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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: भारतीय राजनीति में हालिया विकास, भारत में राजनीति | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 1


bl vè;k; esa---
bl vè;k; esa ge fiNys nks n'kdksa dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk ,d laf{kIr tk;”kk ysaxsA bl 
vofèk esa oqQN tfVy fdLe osQ cnyko vk,A dbZ dkjdksa us ,d lkFk feydj bl vofèk 
esa vizR;kf'kr ifj.kke fn,A jktuhfr osQ bl u, nkSj dk iwokZuqeku dj ikuk vlaHko Fkk vkSj 
vc Hkh bls le>uk cgqr dfBu gSA bl nkSj osQ cnyko cM+s fooknkLin gSa] D;ksafd buosQ lkFk 
la?k"kZ osQ oqQN xgjs elys tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj ge lc vHkh bu cnykoksa ls brus nwj ugha tk ik, 
gSa fd buosQ Lo:i dks lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ ij[k losQaA cgjgky bl nkSj osQ jktuhfrd cnykoksa dks 
ysdj ge oqQN cqfu;knh loky dj ldrs gSa%
l 	 xBcaèku dh jktuhfr osQ mn; dk gekjs yksdra=k ij D;k vlj iM+k gS\
l	 eaMyhdj.k D;k gS\ blus jktuhfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ LoHkko dks fdu :iksa esa 
cnyk gS\
l	 jktuhfrd ykecanh osQ fygk”k ls jketUeHkwfe vkanksyu vkSj ckcjh efL”kn foèoal us 
D;k fojklr NksM+h gS\
l	 uhfrxr ekeyksa ij ,d loZ&lgefr lh cu xbZ gSµbldk jktuhfrd fodYiksa osQ p;u 
osQ fygk”k ls D;k vlj gqvk gS\
  ;g vè;k; bu lokyksa osQ tokc ugha nsrkA bl vè;k; esa vkidks oqQN ”k:jh 
lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gSa vkSj oqQN rjhosQ crk, x, gSa] rkfd tc vki bl fdrkc dks 
vkf[kj rd i<+ ysa] rks vki ;s loky iwN losQa vkSj buosQ tokc ryk'k losQaA 
;s loky jktuhfrd fygk”k ls laosnu'khy gSa] ysfdu ek=k blh dkj.k ls ge 
bu lokyksa dks iwNus ls cp ugha ldrsA vk”kknh osQ ckn dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr  
osQ bfrgkl dks vkf[kj i<+us dk edln gh ;gh gS fd ge vius orZeku dks le> 
losaQA
1990 osQ n'kd esa fofHkUu 
jktuhfrd nyksa esa cM+h 
vI+kQjk&rI+kQjh ephA bl dkVwZu 
dh gh rjg db;ksa dks ;g lc 
mQ¡ph pj[kh dh lokjh tSlk tku 
iM+kA ;gk¡ dkVwZu esa jktho xk¡/h]  
oh-ih- flag] ,y-osQ- vkMok.kh] 
panz'ks[kj] T;ksfr clq] ,u-Vh- 
jkekjko] nsohyky] ih-osQ- egar 
vkSj osQ- d#.kkfufèk dks pj[kh 
ij lokj fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2018-19
Page 2


bl vè;k; esa---
bl vè;k; esa ge fiNys nks n'kdksa dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk ,d laf{kIr tk;”kk ysaxsA bl 
vofèk esa oqQN tfVy fdLe osQ cnyko vk,A dbZ dkjdksa us ,d lkFk feydj bl vofèk 
esa vizR;kf'kr ifj.kke fn,A jktuhfr osQ bl u, nkSj dk iwokZuqeku dj ikuk vlaHko Fkk vkSj 
vc Hkh bls le>uk cgqr dfBu gSA bl nkSj osQ cnyko cM+s fooknkLin gSa] D;ksafd buosQ lkFk 
la?k"kZ osQ oqQN xgjs elys tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj ge lc vHkh bu cnykoksa ls brus nwj ugha tk ik, 
gSa fd buosQ Lo:i dks lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ ij[k losQaA cgjgky bl nkSj osQ jktuhfrd cnykoksa dks 
ysdj ge oqQN cqfu;knh loky dj ldrs gSa%
l 	 xBcaèku dh jktuhfr osQ mn; dk gekjs yksdra=k ij D;k vlj iM+k gS\
l	 eaMyhdj.k D;k gS\ blus jktuhfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ LoHkko dks fdu :iksa esa 
cnyk gS\
l	 jktuhfrd ykecanh osQ fygk”k ls jketUeHkwfe vkanksyu vkSj ckcjh efL”kn foèoal us 
