gw¡A*
eSaus dgk] ^exj eSa rks fganw ugha] fl[k [+kkunku ls ;k gn ls gn ,d feys&tqys fganw&fl[k
[+kkunku ls gw¡A*
^eSa Bhd&Bkd ugha tkurk fd vkidk e”kgc D;k gS\ vki osQ'k Hkh ugha j[krs vkSj eqlyeku
Hkh ugha gSaA lks] esjs fy, rks vki fganw gh gSa vkSj eSa tks FkksM+k&cgqr vkiosQ fy, djrk gw¡ og
blfy, fd ,d fganw ekbZ us esjs vCck dks cpk;k FkkA*
¶cjlksa gks x,] eSa fdlh iatkch eqlyeku ls ugha feyk¸
'kksèkdrkZ dk nwljk fdLlk ykgkSj osQ ,d ;wFk gkWLVy osQ eSustj osQ ckjs esa gS %
eSa txg dh ryk'k esa gkWLVy x;k Fkk vkSj ogk¡ eSaus rqjar viuh ukxfjdrk dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh
FkhA eSustj  us dgk] ^vki fganqLrkuh gSa] blfy, vkidks eSa dejk rks ns ugha ldrk exj vkidks
pk; fiyk ldrk gw¡ vkSj ,d fO+kQLlk lquk ldrk gw¡A* brus yypkus okys izLrko ij eSa ugha oSQls
dg ldrk FkkA eSustj us 'kq: fd;kµ
^ipkl osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh fgLls esa esjh iksfLVax fnYyh esa gqbZ FkhA* eSa è;ku ls lqu
jgk FkkA eSa ogk¡ ikfdLrkuh nwrkokl esa DyoZQ FkkA esjs ,d ykgkSjh nksLr us eq>s ,d #Ddk
(NksVh fpV~Bh) fn;k Fkk tks dHkh mlosQ iM+kslh jgs ,d O;fDr dks nsuk FkkA og O;fDr vktdy
fnYyh osQ igkM+xat esa jg jgk FkkA ,d fnu eSa viuh lkbfdy ysdj igkM+xat dks py iM+kA tSls
gh eSaus lsaVªy lsoszQVsfj;V osQ ikl okys oQFkhMªy (cM+k fxjtk?kj) dks ikj fd;k] eq>s ,d fl[k
lkbfdy ij tkrk fn[kkbZ fn;kA mls jksddj eSaus iatkch esa iwNk] ¶ljnkj th] igkM+xat dk jkLrk
fdèkj ls gS\¸
mUgksaus iwNk] ¶rqe 'kj.kkFkhZ gks\¸
¶ugha] eSa ykgkSj ls vk;k gw¡A eSa bO+kQcky vgen gw¡A¸
¶bdcky vgen----- ykgkSj ls\! #dks] #dks!¸
Ïksr 2
2018-19
???
foHkktu dks le>uk
?
(1)izR;sd Ïksr ls vkil esa ckrphr
djus okys bu yksxksa osQ #[+k osQ ckjs esa
gesa D;k irk pyrk gS\
(2) ;s dgkfu;k¡ yksxksa dh foHkktu&
lacaèkh fofHkUu Le`fr;ksa osQ ckjs esa gesa D;k
crkrh gSa\
(3) bu yksxksa us [+kqn dks vkSj ,d&nwljs
dks oSQls is'k fd;k vkSj igpkuk\
? ppkZ dhft,---
foHkktu lacaèkh ys[ku esa ,slh dgkfu;ksa
osQ egÙo dk ewY;kadu dhft,A
og ¶#dks!¸ dh vkokt eq>s csjge gqDe tSlh lqukbZ nh vkSj eSaus lkspk fd vc rks eSa x;kA
;s fl[k eq>s [+kRe gh dj nsxkA ij vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha Fkk] blfy, eSa #d x;kA og
Hkkjh&Hkjde fl[k nkSM+rk vk;k vkSj mlus eq>s dldj Hkhap fy;kA Hkhxh vk¡[kksa ls mlus dgk]
¶cjlksa gks x,] eSa fdlh iatkch eqlyeku ls ugha feykA eSa feyus dks rjl jgk Fkk ij ;gk¡
