UPSC Exam  >  UPSC Notes  >  Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)  >  एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: उदारीकरण, निजीकरण और वैश्वीकरण: एक मूल्यांकन

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: उदारीकरण, निजीकरण और वैश्वीकरण: एक मूल्यांकन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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bdkbZ
nks
vkfFkZd lqèkkj
1991 ls
2018-19
Page 2


bdkbZ
nks
vkfFkZd lqèkkj
1991 ls
2018-19
fu;ksftr fodkl osQ pkyhl o"kks± osQ ckn] Hkkjr ,d l'kDr vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj rFkk [kk|Uuksa osQ mRiknu esa Lo&fuHkZjrk çkIr djus esa l{ke jgk gSA
blosQ ckotwn] tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k
ij fuHkZj gSA 1991 esa] Hkqxrku ladV osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj dk
lw=kikr gqvkA bl bdkbZ esa lqèkkjksa dh çfØ;k rFkk Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa muosQ
ç;ksx dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA
2018-19
Page 3


bdkbZ
nks
vkfFkZd lqèkkj
1991 ls
2018-19
fu;ksftr fodkl osQ pkyhl o"kks± osQ ckn] Hkkjr ,d l'kDr vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj rFkk [kk|Uuksa osQ mRiknu esa Lo&fuHkZjrk çkIr djus esa l{ke jgk gSA
blosQ ckotwn] tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k
ij fuHkZj gSA 1991 esa] Hkqxrku ladV osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj dk
lw=kikr gqvkA bl bdkbZ esa lqèkkjksa dh çfØ;k rFkk Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa muosQ
ç;ksx dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA
2018-19
39
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k% ,d leh{kk
3
bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
• 1991 esa Hkkjr esa vkjaHk dh xbZ lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dh i`"BHkwfe ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dks vkjaHk fd;s tkus dh izfØ;k dks le>saxs_
• oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k vkSj Hkkjr osQ fy, blosQ fufgrkFkZ ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• fofHkUUk {ks=kdksa ij lqèkkj çfØ;k osQ izHkkoksa dks tkusaxsA
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj
oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk
2018-19
Page 4


bdkbZ
nks
vkfFkZd lqèkkj
1991 ls
2018-19
fu;ksftr fodkl osQ pkyhl o"kks± osQ ckn] Hkkjr ,d l'kDr vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj rFkk [kk|Uuksa osQ mRiknu esa Lo&fuHkZjrk çkIr djus esa l{ke jgk gSA
blosQ ckotwn] tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k
ij fuHkZj gSA 1991 esa] Hkqxrku ladV osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj dk
lw=kikr gqvkA bl bdkbZ esa lqèkkjksa dh çfØ;k rFkk Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa muosQ
ç;ksx dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA
2018-19
39
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k% ,d leh{kk
3
bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
• 1991 esa Hkkjr esa vkjaHk dh xbZ lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dh i`"BHkwfe ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dks vkjaHk fd;s tkus dh izfØ;k dks le>saxs_
• oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k vkSj Hkkjr osQ fy, blosQ fufgrkFkZ ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• fofHkUUk {ks=kdksa ij lqèkkj çfØ;k osQ izHkkoksa dks tkusaxsA
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj
oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk
2018-19
40 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl
