UPSC Exam > UPSC Notes > Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly > Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download
| Download, print and study this document offline |
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
Page 1
????? ?????
???????? ?????
1 ????????, 2021 ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 93??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1 ????????, 1928 ?? ????? ??????????? (??????? ?????????) ??? ??????????
??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 1945 ??? ?????? ?????
?? ‘?????? ?????? ????? ?????’ ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ???? 1952 ?? ???? ???? ‘??????????’ ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????
?????? ??? 300 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ‘????-????? ???? ????????’ (??????-????) ??? ???????????
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?? ‘??? ??????? ?????’ ??
“?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????" ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 21 ?????, 2001 ?? 72 ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? (????) ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????
?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ (EGR) ???
????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???
??? ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ?????? ??? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ‘???? ???????’ ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ‘?????????? ????
??????’ ?? ????-?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? 1 ????????,
100 ????, 50 ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 5 ?? 10 ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? (??? ?? ???) ?????
??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 800-900 ?? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????
???? ???? ???
???? ?????????? ??????
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ‘???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????’ (LIFE) ?? ‘?????????? ???????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????’ ????? ‘???? ????????? ??????-2021’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ‘????????? ????? ????????’ ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ‘???????? ???????’ ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ‘????? ??????’
????? ???? ‘???? ????????? ??????’ ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
?? 1 ?????? ?????? ?????? ($115,000) ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????’ ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ‘???? ?????? ???????’
????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 1958 ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ‘?????? ???????’ ??? ????? ???? ???????, ??????
(????????? ?? ???????) ????? ‘????? ????? ?? ??????????’ ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ‘???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????’ ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ‘??? ?????????’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? 2011 ??? ????? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???
Page 2
????? ?????
???????? ?????
1 ????????, 2021 ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 93??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1 ????????, 1928 ?? ????? ??????????? (??????? ?????????) ??? ??????????
??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 1945 ??? ?????? ?????
?? ‘?????? ?????? ????? ?????’ ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ???? 1952 ?? ???? ???? ‘??????????’ ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????
?????? ??? 300 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ‘????-????? ???? ????????’ (??????-????) ??? ???????????
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?? ‘??? ??????? ?????’ ??
“?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????" ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 21 ?????, 2001 ?? 72 ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? (????) ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????
?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ (EGR) ???
????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???
??? ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ?????? ??? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ‘???? ???????’ ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ‘?????????? ????
??????’ ?? ????-?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? 1 ????????,
100 ????, 50 ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 5 ?? 10 ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? (??? ?? ???) ?????
??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 800-900 ?? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????
???? ???? ???
???? ?????????? ??????
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ‘???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????’ (LIFE) ?? ‘?????????? ???????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????’ ????? ‘???? ????????? ??????-2021’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ‘????????? ????? ????????’ ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ‘???????? ???????’ ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ‘????? ??????’
????? ???? ‘???? ????????? ??????’ ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
?? 1 ?????? ?????? ?????? ($115,000) ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????’ ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ‘???? ?????? ???????’
????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 1958 ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ‘?????? ???????’ ??? ????? ???? ???????, ??????
(????????? ?? ???????) ????? ‘????? ????? ?? ??????????’ ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ‘???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????’ ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ‘??? ?????????’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? 2011 ??? ????? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????
??? ?? ??? ???????????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????’ ?????? ???? ???
???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ‘??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????’ ?? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ??
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????
??? ???????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 06 ???, 1890 ??
??? ?? ‘????’ ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????
??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? 1936 ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???
???? 1938 ??? ?? ??? ?? ‘????????’ (??????????) ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? 1922 ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???
??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ???
??????????? ??????? 15 ?????, 2021 ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ‘?????????? ??????’ ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??
???? 1964 ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 15 ?????, 1903
?? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????
?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 1930 ??? ??????, ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???
?? ??? ????? ??? ???? 1937 ??? ??. ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? 1946 ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???
??? ???? 1952 ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1954 ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? 1963 ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?? '??????
?????' ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 9 ????????, 1963 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 2 ????????, 1975 ?? ??.