D;k fojklr NksM+h gS\
l	 uhfrxr ekeyksa ij ,d loZ&lgefr lh cu xbZ gSµbldk jktuhfrd fodYiksa osQ p;u 
osQ fygk”k ls D;k vlj gqvk gS\
  ;g vè;k; bu lokyksa osQ tokc ugha nsrkA bl vè;k; esa vkidks oqQN ”k:jh 
lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gSa vkSj oqQN rjhosQ crk, x, gSa] rkfd tc vki bl fdrkc dks 
vkf[kj rd i<+ ysa] rks vki ;s loky iwN losQa vkSj buosQ tokc ryk'k losQaA 
;s loky jktuhfrd fygk”k ls laosnu'khy gSa] ysfdu ek=k blh dkj.k ls ge 
bu lokyksa dks iwNus ls cp ugha ldrsA vk”kknh osQ ckn dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr  
osQ bfrgkl dks vkf[kj i<+us dk edln gh ;gh gS fd ge vius orZeku dks le> 
losaQA
1990 osQ n'kd esa fofHkUu 
jktuhfrd nyksa esa cM+h 
vI+kQjk&rI+kQjh ephA bl dkVwZu 
dh gh rjg db;ksa dks ;g lc 
mQ¡ph pj[kh dh lokjh tSlk tku 
iM+kA ;gk¡ dkVwZu esa jktho xk¡/h]  
oh-ih- flag] ,y-osQ- vkMok.kh] 
panz'ks[kj] T;ksfr clq] ,u-Vh- 
jkekjko] nsohyky] ih-osQ- egar 
vkSj osQ- d#.kkfufèk dks pj[kh 
ij lokj fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2018-19
9
vè;k;
Hkkjrh;	 jktuhfr% u,	 cnyko
1990 dk n'kd
vkius fiNys vè;k; esa i<+k Fkk fd bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ ckn jktho xk¡èkh izèkkuea=kh 
cusA bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ oqQN fnuksa ckn gh 1984 esa yksdlHkk osQ pquko gq,A jktho 
xk¡èkh dh vxqokbZ esa dkaxzsl dks bl pquko esa Hkkjh fot; feyhA 1980 osQ n'kd osQ vkf[kj 
osQ lkyksa esa ns'k esa ,sls ik¡p cM+s cnyko vk,] ftudk gekjh vkxs dh jktuhfr ij xgjk 
vlj iM+kA
igyk] bl nkSj dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk 1989 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dh gkj gSA ftl 
ikVhZ us 1984 esa yksdlHkk dh 415 lhVsa thrh Fkha og bl pquko esa egt 197 lhVsa gh 
thr ldhA 1991 esa ,d ckj fiQj eè;kofèk pquko gq, vkSj dkaxzsl bl ckj viuk vk¡dM+k 
lqèkkjrs gq, lÙkk esa vk;hA cgjgky] 1989 esa gh ml ifj?kVuk dh lekfIr gks xbZ Fkh] ftls 
jktuhfr foKkuh viuh [kkl 'kCnkoyh esa ^dkaxzsl iz.kkyh* dgrs gSaA ;g ckr rks izdV gh 
gS fd dkaxzsl ,d egÙoiw.kZ ikVhZ osQ :i esa dk;e jgh vkSj 1989 osQ ckn Hkh ns'k ij 
fdlh vU; ikVhZ osQ ctk; mldk 'kklu ”;knk fnuksa rd jgkA ysfdu] nyh; iz.kkyh osQ 
Hkhrj tSlh izeq[krk bls igys osQ fnuksa esa gkfly Fkh] oSlh vc u jghA
nwljk cM+k cnyko jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa ^eaMy eqís* dk mn; FkkA 1990 esa jk"Vªh; ekspkZ 
dh u;h ljdkj us eaMy vk;ksx dh flI
+
kQkfj'kksa dks ykxw fd;kA bu flI
+
kQkfj'kksa osQ varxZr 
izkoèkku fd;k x;k fd osaQnz ljdkj dh ukSdfj;ksa esa ^vU; fiNM+k oxZ* dks vkj{k.k fn;k 
tk,xkA ljdkj osQ bl I
+
kSQlys ls ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa eaMy&fojksèkh fgald izn'kZu gq,A 
vU; fiNM+k oxZ dks feys vkj{k.k osQ leFkZd vkSj fojksfèk;ksa osQ chp pys fookn dks ^eaMy 
eqík* dgk tkrk gSA blus 1989 osQ ckn dh jktuhfr esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
rhljk] fofHkUu ljdkjksa us bl nkSj esa tks vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ viuk;ha] os cqfu;knh rkSj ij 
cny pqdh FkhaA bls <k¡pkxr lek;kstu dk;ZØe vFkok u, vkfFkZd lqèkkj osQ uke ls tkuk 
eSa 
lksprh gw¡ & 
dk'k! dkaxzsl viuh 
iqjkuh efgek dks 
fiQj ls gkfly dj 
ikrh!