3-1 ifjp;
vkius fiNys vè;k; esa i<+k fd Lora=krk osQ
ckn Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ <k¡ps dks
viuk;kA blesa iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa
osQ lkFk lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
,d lkFk FkhaA oqQN fo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd bu
o"kkZsa esa bl O;oLFkk osQ fu;eu vkSj fu;a=k.k osQ
fy, brus vfèkd fu;e&dkuwu cuk, x, fd
muls vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj fodkl dh lewph
izfØ;k gh vo#¼ gks xbZA vU; fo}kuksa dk er
gS fd Hkkjr ftlus viuh fodkl&;k=kk yxHkx
xfrghurk osQ Lrj ls ogh vkjaHk dh Fkh] tks
cpr  esa lao`f¼ vkSj fofoèkrkiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj gS rFkk tks fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu
djrk gSA LkkFk gh] Ñf"k mRiknu dh fujarj
o`f¼ }kjk [kk| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr gks pqdh gSA
o"kZ 1991 esa Hkkjr dks fons'kh Í.kksa osQ
ekeys esa ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ljdkj
vius fons'kh Í.k osQ Hkqxrku djus dh fLFkfr
esa ugha FkhA isVªksy vkfn vko';d oLrqvksa osQ
vk;kr osQ fy, lkekU; :i ls j[kk x;k
fons'kh eqnzk fj”koZ ianzg fnuksa osQ fy,
vko';d vk;kr dk Hkqxrku djus ;ksX; Hkh
ugha cpk FkkA bl ladV dks vko';d oLrqvksa
dh dherksa esa o`f¼ us vkSj Hkh xgu cuk fn;k
FkkA bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls ljdkj us oqQN ubZ
uhfr;ksa dks viuk;k vkSj blus gekjh fodkl
j.k&uhfr;ksa dh laiw.kZ fn'kk dks gh cny fn;kA
bl vè;k; esa ge ml vkfFkZd ladV dh
i`"BHkwfe] ljdkj }kjk viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa rFkk
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kdksa ij mu uhfr;ksa
osQ izHkkoksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
3-2 i`"BHkwfe
bl foÙkh; ladV dk okLrfod mn~xe lzksr
1980 osQ n'kd esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa voqQ'ky
izcaèku FkkA lkekU; iz'kklu pykus vkSj viuh
fofHkUu uhfr;ksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, ljdkj
djksa vkSj lkoZtfud m|e vkfn osQ ekè;e ls
iQaM tqVkrh gSA tc O;; vk; ls vfèkd gks
rks ljdkj cSadksa] tulkekU; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh;
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls mèkkj ysus dks ckè; gks
tkrh gSA bl izdkj og vius ?kkVs dk foÙkh;
izcaèk dj ysrh gSA dPps rsy vkfn osQ vk;kr
osQ fy, geas MkWyjksa esa Hkqxrku djuk gksrk gS
vkSj ;s MkWyj ge vius mRiknu osQ fu;kZr
}kjk izkIr djrs gSaA
bl vofèk esa ljdkj dh fodkl uhfr;ksa
dh vko';drk jgh D;ksafd jktLo de gksus
ij Hkh csjkstxkjh] xjhch vkSj tula[;k foLiQksV
osQ dkj.k ljdkj dks vius jktLo ls vfèkd
[kpZ djuk iM+kA ;gh ugha] ljdkj }kjk pyk,
tk jgs dk;ZØeksa ij gksus okys O;; osQ dkj.k
vfrfjDr jktLo dh izkfIr Hkh ugha gqbZA tc
ljdkj dks izfrj{kk vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa ij
vkt osQ fo'o esa vke lgefr gS fd osQoy vkfFkZd fodkl gh lc oqQN ugha gS rFkk ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn gh lekt dh izxfr dk ,dek=k vfuok;Z lwpd ugha gSA
&osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku
2018-19
Page 5


bdkbZ
nks
vkfFkZd lqèkkj
1991 ls
2018-19
fu;ksftr fodkl osQ pkyhl o"kks± osQ ckn] Hkkjr ,d l'kDr vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj rFkk [kk|Uuksa osQ mRiknu esa Lo&fuHkZjrk çkIr djus esa l{ke jgk gSA
blosQ ckotwn] tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k
ij fuHkZj gSA 1991 esa] Hkqxrku ladV osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj dk