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 1976 ??? ????? ??????????? ‘???? ???’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???
‘???? ????? ?????’ ???? IFSCA ????
‘????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ (IFSCA) ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ‘??.??. ??????’ ?? ???????? ??? ??
??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ?? IFSC ??? ?? ????? ????? ‘???? ???? ?????’ ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? GIFT-IFSC ?? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? 2019
??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? '????????????? ?????? ???? ???????' (IFSCs) ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? '????????????? ??????
???? ????? ?????????' ?? ??????? ?? ??? IFSCA ???? ??? ‘????????????? ?????? ???? ?????’ (IFSC) ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ‘???? ????’ (?????????) ??? ????? ??? IFSCA
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????- ?????? ????, ???? ?? ‘?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??
???????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????? ??????????: ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????
????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 150 ?????? ???? (???? 1,112 ????? ?????)
?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
?????? 150 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? '?????? ???? ????????????: ????????? ????? ???????? ????????’ ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????,
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????- ?? ???????? ???? ???????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??
??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ‘?????? ?????? ??????’ ??? ???? 10.9 ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????
???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ?? 40 ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
?????-19 ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
Page 3
????? ?????
???????? ?????
1 ????????, 2021 ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 93??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1 ????????, 1928 ?? ????? ??????????? (??????? ?????????) ??? ??????????
??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 1945 ??? ?????? ?????
?? ‘?????? ?????? ????? ?????’ ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ???? 1952 ?? ???? ???? ‘??????????’ ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????
?????? ??? 300 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ‘????-????? ???? ????????’ (??????-????) ??? ???????????
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?? ‘??? ??????? ?????’ ??
“?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????" ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 21 ?????, 2001 ?? 72 ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? (????) ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????
?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ (EGR) ???
????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???
??? ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ?????? ??? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ‘???? ???????’ ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ‘?????????? ????
??????’ ?? ????-?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? 1 ????????,
100 ????, 50 ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 5 ?? 10 ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? (??? ?? ???) ?????
??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 800-900 ?? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????
???? ???? ???
???? ?????????? ??????
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ‘???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????’ (LIFE) ?? ‘?????????? ???????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????’ ????? ‘???? ????????? ??????-2021’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ‘????????? ????? ????????’ ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ‘???????? ???????’ ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ‘????? ??????’
????? ???? ‘???? ????????? ??????’ ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
?? 1 ?????? ?????? ?????? ($115,000) ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????’ ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ‘???? ?????? ???????’
????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 1958 ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ‘?????? ???????’ ??? ????? ???? ???????, ??????
(????????? ?? ???????) ????? ‘????? ????? ?? ??????????’ ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ‘???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????’ ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ‘??? ?????????’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? 2011 ??? ????? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????
??? ?? ??? ???????????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????’ ?????? ???? ???
???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ‘??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????’ ?? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ??
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????
??? ???????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 06 ???, 1890 ??
??? ?? ‘????’ ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????
??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? 1936 ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???
???? 1938 ??? ?? ??? ?? ‘????????’ (??????????) ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? 1922 ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???
??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ???
??????????? ??????? 15 ?????, 2021 ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ‘?????????? ??????’ ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??
???? 1964 ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 15 ?????, 1903
?? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????
?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 1930 ??? ??????, ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???
?? ??? ????? ??? ???? 1937 ??? ??. ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? 1946 ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???
??? ???? 1952 ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1954 ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? 1963 ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?? '??????
?????' ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 9 ????????, 1963 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 2 ????????, 1975 ?? ??.
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 1976 ??? ????? ??????????? ‘???? ???’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???
‘???? ????? ?????’ ???? IFSCA ????
‘????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ (IFSCA) ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ‘??.??. ??????’ ?? ???????? ??? ??
??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ?? IFSC ??? ?? ????? ????? ‘???? ???? ?????’ ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? GIFT-IFSC ?? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? 2019
??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? '????????????? ?????? ???? ???????' (IFSCs) ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? '????????????? ??????