dkaxzsl usrk lhrkjke osQljh us nsoxkSM+k dh la;qDr ekspkZ ljdkj ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;kA
2018-19
Page 3


bl vè;k; esa---
bl vè;k; esa ge fiNys nks n'kdksa dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk ,d laf{kIr tk;”kk ysaxsA bl 
vofèk esa oqQN tfVy fdLe osQ cnyko vk,A dbZ dkjdksa us ,d lkFk feydj bl vofèk 
esa vizR;kf'kr ifj.kke fn,A jktuhfr osQ bl u, nkSj dk iwokZuqeku dj ikuk vlaHko Fkk vkSj 
vc Hkh bls le>uk cgqr dfBu gSA bl nkSj osQ cnyko cM+s fooknkLin gSa] D;ksafd buosQ lkFk 
la?k"kZ osQ oqQN xgjs elys tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj ge lc vHkh bu cnykoksa ls brus nwj ugha tk ik, 
gSa fd buosQ Lo:i dks lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ ij[k losQaA cgjgky bl nkSj osQ jktuhfrd cnykoksa dks 
ysdj ge oqQN cqfu;knh loky dj ldrs gSa%
l 	 xBcaèku dh jktuhfr osQ mn; dk gekjs yksdra=k ij D;k vlj iM+k gS\
l	 eaMyhdj.k D;k gS\ blus jktuhfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ LoHkko dks fdu :iksa esa 
cnyk gS\
l	 jktuhfrd ykecanh osQ fygk”k ls jketUeHkwfe vkanksyu vkSj ckcjh efL”kn foèoal us 
D;k fojklr NksM+h gS\
l	 uhfrxr ekeyksa ij ,d loZ&lgefr lh cu xbZ gSµbldk jktuhfrd fodYiksa osQ p;u 
osQ fygk”k ls D;k vlj gqvk gS\
  ;g vè;k; bu lokyksa osQ tokc ugha nsrkA bl vè;k; esa vkidks oqQN ”k:jh 
lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gSa vkSj oqQN rjhosQ crk, x, gSa] rkfd tc vki bl fdrkc dks 
vkf[kj rd i<+ ysa] rks vki ;s loky iwN losQa vkSj buosQ tokc ryk'k losQaA 
;s loky jktuhfrd fygk”k ls laosnu'khy gSa] ysfdu ek=k blh dkj.k ls ge 
bu lokyksa dks iwNus ls cp ugha ldrsA vk”kknh osQ ckn dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr  
osQ bfrgkl dks vkf[kj i<+us dk edln gh ;gh gS fd ge vius orZeku dks le> 
losaQA
1990 osQ n'kd esa fofHkUu 
jktuhfrd nyksa esa cM+h 
vI+kQjk&rI+kQjh ephA bl dkVwZu 
dh gh rjg db;ksa dks ;g lc 
mQ¡ph pj[kh dh lokjh tSlk tku 
iM+kA ;gk¡ dkVwZu esa jktho xk¡/h]  
oh-ih- flag] ,y-osQ- vkMok.kh] 
panz'ks[kj] T;ksfr clq] ,u-Vh- 
jkekjko] nsohyky] ih-osQ- egar 
vkSj osQ- d#.kkfufèk dks pj[kh 
ij lokj fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2018-19
9
vè;k;
Hkkjrh;	 jktuhfr% u,	 cnyko
1990 dk n'kd
vkius fiNys vè;k; esa i<+k Fkk fd bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ ckn jktho xk¡èkh izèkkuea=kh 
cusA bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ oqQN fnuksa ckn gh 1984 esa yksdlHkk osQ pquko gq,A jktho 
xk¡èkh dh vxqokbZ esa dkaxzsl dks bl pquko esa Hkkjh fot; feyhA 1980 osQ n'kd osQ vkf[kj 
osQ lkyksa esa ns'k esa ,sls ik¡p cM+s cnyko vk,] ftudk gekjh vkxs dh jktuhfr ij xgjk 
vlj iM+kA
igyk] bl nkSj dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk 1989 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dh gkj gSA ftl 
ikVhZ us 1984 esa yksdlHkk dh 415 lhVsa thrh Fkha og bl pquko esa egt 197 lhVsa gh 
thr ldhA 1991 esa ,d ckj fiQj eè;kofèk pquko gq, vkSj dkaxzsl bl ckj viuk vk¡dM+k 
lqèkkjrs gq, lÙkk esa vk;hA cgjgky] 1989 esa gh ml ifj?kVuk dh lekfIr gks xbZ Fkh] ftls 
jktuhfr foKkuh viuh [kkl 'kCnkoyh esa ^dkaxzsl iz.kkyh* dgrs gSaA ;g ckr rks izdV gh 
gS fd dkaxzsl ,d egÙoiw.kZ ikVhZ osQ :i esa dk;e jgh vkSj 1989 osQ ckn Hkh ns'k ij 
fdlh vU; ikVhZ osQ ctk; mldk 'kklu ”;knk fnuksa rd jgkA ysfdu] nyh; iz.kkyh osQ 
Hkhrj tSlh izeq[krk bls igys osQ fnuksa esa gkfly Fkh] oSlh vc u jghA
nwljk cM+k cnyko jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa ^eaMy eqís* dk mn; FkkA 1990 esa jk"Vªh; ekspkZ 
dh u;h ljdkj us eaMy vk;ksx dh flI
+
kQkfj'kksa dks ykxw fd;kA bu flI
+
kQkfj'kksa osQ varxZr 
izkoèkku fd;k x;k fd osaQnz ljdkj dh ukSdfj;ksa esa ^vU; fiNM+k oxZ* dks vkj{k.k fn;k 
tk,xkA ljdkj osQ bl I
+
kSQlys ls ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa eaMy&fojksèkh fgald izn'kZu gq,A 
vU; fiNM+k oxZ dks feys vkj{k.k osQ leFkZd vkSj fojksfèk;ksa osQ chp pys fookn dks ^eaMy 
eqík* dgk tkrk gSA blus 1989 osQ ckn dh jktuhfr esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
rhljk] fofHkUu ljdkjksa us bl nkSj esa tks vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ viuk;ha] os cqfu;knh rkSj ij 
cny pqdh FkhaA bls <k¡pkxr lek;kstu dk;ZØe vFkok u, vkfFkZd lqèkkj osQ uke ls tkuk 
eSa 
lksprh gw¡ & 
dk'k! dkaxzsl viuh 
iqjkuh efgek dks 
fiQj ls gkfly dj 
ikrh!