lw=kikr gqvkA bl bdkbZ esa lqèkkjksa dh çfØ;k rFkk Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa muosQ
ç;ksx dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA
2018-19
39
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k% ,d leh{kk
3
bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki
• 1991 esa Hkkjr esa vkjaHk dh xbZ lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dh i`"BHkwfe ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dks vkjaHk fd;s tkus dh izfØ;k dks le>saxs_
• oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k vkSj Hkkjr osQ fy, blosQ fufgrkFkZ ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• fofHkUUk {ks=kdksa ij lqèkkj çfØ;k osQ izHkkoksa dks tkusaxsA
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj
oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk
2018-19
40 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl
3-1 ifjp;
vkius fiNys vè;k; esa i<+k fd Lora=krk osQ
ckn Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ <k¡ps dks
viuk;kA blesa iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa
osQ lkFk lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
,d lkFk FkhaA oqQN fo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd bu
o"kkZsa esa bl O;oLFkk osQ fu;eu vkSj fu;a=k.k osQ
fy, brus vfèkd fu;e&dkuwu cuk, x, fd
muls vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj fodkl dh lewph
izfØ;k gh vo#¼ gks xbZA vU; fo}kuksa dk er
gS fd Hkkjr ftlus viuh fodkl&;k=kk yxHkx
xfrghurk osQ Lrj ls ogh vkjaHk dh Fkh] tks
cpr  esa lao`f¼ vkSj fofoèkrkiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj gS rFkk tks fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu
djrk gSA LkkFk gh] Ñf"k mRiknu dh fujarj
o`f¼ }kjk [kk| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr gks pqdh gSA
o"kZ 1991 esa Hkkjr dks fons'kh Í.kksa osQ
ekeys esa ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ljdkj
vius fons'kh Í.k osQ Hkqxrku djus dh fLFkfr
esa ugha FkhA isVªksy vkfn vko';d oLrqvksa osQ
vk;kr osQ fy, lkekU; :i ls j[kk x;k
fons'kh eqnzk fj”koZ ianzg fnuksa osQ fy,
vko';d vk;kr dk Hkqxrku djus ;ksX; Hkh
ugha cpk FkkA bl ladV dks vko';d oLrqvksa
dh dherksa esa o`f¼ us vkSj Hkh xgu cuk fn;k
FkkA bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls ljdkj us oqQN ubZ
uhfr;ksa dks viuk;k vkSj blus gekjh fodkl
j.k&uhfr;ksa dh laiw.kZ fn'kk dks gh cny fn;kA
bl vè;k; esa ge ml vkfFkZd ladV dh
i`"BHkwfe] ljdkj }kjk viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa rFkk
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kdksa ij mu uhfr;ksa
osQ izHkkoksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
3-2 i`"BHkwfe
bl foÙkh; ladV dk okLrfod mn~xe lzksr
1980 osQ n'kd esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa voqQ'ky
izcaèku FkkA lkekU; iz'kklu pykus vkSj viuh
fofHkUu uhfr;ksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, ljdkj
djksa vkSj lkoZtfud m|e vkfn osQ ekè;e ls
iQaM tqVkrh gSA tc O;; vk; ls vfèkd gks
rks ljdkj cSadksa] tulkekU; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh;
foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls mèkkj ysus dks ckè; gks
tkrh gSA bl izdkj og vius ?kkVs dk foÙkh;
izcaèk dj ysrh gSA dPps rsy vkfn osQ vk;kr
osQ fy, geas MkWyjksa esa Hkqxrku djuk gksrk gS
vkSj ;s MkWyj ge vius mRiknu osQ fu;kZr
}kjk izkIr djrs gSaA
bl vofèk esa ljdkj dh fodkl uhfr;ksa
dh vko';drk jgh D;ksafd jktLo de gksus
ij Hkh csjkstxkjh] xjhch vkSj tula[;k foLiQksV
osQ dkj.k ljdkj dks vius jktLo ls vfèkd
[kpZ djuk iM+kA ;gh ugha] ljdkj }kjk pyk,
tk jgs dk;ZØeksa ij gksus okys O;; osQ dkj.k