???? ????? ?????????' ?? ??????? ?? ??? IFSCA ???? ??? ‘????????????? ?????? ???? ?????’ (IFSC) ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ‘???? ????’ (?????????) ??? ????? ??? IFSCA
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????- ?????? ????, ???? ?? ‘?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??
???????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????? ??????????: ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????
????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 150 ?????? ???? (???? 1,112 ????? ?????)
?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
?????? 150 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? '?????? ???? ????????????: ????????? ????? ???????? ????????’ ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????,
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????- ?? ???????? ???? ???????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??
??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ‘?????? ?????? ??????’ ??? ???? 10.9 ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????
???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ?? 40 ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
?????-19 ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
????? ???????? ????
04 ????????, 2021 ?? ????? ?? ??? ‘????? ????????? ????’ ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????
?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????????
?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? 1985 ??? ???????? ?????
?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ‘????? ????????? ????’
???? 1986 ??? ????? ??? ??, ????? ??? ‘????? ?? ??? ????’ ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ?? ???? 1.8 ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????
???? ?? ???? ‘????? ????????? ????’ ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????,
???, ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? 70 ??????? ?????
???????? ????
?????? ??????
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ‘?????? ??????’ ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? 100??? ???????????? ??????
?? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? 64 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???
?? ???? 2012 ?? ???? 2017 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????
???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????, ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????
?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????????,
???????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????????, ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ??? 4 ???????? ?? ‘????? ???? ????’ ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
???? ??? ??????? ‘??????? ??????’ (Heinrich Zimmermann) ?? ?? ??? ??????? 24 ?????, 1925 ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????
?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ????? ‘???? ???????? ?????? ???????, 1960’ ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ‘??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????
?? ????????’ ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??
??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
'????? ?????' ?????
???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ‘???????’ ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????-?????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ?? 12 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? 04 ?? 15 ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? '???? ??????' ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???
?????? ???? ?? 120 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????, ?????-??????? ????, ???????? ?????? ???????
?? ??-?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??, ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????
???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? 2019 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???
Page 4
????? ?????
???????? ?????
1 ????????, 2021 ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 93??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1 ????????, 1928 ?? ????? ??????????? (??????? ?????????) ??? ??????????
??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 1945 ??? ?????? ?????
?? ‘?????? ?????? ????? ?????’ ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ???? 1952 ?? ???? ???? ‘??????????’ ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????
?????? ??? 300 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ‘????-????? ???? ????????’ (??????-????) ??? ???????????
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?? ‘??? ??????? ?????’ ??
“?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????" ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 21 ?????, 2001 ?? 72 ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? (????) ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????
?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ (EGR) ???
????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???
??? ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ?????? ??? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ‘???? ???????’ ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ‘?????????? ????
??????’ ?? ????-?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? 1 ????????,
100 ????, 50 ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 5 ?? 10 ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? (??? ?? ???) ?????
??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 800-900 ?? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????
???? ???? ???
???? ?????????? ??????
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ‘???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????’ (LIFE) ?? ‘?????????? ???????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????’ ????? ‘???? ????????? ??????-2021’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ‘????????? ????? ????????’ ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ‘???????? ???????’ ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ‘????? ??????’
????? ???? ‘???? ????????? ??????’ ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
?? 1 ?????? ?????? ?????? ($115,000) ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????’ ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ‘???? ?????? ???????’
????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 1958 ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ‘?????? ???????’ ??? ????? ???? ???????, ??????
(????????? ?? ???????) ????? ‘????? ????? ?? ??????????’ ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ‘???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????’ ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ‘??? ?????????’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? 2011 ??? ????? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????
??? ?? ??? ???????????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????’ ?????? ???? ???
???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ‘??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????’ ?? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ??
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????
??? ???????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 06 ???, 1890 ??
??? ?? ‘????’ ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????
??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? 1936 ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???
???? 1938 ??? ?? ??? ?? ‘????????’ (??????????) ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? 1922 ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???
??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ???
??????????? ??????? 15 ?????, 2021 ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ‘?????????? ??????’ ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??
