Open App

UPSC Exam > UPSC Notes > Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly > Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs

Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline

Please wait while the PDF view is loading

 Page 1


    
??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (Supreme Court) ?? ??????? 2020 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? 
(Conservationist) ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? 
?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???
?????? ?????
??????? 2020 ?? ?????:
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? “???? ???????” ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???-???? ???? 
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
z	 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? "?????? ???????" ????- ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? 2011 ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????/???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? 
?? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????:
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? 2011 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? 
(2010) ?? ????? ??  ?????? ????
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2011 ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????' (Project 
Elephant) ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? 51A 
(G) ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 
?	 ???????? 51A(G) ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? 
????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z	 ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? 
???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ???????:
z	 ?? ???? ???????, ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? (Sigur Plateau) ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 
????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???
?	 ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? (Mudumalai National Park) ?? ??? ???? ???
z	 ?? ??????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??? ????? (Moyar) ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? 
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???? ??? ???? 100 ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? 70% ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
?	 75%  ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ??? ???
?	 ???????-???????-????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? 6,500 ???? ???? ????
Page 2


    
??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (Supreme Court) ?? ??????? 2020 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? 
(Conservationist) ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? 
?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???
?????? ?????
??????? 2020 ?? ?????:
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? “???? ???????” ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???-???? ???? 
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
z	 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? "?????? ???????" ????- ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? 2011 ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????/???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? 
?? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????:
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? 2011 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? 
(2010) ?? ????? ??  ?????? ????
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2011 ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????' (Project 
Elephant) ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? 51A 
(G) ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 
?	 ???????? 51A(G) ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? 
????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z	 ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? 
???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ???????:
z	 ?? ???? ???????, ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? (Sigur Plateau) ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 
????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???
?	 ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? (Mudumalai National Park) ?? ??? ???? ???
z	 ?? ??????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??? ????? (Moyar) ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? 
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???? ??? ???? 100 ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? 70% ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
?	 75%  ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ??? ???
?	 ???????-???????-????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? 6,500 ???? ???? ????
     
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????: ???? 2017 ??? ???? 800 ????? ???? ?? ????? '???? ?? ?????' (Right of Passage) ??? 
???? ??? ?????? 101 ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z	 ????? ?? ????? ??? ???: ???? 2005 ??? 41% ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? 2017 ??? ?? ???? 22% ??? ??? 
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? 12 ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???
z	 ???????? ?? ???? ???????: ???? 2017 ??? 21.8% ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ????? ???? 2005 ??? 22.8% ???
z	 ????? ??????: ?????-????? ???? ??? ???? 36.4% ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 32%, ?????? ????? ????? ??? 35.7% ?? ????????? 
??? 13% ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 
?	 ???? ??-????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? 
???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
?	 ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 11% ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ???? 12% ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 
????? ?? ???????? ????
z	 ??????? ?? ???-??? ???? ?????: ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 2005 ?? 24% ?? ????? ??? ???? 2017 ??? ???? 12.9% ??????? ???? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????
?	 ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????:
z	 ?? ???????
z	 ???? ?????????
z	 ??????? ?? ???? ???? (MIKE) ?? ????????
??????? ????????? ??????
z	 ???????: 
?	 ‘???????’ ?? ?????? ???? ’???? ??????’ ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????  ???? 1986 ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????? ???????:
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? 5,520 ???? ????. ???
?	 ?? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???
z	 ?????????? ?????????:
?	 ??????? ??? ?? ????-???: ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????-??????? (Afro-Tropical) 
?? ????-????? (Indo-Malayan) ??????? ??? ?? ????-??? ?? ??????? ???? ???
?	 ??? ??????? ???????: ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? 
(??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??) ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?????? ???????, ????? 
???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????, ?? ????????, ????? ???????  ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???-????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Nilgiri danio), ??????? ????? (Nilgiri barb), ????? ????? (Bowany barb) 
??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
Page 3