dkaxzsl usrk lhrkjke osQljh us nsoxkSM+k dh la;qDr ekspkZ ljdkj ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;kA
2018-19
174 Lora=k	 Hkkjr	 esa	 jktuhfr
x;kA budh 'kq#vkr jktho xk¡èkh dh ljdkj osQ le; gqbZ vkSj 1991 rd ;s cnyko cM+s 
iSekus ij çdV gq,A vk”kknh osQ ckn ls vc rd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ftl fn'kk esa pyrh 
vkbZ Fkh] og bu u, vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa osQ dkj.k ewyxkeh vFkks± esa cny xbZA u;h vkfFkZd 
uhfr;ksa dh fofHkUu vkanksyuksa vkSj laxBuksa dh rjI
+
kQ ls Hkjiwj vkykspuk gqbZA cgjgky bl 
vofèk esa ftruh ljdkjsa cuha] lcus u;h vk£Fkd uhfr ij vey tkjh j[kkA
pkSFks] ?kVukvksa osQ ,d flyflys dh ifj.kfr v;ksè;k fLFkr ,d fookfnr <k¡ps (ckcjh 
efL”kn osQ :i esa izfl¼) osQ foèoal osQ :i esa gqbZA ;g ?kVuk 1992 osQ fnlacj eghus 
eSa iDosQ 
rkSj ij ;g tkuuk 
pkgrk gw¡ fd bl 
?kVuk osQ nwjxkeh 
ifj.kke gq,!
vxj 
gj ljdkj 
,d&lh uhfr ij 
vey djs] rks eq>s ugha 
yxrk fd blls jktuhfr 
esa dksbZ cnyko 
vk,xkA
rRdkyhu foÙkea=kh eueksgu flag vkSj iz/kuea=kh ujflEgk jko dks ^u;h vkfFkZd uhfr* osQ 'kq#vkrh nkSj 
esa fn[kkrk ,d dkVwZuA
eaMyhdj.k ij ,d izfrfØ;k
lkHkkj%	 vkj-	 osQ-	 y{e.k]	 VkbEl	 vkWI
+
kQ	 bafM;k
2018-19
Page 4


bl vè;k; esa---
bl vè;k; esa ge fiNys nks n'kdksa dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk ,d laf{kIr tk;”kk ysaxsA bl 
vofèk esa oqQN tfVy fdLe osQ cnyko vk,A dbZ dkjdksa us ,d lkFk feydj bl vofèk 
esa vizR;kf'kr ifj.kke fn,A jktuhfr osQ bl u, nkSj dk iwokZuqeku dj ikuk vlaHko Fkk vkSj 
vc Hkh bls le>uk cgqr dfBu gSA bl nkSj osQ cnyko cM+s fooknkLin gSa] D;ksafd buosQ lkFk 
la?k"kZ osQ oqQN xgjs elys tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj ge lc vHkh bu cnykoksa ls brus nwj ugha tk ik, 
gSa fd buosQ Lo:i dks lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ ij[k losQaA cgjgky bl nkSj osQ jktuhfrd cnykoksa dks 
ysdj ge oqQN cqfu;knh loky dj ldrs gSa%
l 	 xBcaèku dh jktuhfr osQ mn; dk gekjs yksdra=k ij D;k vlj iM+k gS\
l	 eaMyhdj.k D;k gS\ blus jktuhfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ LoHkko dks fdu :iksa esa 
cnyk gS\
l	 jktuhfrd ykecanh osQ fygk”k ls jketUeHkwfe vkanksyu vkSj ckcjh efL”kn foèoal us 
D;k fojklr NksM+h gS\
l	 uhfrxr ekeyksa ij ,d loZ&lgefr lh cu xbZ gSµbldk jktuhfrd fodYiksa osQ p;u 
osQ fygk”k ls D;k vlj gqvk gS\
  ;g vè;k; bu lokyksa osQ tokc ugha nsrkA bl vè;k; esa vkidks oqQN ”k:jh 
lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gSa vkSj oqQN rjhosQ crk, x, gSa] rkfd tc vki bl fdrkc dks 
vkf[kj rd i<+ ysa] rks vki ;s loky iwN losQa vkSj buosQ tokc ryk'k losQaA 
;s loky jktuhfrd fygk”k ls laosnu'khy gSa] ysfdu ek=k blh dkj.k ls ge 
bu lokyksa dks iwNus ls cp ugha ldrsA vk”kknh osQ ckn dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr  
osQ bfrgkl dks vkf[kj i<+us dk edln gh ;gh gS fd ge vius orZeku dks le> 
losaQA
1990 osQ n'kd esa fofHkUu 
jktuhfrd nyksa esa cM+h 
vI+kQjk&rI+kQjh ephA bl dkVwZu 
dh gh rjg db;ksa dks ;g lc 
mQ¡ph pj[kh dh lokjh tSlk tku 
iM+kA ;gk¡ dkVwZu esa jktho xk¡/h]  
oh-ih- flag] ,y-osQ- vkMok.kh] 
panz'ks[kj] T;ksfr clq] ,u-Vh- 
jkekjko] nsohyky] ih-osQ- egar 