???? 1964 ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 15 ?????, 1903
?? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????
?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 1930 ??? ??????, ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???
?? ??? ????? ??? ???? 1937 ??? ??. ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? 1946 ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???
??? ???? 1952 ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1954 ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? 1963 ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?? '??????
?????' ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 9 ????????, 1963 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 2 ????????, 1975 ?? ??.
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 1976 ??? ????? ??????????? ‘???? ???’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???
‘???? ????? ?????’ ???? IFSCA ????
‘????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ (IFSCA) ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ‘??.??. ??????’ ?? ???????? ??? ??
??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ?? IFSC ??? ?? ????? ????? ‘???? ???? ?????’ ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? GIFT-IFSC ?? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? 2019
??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? '????????????? ?????? ???? ???????' (IFSCs) ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? '????????????? ??????
???? ????? ?????????' ?? ??????? ?? ??? IFSCA ???? ??? ‘????????????? ?????? ???? ?????’ (IFSC) ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ‘???? ????’ (?????????) ??? ????? ??? IFSCA
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????- ?????? ????, ???? ?? ‘?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??
???????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????? ??????????: ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????
????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 150 ?????? ???? (???? 1,112 ????? ?????)
?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
?????? 150 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? '?????? ???? ????????????: ????????? ????? ???????? ????????’ ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????,
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????- ?? ???????? ???? ???????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??
??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ‘?????? ?????? ??????’ ??? ???? 10.9 ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????
???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ?? 40 ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
?????-19 ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
????? ???????? ????
04 ????????, 2021 ?? ????? ?? ??? ‘????? ????????? ????’ ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????
?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????????
?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? 1985 ??? ???????? ?????
?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ‘????? ????????? ????’
???? 1986 ??? ????? ??? ??, ????? ??? ‘????? ?? ??? ????’ ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ?? ???? 1.8 ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????
???? ?? ???? ‘????? ????????? ????’ ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????,
???, ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? 70 ??????? ?????
???????? ????
?????? ??????
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ‘?????? ??????’ ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? 100??? ???????????? ??????
?? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? 64 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???
?? ???? 2012 ?? ???? 2017 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????
???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????, ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????
?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????????,
???????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????????, ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ??? 4 ???????? ?? ‘????? ???? ????’ ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
???? ??? ??????? ‘??????? ??????’ (Heinrich Zimmermann) ?? ?? ??? ??????? 24 ?????, 1925 ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????
?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ????? ‘???? ???????? ?????? ???????, 1960’ ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ‘??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????
?? ????????’ ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??
??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
'????? ?????' ?????
???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ‘???????’ ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????-?????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ?? 12 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? 04 ?? 15 ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? '???? ??????' ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???
?????? ???? ?? 120 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????, ?????-??????? ????, ???????? ?????? ???????
?? ??-?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??, ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????
???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? 2019 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???
??????’ ?????????? ?????? ??????
??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ‘??????’ ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???????????
?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ‘????????????? ?????????’ ?? ????? ?? ‘??????? ????’ ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ‘??????’ ??????????? ??????
?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???
?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????, ‘??????’ ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???
????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 1,000 ???????? (620 ???) ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????
???? ??? ??? ?? ???????, ‘??????’ ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 2022 ?? ???? ??????
??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ‘??????’ ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???
?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???
????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
???? ???????? ?? 160 ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ‘?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????’ (CHCDS) ?? ???? ????
?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? 2026 ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??
???????, ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????
???? ??, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (SME) ?? ????????? ????????? ??
????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????????????
? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????
??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???-??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??
????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (SME) ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????
10,000 ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???
????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????
????? ????????? ?? 445.75 ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ??? 79,000 ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? 2,300 ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??
??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????- ‘????????? ??????? ?? ?????’ (WSO) ??
???????, ?????? 2010 ?? ???? 2021 ?? ??? 862 ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ?????? 135 (16%) ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??
????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????
?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
????? ????? ????