    
??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (Supreme Court) ?? ??????? 2020 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? 
(Conservationist) ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? 
?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???
?????? ?????
??????? 2020 ?? ?????:
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? “???? ???????” ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???-???? ???? 
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
z	 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? "?????? ???????" ????- ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? 2011 ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????/???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? 
?? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????:
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? 2011 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? 
(2010) ?? ????? ??  ?????? ????
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2011 ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????' (Project 
Elephant) ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? 51A 
(G) ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 
?	 ???????? 51A(G) ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? 
????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z	 ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? 
???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ???????:
z	 ?? ???? ???????, ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? (Sigur Plateau) ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 
????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???
?	 ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? (Mudumalai National Park) ?? ??? ???? ???
z	 ?? ??????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??? ????? (Moyar) ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? 
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???? ??? ???? 100 ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? 70% ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
?	 75%  ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ??? ???
?	 ???????-???????-????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? 6,500 ???? ???? ????
     
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????: ???? 2017 ??? ???? 800 ????? ???? ?? ????? '???? ?? ?????' (Right of Passage) ??? 
???? ??? ?????? 101 ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z	 ????? ?? ????? ??? ???: ???? 2005 ??? 41% ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? 2017 ??? ?? ???? 22% ??? ??? 
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? 12 ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???
z	 ???????? ?? ???? ???????: ???? 2017 ??? 21.8% ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ????? ???? 2005 ??? 22.8% ???
z	 ????? ??????: ?????-????? ???? ??? ???? 36.4% ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 32%, ?????? ????? ????? ??? 35.7% ?? ????????? 
??? 13% ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 
?	 ???? ??-????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? 
???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
?	 ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 11% ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ???? 12% ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 
????? ?? ???????? ????
z	 ??????? ?? ???-??? ???? ?????: ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 2005 ?? 24% ?? ????? ??? ???? 2017 ??? ???? 12.9% ??????? ???? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????
?	 ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????:
z	 ?? ???????
z	 ???? ?????????
z	 ??????? ?? ???? ???? (MIKE) ?? ????????
??????? ????????? ??????
z	 ???????: 
?	 ‘???????’ ?? ?????? ???? ’???? ??????’ ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????  ???? 1986 ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????? ???????:
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? 5,520 ???? ????. ???
?	 ?? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???
z	 ?????????? ?????????:
?	 ??????? ??? ?? ????-???: ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????-??????? (Afro-Tropical) 
?? ????-????? (Indo-Malayan) ??????? ??? ?? ????-??? ?? ??????? ???? ???
?	 ??? ??????? ???????: ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? 
(??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??) ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?????? ???????, ????? 
???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????, ?? ????????, ????? ???????  ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???-????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Nilgiri danio), ??????? ????? (Nilgiri barb), ????? ????? (Bowany barb) 
??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
    
z	 ?? ??????:
?	 ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????- ?????, ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????, ???????? ??? ?? ????? 
???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
z	 ??????? ???????:
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????- ????, ????????, ???????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ???? 
????
z	 NBR ??? ??????? ??????:
?	 ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? 
?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
????? ?????? ??????’ ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ‘????? ?????? ??????’ ?? ???? '???????? ????????? ?? 
????? ?????? ??????- ???? ?????????' ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??, ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??? 
????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???
z	 ???? ????? ???? 2020 ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ‘?????? ??? ???????? ??’ ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? 
?? ???
?????? ?????
??????
z	 ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???
?	 ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? (IOR) ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????
?	 ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????
??????
z	 ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 
????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????
??? ???: ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??:
z	 ??? 1
?	 ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? 102 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???
?	 ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? 
?? ??????
z	 ??? 2
?	 ?? ???? ?? ?? 85 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???
?	 ?? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ???? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (SEZ) ????? ???? ?? ???? 
???? 
z	 ??? 3
?	 ?? ???? ?? ?? 52 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???
Page 4