vfrfjDr jktLo dh izkfIr Hkh ugha gqbZA tc
ljdkj dks izfrj{kk vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa ij
vkt osQ fo'o esa vke lgefr gS fd osQoy vkfFkZd fodkl gh lc oqQN ugha gS rFkk ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn gh lekt dh izxfr dk ,dek=k vfuok;Z lwpd ugha gSA
&osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku
2018-19
41
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk
vius lalkèkuksa dk ,d cM+k va'k [kpZ djuk
iM+ jgk Fkk vkSj ;g Li"V Fkk fd mu {ks=kksa ls
fdlh 'kh?kz çfriQy dh laHkkouk ugha FkhA
bldh vko';drk Fkh fd ljdkj vius cps
gq, jktLo dk cgqr gh lksp&fopkj dj iz;ksx
djrhA c<+rs gq, [kpks± dh iwfrZ osQ fy;s
lkoZtfud m|eksa ls Hkh vfèkd vk; vftZr
ugha gks ik jgh FkhA dbZ ckj rks varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkkuksa rFkk vU; ns'kksa ls mèkkj yh xbZ
fons'kh eqnzk dks miHkksx dk;ks± ij gh [kpZ
dj fn;k x;kA
bl izdkj osQ vuko';d [kpks± dks fu;af=kr
djus dk u rks dksbZ iz;kl fd;k x;k] u gh
fujarj c<+rs vk;kr osQ fy, foÙk tqVkus dh
n`f"V ls fu;kZr laoèkZu ij gh i;kZIr è;ku
fn;k x;kA
1980 osQ n'kd osQ var rd ljdkj dk
O;; mlosQ jktLo ls bruk vfèkd gks x;k
fd ½.k osQ }kjk O;; èkkj.k {kerk ls vfèkd
ekuk tkus yxkA vusd vko';d oLrqvksa dh
dhersa rsth ls c<+us yxhaA vk;kr dh o`f¼
bruh rhoz jgh fd fu;kZr dh lao`f¼ ls dksbZ
rkyesy ugha gks ik jgk FkkA tSlk fd geus
igys Hkh dgk gS] fons'kh eqnzk osQ lqjf{kr
HkaMkj brus {kh.k gks x, Fks fd ns'k dh nks
lIrkg dh vk;kr vko';drkvksa dks Hkh iwjk
ugha dj ikrs FksA varjkZ"Vªh; mèkkjnkrkvksa dh
C;kt pqdkus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj osQ ikl
i;kZIr fons'kh eqnzk ugha cph FkhA bruk gh ugha
dksbZ ns'k ;k vrajkZ"Vªh; fuos'kd Hkh Hkkjr esa
fuos'k ugha djuk pkgrk FkkA
ml fLFkfr esa Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; iqufuZek.k
vkSj fodkl cSad (vkbZ-ch-vkj-Mh-) ftls
lkekU;r% ^fo'o cSad* osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk
tkrk gS vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk njoktk
[kV[kVk;kA muls ns'k dks 7 fcfy;u MkWyj dk
Í.k ml ladV dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, feykA
¯drq] ml Í.k dks ikus osQ fy, bu laLFkkvksa us
Hkkjr ljdkj ij oqQN 'krsZ± yxkb±_ tSls] ljdkj
mnkjhdj.k djsxh] futh {ks=k ij yxs çfrcaèkksa
dks gVk,xh rFkk vusd {ks=kksa esa ljdkjh gLr{ksi
de djsxhA lkFk gh ;g Hkh vis{kk dh xbZ fd
Hkkjr vkSj vU; ns'kksa osQ chp fons'kh O;kikj ij
yxs izfrcaèk Hkh gVk, tk;saxsA
Hkkjr us fo'o cSad vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk
dks"k dh ;s 'krs± eku yha vkSj ubZ vkfFkZd
uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dhA bl ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr esa
O;kid vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
x;kA bu leLr uhfr;ksa dk mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk
esa vfèkd LièkkZiw.kZ O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dh
jpuk djuk rFkk iQeks± osQ O;kikj esa izos'k
djus vkSj mudh lao`f¼ esa vkusokyh ckèkkvksa
dks nwj djuk FkkA bu uhfr;ksa dks nks milewgksa
esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS% LFkkf;Rodkjh
mik; rFkk lajpukRed lqèkkj osQ mik;A
LFkkf;Rodkjh mik; vYidkfyd gksrs gSa]
ftudk mís'; Hkqxrku larqyu esa vk xbZ
oqQN =kqfV;ksa dks nwj djuk vkSj eqnzkLiQhfr dk
fu;a=k.k djuk FkkA ljy 'kCnksa esa] bldk vFkZ
i;kZIr fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj cuk, j[kus vkSj
c<+rh gqbZ dherksa ij vaoqQ'k j[kus dh
vko';drk FkhA nwljh vksj] lajpukRed lqèkkj
2018-19
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