vkSj osQ- d#.kkfufèk dks pj[kh 
ij lokj fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2018-19
9
vè;k;
Hkkjrh;	 jktuhfr% u,	 cnyko
1990 dk n'kd
vkius fiNys vè;k; esa i<+k Fkk fd bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ ckn jktho xk¡èkh izèkkuea=kh 
cusA bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ oqQN fnuksa ckn gh 1984 esa yksdlHkk osQ pquko gq,A jktho 
xk¡èkh dh vxqokbZ esa dkaxzsl dks bl pquko esa Hkkjh fot; feyhA 1980 osQ n'kd osQ vkf[kj 
osQ lkyksa esa ns'k esa ,sls ik¡p cM+s cnyko vk,] ftudk gekjh vkxs dh jktuhfr ij xgjk 
vlj iM+kA
igyk] bl nkSj dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk 1989 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dh gkj gSA ftl 
ikVhZ us 1984 esa yksdlHkk dh 415 lhVsa thrh Fkha og bl pquko esa egt 197 lhVsa gh 
thr ldhA 1991 esa ,d ckj fiQj eè;kofèk pquko gq, vkSj dkaxzsl bl ckj viuk vk¡dM+k 
lqèkkjrs gq, lÙkk esa vk;hA cgjgky] 1989 esa gh ml ifj?kVuk dh lekfIr gks xbZ Fkh] ftls 
jktuhfr foKkuh viuh [kkl 'kCnkoyh esa ^dkaxzsl iz.kkyh* dgrs gSaA ;g ckr rks izdV gh 
gS fd dkaxzsl ,d egÙoiw.kZ ikVhZ osQ :i esa dk;e jgh vkSj 1989 osQ ckn Hkh ns'k ij 
fdlh vU; ikVhZ osQ ctk; mldk 'kklu ”;knk fnuksa rd jgkA ysfdu] nyh; iz.kkyh osQ 
Hkhrj tSlh izeq[krk bls igys osQ fnuksa esa gkfly Fkh] oSlh vc u jghA
nwljk cM+k cnyko jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa ^eaMy eqís* dk mn; FkkA 1990 esa jk"Vªh; ekspkZ 
dh u;h ljdkj us eaMy vk;ksx dh flI
+
kQkfj'kksa dks ykxw fd;kA bu flI
+
kQkfj'kksa osQ varxZr 
izkoèkku fd;k x;k fd osaQnz ljdkj dh ukSdfj;ksa esa ^vU; fiNM+k oxZ* dks vkj{k.k fn;k 
tk,xkA ljdkj osQ bl I
+
kSQlys ls ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa eaMy&fojksèkh fgald izn'kZu gq,A 
vU; fiNM+k oxZ dks feys vkj{k.k osQ leFkZd vkSj fojksfèk;ksa osQ chp pys fookn dks ^eaMy 
eqík* dgk tkrk gSA blus 1989 osQ ckn dh jktuhfr esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
rhljk] fofHkUu ljdkjksa us bl nkSj esa tks vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ viuk;ha] os cqfu;knh rkSj ij 
cny pqdh FkhaA bls <k¡pkxr lek;kstu dk;ZØe vFkok u, vkfFkZd lqèkkj osQ uke ls tkuk 
eSa 
lksprh gw¡ & 
dk'k! dkaxzsl viuh 
iqjkuh efgek dks 
fiQj ls gkfly dj 
ikrh!
dkaxzsl usrk lhrkjke osQljh us nsoxkSM+k dh la;qDr ekspkZ ljdkj ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;kA
2018-19
174 Lora=k	 Hkkjr	 esa	 jktuhfr
x;kA budh 'kq#vkr jktho xk¡èkh dh ljdkj osQ le; gqbZ vkSj 1991 rd ;s cnyko cM+s 
iSekus ij çdV gq,A vk”kknh osQ ckn ls vc rd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ftl fn'kk esa pyrh 
vkbZ Fkh] og bu u, vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa osQ dkj.k ewyxkeh vFkks± esa cny xbZA u;h vkfFkZd 
uhfr;ksa dh fofHkUu vkanksyuksa vkSj laxBuksa dh rjI
+
kQ ls Hkjiwj vkykspuk gqbZA cgjgky bl 
vofèk esa ftruh ljdkjsa cuha] lcus u;h vk£Fkd uhfr ij vey tkjh j[kkA
pkSFks] ?kVukvksa osQ ,d flyflys dh ifj.kfr v;ksè;k fLFkr ,d fookfnr <k¡ps (ckcjh 
efL”kn osQ :i esa izfl¼) osQ foèoal osQ :i esa gqbZA ;g ?kVuk 1992 osQ fnlacj eghus 
eSa iDosQ 
rkSj ij ;g tkuuk 
pkgrk gw¡ fd bl 
?kVuk osQ nwjxkeh 
ifj.kke gq,!