?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? 5 ???????? ?? ‘????? ?????? ????’ ?? ?????
???? ???? ??? ‘????? ?????? ????’ ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ????-2021 ?? ??? ??- '?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????'? ???????? ????? ???????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? (???????) ??
???? 1994 ??? 5 ???????? ?? ‘????? ?????? ????’ ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????? 5 ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????
???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????
????? ???
Page 5
????? ?????
???????? ?????
1 ????????, 2021 ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 93??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1 ????????, 1928 ?? ????? ??????????? (??????? ?????????) ??? ??????????
??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? 1945 ??? ?????? ?????
?? ‘?????? ?????? ????? ?????’ ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ???? 1952 ?? ???? ???? ‘??????????’ ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????
?????? ??? 300 ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ‘????-????? ???? ????????’ (??????-????) ??? ???????????
??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?? ‘??? ??????? ?????’ ??
“?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????" ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 21 ?????, 2001 ?? 72 ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? (????) ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????
?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ (EGR) ???
????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???
??? ?? ‘???? ???????’ ?? ?????? ??? ‘?????????? ???? ??????’ ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ‘???? ???????’ ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ‘?????????? ????
??????’ ?? ????-?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? 1 ????????,
100 ????, 50 ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 5 ?? 10 ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? (??? ?? ???) ?????
??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 800-900 ?? ??, ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????
???? ???? ???
???? ?????????? ??????
????? ????? ????????? ?????? ‘???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????’ (LIFE) ?? ‘?????????? ???????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????’ ????? ‘???? ????????? ??????-2021’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ‘????????? ????? ????????’ ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ‘???????? ???????’ ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ‘????? ??????’
????? ???? ‘???? ????????? ??????’ ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
?? 1 ?????? ?????? ?????? ($115,000) ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????’ ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ‘???? ?????? ???????’
????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 1958 ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ‘?????? ???????’ ??? ????? ???? ???????, ??????
(????????? ?? ???????) ????? ‘????? ????? ?? ??????????’ ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ‘???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????’ ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ‘??? ?????????’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? 2011 ??? ????? ?????? ???
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????
??? ?? ??? ???????????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????’ ?????? ???? ???
???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ‘??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????’ ?? ‘??????? ???? ??????’ ??
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????
??? ???????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 06 ???, 1890 ??
??? ?? ‘????’ ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????
??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? 1936 ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???
???? 1938 ??? ?? ??? ?? ‘????????’ (??????????) ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? 1922 ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???
??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ???
??????????? ??????? 15 ?????, 2021 ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ‘?????????? ??????’ ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??
???? 1964 ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 15 ?????, 1903
?? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????
?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 1930 ??? ??????, ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???
?? ??? ????? ??? ???? 1937 ??? ??. ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? 1946 ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???
??? ???? 1952 ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1954 ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? 1963 ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?? '??????
?????' ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 9 ????????, 1963 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 2 ????????, 1975 ?? ??.
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 1976 ??? ????? ??????????? ‘???? ???’ ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???
‘???? ????? ?????’ ???? IFSCA ????
‘????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ (IFSCA) ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ‘??.??. ??????’ ?? ???????? ??? ??
??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?? ?? IFSC ??? ?? ????? ????? ‘???? ???? ?????’ ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? GIFT-IFSC ?? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? 2019
??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? '????????????? ?????? ???? ???????' (IFSCs) ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? '????????????? ??????
???? ????? ?????????' ?? ??????? ?? ??? IFSCA ???? ??? ‘????????????? ?????? ???? ?????’ (IFSC) ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ‘???? ????’ (?????????) ??? ????? ??? IFSCA
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????- ?????? ????, ???? ?? ‘?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????’ ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??
???????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????? ??????????: ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????
????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 150 ?????? ???? (???? 1,112 ????? ?????)
?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
?????? 150 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? '?????? ???? ????????????: ????????? ????? ???????? ????????’ ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????,
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????- ?? ???????? ???? ???????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??
??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ‘?????? ?????? ??????’ ??? ???? 10.9 ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????