iatkch cksyus okys eqlyeku feyrs gh ughaA¸
Ïksr 3
fp=k 14-3
,d djksM+ ls ”;knk yksx
vius&vius oru ls mtM+
x, vkSj nwljh txgksa ij tkus
osQ fy, etcwj gks x,
¶uk] ugha! rqe dHkh gekjs ugha gks ldrs¸
'kksèkdrkZ dh rhljh ?kVuk bl izdkj gS %
eq>s vHkh Hkh 1992 esa ykgkSj esa feys ,d vkneh dh cgqr vPNh rjg
;kn gSA og X
+
kyrh ls eq>s fons'k esa i<+us okyk ikfdLrkuh le> cSBk
FkkA tkus fdl otg ls og eq>s ilan djus yxk FkkA og eq>ls vuqjksèk
dj jgk Fkk fd i<+kbZ iwjh djosQ eSa O+kQkSe dh f[+kner djus osQ fy,
okil ykSV vkmQ¡A eSaus dgk fd eSa ykSVw¡xk] ysfdu ckrphr osQ nkSj esa
eSaus tc crk;k fd eSa Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gw¡ rks ,dne ls mldk ygtk
cny x;k vkSj vius vkidks Hkjld jksdrs&jksdrs Hkh mlosQ eq¡g ls
fudy x;k]
  ¶vksg] fganqLrkuh] eSa le>k Fkk vki ikfdLrkuh gSaA¸ eSaus mls
le>kus dh iwjh dksf'k'k dh fd eSa vius vkidks nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ
ekurk gw¡] ij og vM+k jgk] ¶uk] ugha! rqe dHkh gekjs ugha gks ldrsA
rqEgkjs yksxksa us 1947 esa esjk iwjk xk¡o&dk&xk¡o lkI
+
kQ dj fn;k FkkA ge
dêðj nq'eu gS] vkSj ges'kk jgsaxsA¸
2018-19
??? Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;
2- ,sfrgkfld eksM+
2-1  c¡Vokjk ;k egkèoal (gksyksdkWLV)
vHkh tks laLej.k is'k fd, x, gSa muls c¡Vokjs osQ nkSjku gqbZ pkSrjI
+
kQk
fgalk dk irk pyrk gSA dbZ yk[k yksx ekjs x,] u tkus fdruh vkSjrksa
dk cykRdkj vkSj vigj.k gqvkA djksM+ksa mtM+ x,] jkrksa&jkr vtuch
”kehu ij ¶fj-Ý;wth¸ ('kj.kkFkhZ) cudj jg x,A bulkuh uqO+kQlku dk
dksbZ lVhd fglkc yxkuk ukeqefdu gSA dkfcy vkSj tkudkj fo}kuksa
osQ vuqekuksa esa Hkh ejus okyksa dh la[;k 2]00]000 ls 5]00]000 rd
jgh gSA 'kk;n ;g vuqeku lgh gS fd yxHkx Ms<+ djksM+ yksxksa dks
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp jkrkas&jkr [kM+h dj nh xbZ ljgn osQ
bl ;k ml ikj tkuk iM+kA tSls gh mUgksaus bl ¶Nk;k lhek¸
(Shadow Lines, nksuksa u, jkT;ksa osQ chp dh ljgn vkSipkfjd
vk”kknh osQ nks fnu ckn rd Hkh vfèko`Qr :i ls r; ugha Fkh) ls
Bksdj [kkbZ] os cs?kj gks x,A iyd >idrs muosQ eky&vlckc gkFk
ls tkrs jgs] nksLr&fj'rsnkj fcNM+ x,] os viuh tM+ksa] edkuksa] [ksrksa
vkSj dkjksckj ls eg:e gks x,] cpiu dh ;knsa muls Nhu yh xb±A
viuh LFkkuh; o {ks=kh; laLo`Qfr;ksa ls oafpr] ;s yksx nksckjk frudksa
ls viuh f”kanxh [kM+h djus osQ fy, etcwj gks x,A
fp=k 14-4
cSyxkfM+;ksa  ij vius ifjokjksa vkSj lkeku
osQ lkFk] 1947
2018-19