vxj 
gj ljdkj 
,d&lh uhfr ij 
vey djs] rks eq>s ugha 
yxrk fd blls jktuhfr 
esa dksbZ cnyko 
vk,xkA
rRdkyhu foÙkea=kh eueksgu flag vkSj iz/kuea=kh ujflEgk jko dks ^u;h vkfFkZd uhfr* osQ 'kq#vkrh nkSj 
esa fn[kkrk ,d dkVwZuA
eaMyhdj.k ij ,d izfrfØ;k
lkHkkj%	 vkj-	 osQ-	 y{e.k]	 VkbEl	 vkWI
+
kQ	 bafM;k
2018-19
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr% u, cnyko 175  
esa ?kVhA bl ?kVuk us ns'k dh jktuhfr esa dbZ ifjorZuksa dks tUe fn;k vkSj mudk izrhd 
cuhA bl ?kVuk ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn vkSj èkeZfujis{krk ij cgl rs”k gks xbZA bu cnykoksa dk 
lacaèk Hkktik osQ mn; vkSj ¯gnqRo dh jktuhfr ls gSA
bl flyflys dh vkf[kjh ckr ;g gS fd ebZ 1991 esa jktho xk¡èkh dh gR;k dj nh 
xbZ vkSj blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i dkaxzsl ikVhZ osQ usr`Ro esa ifjorZu gqvkA jktho xk¡èkh pquko 
vfHk;ku osQ flyflys esa rfeyukMq osQ nkSjs ij FksA rHkh fyV~Vs ls tqM+s JhyadkbZ rfeyksa us 
mudh gR;k dj nhA 1991 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl lcls cM+h fot;h ikVhZ osQ :i esa lkeus 
vk;hA jktho xk¡èkh dh e`R;q osQ ckn dkaxzsl ikVhZ us ujflEgk jko dks izèkkuea=kh pqukA
irk ugha] ;g 
jktuhfrd nyksa dks  
oSQls izHkkfor djsxk\
c<+rh gqbZ lkaiznkf;drk ij fpark ”kkfgj djrk ,d foKkiu
dkaxzsl usr`Ro dbZ ckj lq£[k;ksa esa Nk;k jgk
1 ebZ 1996 25 vDrwcj 1995 20 vxLr 2001 25 vDrwcj 2004
2018-19
Page 5


bl vè;k; esa---
bl vè;k; esa ge fiNys nks n'kdksa dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk ,d laf{kIr tk;”kk ysaxsA bl 
vofèk esa oqQN tfVy fdLe osQ cnyko vk,A dbZ dkjdksa us ,d lkFk feydj bl vofèk 
esa vizR;kf'kr ifj.kke fn,A jktuhfr osQ bl u, nkSj dk iwokZuqeku dj ikuk vlaHko Fkk vkSj 
vc Hkh bls le>uk cgqr dfBu gSA bl nkSj osQ cnyko cM+s fooknkLin gSa] D;ksafd buosQ lkFk 
la?k"kZ osQ oqQN xgjs elys tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj ge lc vHkh bu cnykoksa ls brus nwj ugha tk ik, 
gSa fd buosQ Lo:i dks lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ ij[k losQaA cgjgky bl nkSj osQ jktuhfrd cnykoksa dks 
ysdj ge oqQN cqfu;knh loky dj ldrs gSa%
l 	 xBcaèku dh jktuhfr osQ mn; dk gekjs yksdra=k ij D;k vlj iM+k gS\
l	 eaMyhdj.k D;k gS\ blus jktuhfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ LoHkko dks fdu :iksa esa 
cnyk gS\
l	 jktuhfrd ykecanh osQ fygk”k ls jketUeHkwfe vkanksyu vkSj ckcjh efL”kn foèoal us 
D;k fojklr NksM+h gS\
l	 uhfrxr ekeyksa ij ,d loZ&lgefr lh cu xbZ gSµbldk jktuhfrd fodYiksa osQ p;u 
osQ fygk”k ls D;k vlj gqvk gS\
  ;g vè;k; bu lokyksa osQ tokc ugha nsrkA bl vè;k; esa vkidks oqQN ”k:jh 
lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gSa vkSj oqQN rjhosQ crk, x, gSa] rkfd tc vki bl fdrkc dks 
vkf[kj rd i<+ ysa] rks vki ;s loky iwN losQa vkSj buosQ tokc ryk'k losQaA 
;s loky jktuhfrd fygk”k ls laosnu'khy gSa] ysfdu ek=k blh dkj.k ls ge 
bu lokyksa dks iwNus ls cp ugha ldrsA vk”kknh osQ ckn dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr  
osQ bfrgkl dks vkf[kj i<+us dk edln gh ;gh gS fd ge vius orZeku dks le> 
losaQA
1990 osQ n'kd esa fofHkUu 
jktuhfrd nyksa esa cM+h 
vI+kQjk&rI+kQjh ephA bl dkVwZu 
dh gh rjg db;ksa dks ;g lc 
mQ¡ph pj[kh dh lokjh tSlk tku 
iM+kA ;gk¡ dkVwZu esa jktho xk¡/h]  