???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ?? 40 ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??, ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??
?????-19 ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
????? ???????? ????
04 ????????, 2021 ?? ????? ?? ??? ‘????? ????????? ????’ ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????
?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????????
?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? 1985 ??? ???????? ?????
?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ‘????? ????????? ????’
???? 1986 ??? ????? ??? ??, ????? ??? ‘????? ?? ??? ????’ ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????
?? ????? ?? ???? 1.8 ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????
???? ?? ???? ‘????? ????????? ????’ ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????,
???, ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? 70 ??????? ?????
???????? ????
?????? ??????
?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ‘?????? ??????’ ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? 100??? ???????????? ??????
?? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? 64 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???
?? ???? 2012 ?? ???? 2017 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????
???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????, ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????
?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????????,
???????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????????, ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????
????????? ?????? ?? ??? 4 ???????? ?? ‘????? ???? ????’ ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
???? ??? ??????? ‘??????? ??????’ (Heinrich Zimmermann) ?? ?? ??? ??????? 24 ?????, 1925 ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????
?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ????? ‘???? ???????? ?????? ???????, 1960’ ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ‘??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????
?? ????????’ ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??
??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???
'????? ?????' ?????
???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ‘???????’ ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????-?????? ????? ?????? ??
?????? ?? 12 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? 04 ?? 15 ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? '???? ??????' ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???
?????? ???? ?? 120 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????, ?????-??????? ????, ???????? ?????? ???????
?? ??-?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??, ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??????
???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? 2019 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???
??????’ ?????????? ?????? ??????
??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ‘??????’ ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???????????
?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ‘????????????? ?????????’ ?? ????? ?? ‘??????? ????’ ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ‘??????’ ??????????? ??????
?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???
?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????, ‘??????’ ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???
????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 1,000 ???????? (620 ???) ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????
???? ??? ??? ?? ???????, ‘??????’ ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 2022 ?? ???? ??????
??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ‘??????’ ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???
?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ???
????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
???? ???????? ?? 160 ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ‘?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????’ (CHCDS) ?? ???? ????
?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? 2026 ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??
???????, ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????
???? ??, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (SME) ?? ????????? ????????? ??
????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????????????
? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????
??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???-??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??
????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (SME) ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????
10,000 ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???
????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????
????? ????????? ?? 445.75 ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ??? 79,000 ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? 2,300 ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??
??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????- ‘????????? ??????? ?? ?????’ (WSO) ??
???????, ?????? 2010 ?? ???? 2021 ?? ??? 862 ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ?????? 135 (16%) ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??
????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????
?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
????? ????? ????
?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? 5 ???????? ?? ‘????? ?????? ????’ ?? ?????
???? ???? ??? ‘????? ?????? ????’ ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???
????? ?????? ????-2021 ?? ??? ??- '?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????'? ???????? ????? ???????, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? (???????) ??
???? 1994 ??? 5 ???????? ?? ‘????? ?????? ????’ ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????? 5 ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????
???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????
????? ???
???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 4,445 ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 7
‘???? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????’ ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ‘???? ??????????? ????????? ???????’ ?? ???????
?? ????? ???? 2021-22 ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????/????????? ?????
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ‘?????? ????’ ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??
?? ????? ?? ????????????? ?????? 7 ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? 14 ??? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????
?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?????, ??????????/????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??
????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? 500 ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? 200 ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
(DCS) ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? 300 ????? ????? ??
??? ??????? ???????
‘????-?????? ??????? ????????? ?????’ (JIMEX)
‘????-?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????’ (JIMEX) ?? ???????? ??????? 6-8 ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???
‘JIMEX-21’ ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ?? ?????-??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???-????? ?? (JMSDF)
?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? 2020 ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????
2012 ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ‘??????’ (JIMEX) ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???
????? ?????? ?? '??????' ?????????
????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ????? '??????' ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????
???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? 7???-12??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? 10 ??? ????????? ??
???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ‘??????? ?????? ??????’ ???