oh-ih- flag] ,y-osQ- vkMok.kh] 
panz'ks[kj] T;ksfr clq] ,u-Vh- 
jkekjko] nsohyky] ih-osQ- egar 
vkSj osQ- d#.kkfufèk dks pj[kh 
ij lokj fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2018-19
9
vè;k;
Hkkjrh;	 jktuhfr% u,	 cnyko
1990 dk n'kd
vkius fiNys vè;k; esa i<+k Fkk fd bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ ckn jktho xk¡èkh izèkkuea=kh 
cusA bafnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k osQ oqQN fnuksa ckn gh 1984 esa yksdlHkk osQ pquko gq,A jktho 
xk¡èkh dh vxqokbZ esa dkaxzsl dks bl pquko esa Hkkjh fot; feyhA 1980 osQ n'kd osQ vkf[kj 
osQ lkyksa esa ns'k esa ,sls ik¡p cM+s cnyko vk,] ftudk gekjh vkxs dh jktuhfr ij xgjk 
vlj iM+kA
igyk] bl nkSj dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk 1989 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dh gkj gSA ftl 
ikVhZ us 1984 esa yksdlHkk dh 415 lhVsa thrh Fkha og bl pquko esa egt 197 lhVsa gh 
thr ldhA 1991 esa ,d ckj fiQj eè;kofèk pquko gq, vkSj dkaxzsl bl ckj viuk vk¡dM+k 
lqèkkjrs gq, lÙkk esa vk;hA cgjgky] 1989 esa gh ml ifj?kVuk dh lekfIr gks xbZ Fkh] ftls 
jktuhfr foKkuh viuh [kkl 'kCnkoyh esa ^dkaxzsl iz.kkyh* dgrs gSaA ;g ckr rks izdV gh 
gS fd dkaxzsl ,d egÙoiw.kZ ikVhZ osQ :i esa dk;e jgh vkSj 1989 osQ ckn Hkh ns'k ij 
fdlh vU; ikVhZ osQ ctk; mldk 'kklu ”;knk fnuksa rd jgkA ysfdu] nyh; iz.kkyh osQ 
Hkhrj tSlh izeq[krk bls igys osQ fnuksa esa gkfly Fkh] oSlh vc u jghA
nwljk cM+k cnyko jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa ^eaMy eqís* dk mn; FkkA 1990 esa jk"Vªh; ekspkZ 
dh u;h ljdkj us eaMy vk;ksx dh flI
+
kQkfj'kksa dks ykxw fd;kA bu flI
+
kQkfj'kksa osQ varxZr 
izkoèkku fd;k x;k fd osaQnz ljdkj dh ukSdfj;ksa esa ^vU; fiNM+k oxZ* dks vkj{k.k fn;k 
tk,xkA ljdkj osQ bl I
+
kSQlys ls ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa eaMy&fojksèkh fgald izn'kZu gq,A 
vU; fiNM+k oxZ dks feys vkj{k.k osQ leFkZd vkSj fojksfèk;ksa osQ chp pys fookn dks ^eaMy 
eqík* dgk tkrk gSA blus 1989 osQ ckn dh jktuhfr esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
rhljk] fofHkUu ljdkjksa us bl nkSj esa tks vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ viuk;ha] os cqfu;knh rkSj ij 
cny pqdh FkhaA bls <k¡pkxr lek;kstu dk;ZØe vFkok u, vkfFkZd lqèkkj osQ uke ls tkuk 
eSa 
lksprh gw¡ & 
dk'k! dkaxzsl viuh 
iqjkuh efgek dks 
fiQj ls gkfly dj 
ikrh!
dkaxzsl usrk lhrkjke osQljh us nsoxkSM+k dh la;qDr ekspkZ ljdkj ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;kA
2018-19
174 Lora=k	 Hkkjr	 esa	 jktuhfr
x;kA budh 'kq#vkr jktho xk¡èkh dh ljdkj osQ le; gqbZ vkSj 1991 rd ;s cnyko cM+s 
iSekus ij çdV gq,A vk”kknh osQ ckn ls vc rd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ftl fn'kk esa pyrh 
vkbZ Fkh] og bu u, vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa osQ dkj.k ewyxkeh vFkks± esa cny xbZA u;h vkfFkZd 
uhfr;ksa dh fofHkUu vkanksyuksa vkSj laxBuksa dh rjI
+
kQ ls Hkjiwj vkykspuk gqbZA cgjgky bl 
vofèk esa ftruh ljdkjsa cuha] lcus u;h vk£Fkd uhfr ij vey tkjh j[kkA
pkSFks] ?kVukvksa osQ ,d flyflys dh ifj.kfr v;ksè;k fLFkr ,d fookfnr <k¡ps (ckcjh 
efL”kn osQ :i esa izfl¼) osQ foèoal osQ :i esa gqbZA ;g ?kVuk 1992 osQ fnlacj eghus 
eSa iDosQ 
rkSj ij ;g tkuuk 
pkgrk gw¡ fd bl 
?kVuk osQ nwjxkeh 
ifj.kke gq,!
vxj 
gj ljdkj 
,d&lh uhfr ij 
vey djs] rks eq>s ugha 
yxrk fd blls jktuhfr 
esa dksbZ cnyko 
vk,xkA
rRdkyhu foÙkea=kh eueksgu flag vkSj iz/kuea=kh ujflEgk jko dks ^u;h vkfFkZd uhfr* osQ 'kq#vkrh nkSj 
esa fn[kkrk ,d dkVwZuA
eaMyhdj.k ij ,d izfrfØ;k
lkHkkj%	 vkj-	 osQ-	 y{e.k]	 VkbEl	 vkWI
+
kQ	 bafM;k
2018-19
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr% u, cnyko 175  
esa ?kVhA bl ?kVuk us ns'k dh jktuhfr esa dbZ ifjorZuksa dks tUe fn;k vkSj mudk izrhd 
cuhA bl ?kVuk ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn vkSj èkeZfujis{krk ij cgl rs”k gks xbZA bu cnykoksa dk 
lacaèk Hkktik osQ mn; vkSj ¯gnqRo dh jktuhfr ls gSA
bl flyflys dh vkf[kjh ckr ;g gS fd ebZ 1991 esa jktho xk¡èkh dh gR;k dj nh 
xbZ vkSj blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i dkaxzsl ikVhZ osQ usr`Ro esa ifjorZu gqvkA jktho xk¡èkh pquko 
vfHk;ku osQ flyflys esa rfeyukMq osQ nkSjs ij FksA rHkh fyV~Vs ls tqM+s JhyadkbZ rfeyksa us 
mudh gR;k dj nhA 1991 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl lcls cM+h fot;h ikVhZ osQ :i esa lkeus 
vk;hA jktho xk¡èkh dh e`R;q osQ ckn dkaxzsl ikVhZ us ujflEgk jko dks izèkkuea=kh pqukA
irk ugha] ;g 
jktuhfrd nyksa dks  
oSQls izHkkfor djsxk\
c<+rh gqbZ lkaiznkf;drk ij fpark ”kkfgj djrk ,d foKkiu
dkaxzsl usr`Ro dbZ ckj lq£[k;ksa esa Nk;k jgk
1 ebZ 1996 25 vDrwcj 1995 20 vxLr 2001 25 vDrwcj 2004
2018-19
176 Lora=k	 Hkkjr	 esa	 jktuhfr
xBcaèku	 dk	 ;qx
1989 osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh gkj gqbZ Fkh] ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd 
fdlh nwljh ikVhZ dks bl pquko esa cgqer fey x;k FkkA dkaxzsl vc Hkh yksdlHkk esa lcls 
cM+h ikVhZ Fkh] ysfdu cgqer esa u gksus osQ dkj.k mlus foi{k esa cSBus dk I
+
kSQlyk fd;kA 
jk"Vªh; ekspsZ dks (;g ekspkZ turk ny vkSj oqQN vU; {ks=kh; nyksa dks feykdj cuk Fkk) 
ijLij fo#¼ nks jktuhfrd lewgksa & Hkktik vkSj oke ekspsZ & us leFkZu fn;kA bl leFkZu 
osQ vkèkkj ij jk"Vªh; ekspkZ us ,d xBcaèku ljdkj cuk;h] ysfdu blesa Hkktik vkSj oke 
ekspsZ us f'kjdr ugha dhA
dkaxzsl dk iru
dkaxzsl dh gkj osQ lkFk Hkkjr dh nyh; O;oLFkk ls mldk ncnck [kRe gks x;kA vè;k; 
ik¡p esa dkaxzsl iz.kkyh dh iquLFkkZiuk dh ppkZ dh xbZ FkhA D;k vkidks ;g ppkZ ;kn gSA 
1960 osQ n'kd osQ vafre lkyksa esa dkaxzsl osQ ,dN=k jkt dks pqukSrh feyh Fkh] ysfdu 
bafnjk xk¡èkh osQ usr`Ro esa dkaxzsl us Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ij viuk izHkqRo fiQj ls dk;e fd;kA 
uCcs osQ n'kd esa dkaxzsl dh vxz.kh gSfl;r dks ,d ckj fiQj pqukSrh feyhA cgjgky bldk 
eryc ;g ugha gS fd dkaxzsl dh txg dksbZ nwljh ikVhZ izeq[k gks xbZA
oh-ih- flag osQ 
usr`Ro okyh jk"Vªh; 
ekspkZ ljdkj dks 
oke ekspkZ (;gk¡ 
izrhd :i esa T;ksfr 
clq) vkSj Hkktik 
(;gk¡ izrhd :i esa 
,y-osQ- vkMok.kh) 
us leFkZu fn;k FkkA
lkHkkj% lq/hj rSyax@,p-Vh- cqoQ vkWiQ dkVwZUl
2018-19
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