???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????, ‘???’ (WASH)
?? ‘?????????’ (P&G) ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????
?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? 23 ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????
?? ??????? ???? ??, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ‘???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????’ (CSIR) ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????
???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ‘???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????’ ??
?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? 909 ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???
?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????
???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????
????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???
??????? ???????? ????
?????? ???????? 08 ????????, 2021 ?? ????? 89??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 8
????????, 1932 ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? 01 ??????, 1933 ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ‘???? ?????? ???
?????’ ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??, ???? 1950 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ‘????’ ??? ?? ??? ????
???? ??????? ??? ‘?????? ????????’ ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????
Read More
|
2218 docs|810 tests
|
Related Exams
About this Document
|
4.65/5 Rating |
|
Nov 22, 2024 Last updated |
Document Description: Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
The notes and questions for Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics
like and Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Example, for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.
Introduction of Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in English is available as part of our Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
for UPSC & Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in Hindi for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly course.
Download more important topics related with notes, lectures and mock test series for UPSC
Exam by signing up for free. UPSC: Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
Description
Full syllabus notes, lecture & questions for Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC | Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly | Best notes, free PDF download
Information about Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
In this doc you can find the meaning of Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides explaining types of
Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs tests, examples and also practice UPSC
tests
|
2218 docs|810 tests
|
Download as PDF
|
Explore Courses for UPSC exam
|
|
Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
Related Searches
Viva Questions
,MCQs
,Sample Paper
,Weekly & Monthly
,Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,Weekly & Monthly
,Extra Questions
,Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,video lectures
,shortcuts and tricks
,Exam
,Objective type Questions
,Weekly & Monthly
,Important questions
,Summary
,Semester Notes
,Previous Year Questions with Solutions
,Free
,Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,past year papers
,practice quizzes
,mock tests for examination
,study material
,ppt
;
Additional Information about Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC Preparation
Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Free PDF Download
The Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the UPSC exam.
These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective.
With the help of these notes, you can grasp complex subjects quickly, revise important points easily,
and reinforce your understanding of key concepts. The study notes are presented in a concise and easy-to-understand manner,
allowing you to optimize your learning process. Whether you're looking for best-recommended books, sample papers, study material,
or toppers' notes, this PDF has got you covered. Download the Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs now and kickstart your journey towards success in the UPSC exam.
Importance of Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
The importance of Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs cannot be overstated, especially for UPSC aspirants.
This document holds the key to success in the UPSC exam.
It offers a detailed understanding of the concept, providing invaluable insights into the topic.
By knowing the concepts well in advance, students can plan their preparation effectively.
Utilize this indispensable guide for a well-rounded preparation and achieve your desired results.
Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes
Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes offer in-depth insights into the specific topic to help you master it with ease.
This comprehensive document covers all aspects related to Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.
It includes detailed information about the exam syllabus, recommended books, and study materials for a well-rounded preparation.
Practice papers and question papers enable you to assess your progress effectively.
Additionally, the paper analysis provides valuable tips for tackling the exam strategically.
Access to Toppers' notes gives you an edge in understanding complex concepts.
Whether you're a beginner or aiming for advanced proficiency, Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes on EduRev are your ultimate resource for success.
Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions
The "Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring students preparing for the
UPSC exam. It focuses on providing a wide range of practice questions to help students gauge
their understanding of the exam topics. These questions cover the entire syllabus, ensuring comprehensive preparation.
The guide includes previous years' question papers for students to familiarize themselves with the exam's format and difficulty level.
Additionally, it offers subject-specific question banks, allowing students to focus on weak areas and improve their performance.
Study Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs on the App
Students of UPSC can study Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs alongwith tests & analysis from the EduRev app,
which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs,
students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want.
The content of Miscellaneous (विविध): October 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is prepared as per the latest UPSC syllabus.
|
© EduRev
|
Education Revolution
|
Follow Us
|
Signup to see your scores
go up within 7 days!
Access 1000+ FREE Docs, Videos and Tests
Takes less than 10 seconds to signup