    
??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (Supreme Court) ?? ??????? 2020 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? 
(Conservationist) ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? 
?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???
?????? ?????
??????? 2020 ?? ?????:
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? “???? ???????” ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???-???? ???? 
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
z	 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? "?????? ???????" ????- ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? 2011 ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????/???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? 
?? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????:
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? 2011 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? 
(2010) ?? ????? ??  ?????? ????
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2011 ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????' (Project 
Elephant) ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? 51A 
(G) ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 
?	 ???????? 51A(G) ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? 
????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z	 ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? 
???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ???????:
z	 ?? ???? ???????, ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? (Sigur Plateau) ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 
????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???
?	 ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? (Mudumalai National Park) ?? ??? ???? ???
z	 ?? ??????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??? ????? (Moyar) ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? 
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???? ??? ???? 100 ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? 70% ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
?	 75%  ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ??? ???
?	 ???????-???????-????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? 6,500 ???? ???? ????
     
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????: ???? 2017 ??? ???? 800 ????? ???? ?? ????? '???? ?? ?????' (Right of Passage) ??? 
???? ??? ?????? 101 ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z	 ????? ?? ????? ??? ???: ???? 2005 ??? 41% ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? 2017 ??? ?? ???? 22% ??? ??? 
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? 12 ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???
z	 ???????? ?? ???? ???????: ???? 2017 ??? 21.8% ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ????? ???? 2005 ??? 22.8% ???
z	 ????? ??????: ?????-????? ???? ??? ???? 36.4% ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 32%, ?????? ????? ????? ??? 35.7% ?? ????????? 
??? 13% ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 
?	 ???? ??-????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? 
???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
?	 ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 11% ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ???? 12% ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 
????? ?? ???????? ????
z	 ??????? ?? ???-??? ???? ?????: ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 2005 ?? 24% ?? ????? ??? ???? 2017 ??? ???? 12.9% ??????? ???? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????
?	 ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????:
z	 ?? ???????
z	 ???? ?????????
z	 ??????? ?? ???? ???? (MIKE) ?? ????????
??????? ????????? ??????
z	 ???????: 
?	 ‘???????’ ?? ?????? ???? ’???? ??????’ ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????  ???? 1986 ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????? ???????:
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? 5,520 ???? ????. ???
?	 ?? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???
z	 ?????????? ?????????:
?	 ??????? ??? ?? ????-???: ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????-??????? (Afro-Tropical) 
?? ????-????? (Indo-Malayan) ??????? ??? ?? ????-??? ?? ??????? ???? ???
?	 ??? ??????? ???????: ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? 
(??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??) ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?????? ???????, ????? 
???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????, ?? ????????, ????? ???????  ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???-????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Nilgiri danio), ??????? ????? (Nilgiri barb), ????? ????? (Bowany barb) 
??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
    
z	 ?? ??????:
?	 ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????- ?????, ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????, ???????? ??? ?? ????? 
???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
z	 ??????? ???????:
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????- ????, ????????, ???????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ???? 
????
z	 NBR ??? ??????? ??????:
?	 ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? 
?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
????? ?????? ??????’ ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ‘????? ?????? ??????’ ?? ???? '???????? ????????? ?? 
????? ?????? ??????- ???? ?????????' ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??, ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??? 
????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???
z	 ???? ????? ???? 2020 ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ‘?????? ??? ???????? ??’ ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? 
?? ???
?????? ?????
??????
z	 ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???
?	 ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? (IOR) ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????
?	 ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????
??????
z	 ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 
????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????
??? ???: ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??:
z	 ??? 1
?	 ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? 102 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???
?	 ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? 
?? ??????
z	 ??? 2
?	 ?? ???? ?? ?? 85 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???
?	 ?? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ???? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (SEZ) ????? ???? ?? ???? 
???? 
z	 ??? 3
?	 ?? ???? ?? ?? 52 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???
     
?	 ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????- ??????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ??????/??? ??? ????????? ???? 
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
?????? ?????
z	 ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 
?????????? ???
z	 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? (Jetty) ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z	 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? 100 ????. ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
??????????
z	 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????
z	 ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? 
????
z	 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???
z	 ????? ?????? ?? 95% ??? ?????????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? 640 ???? 
????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? 1927 ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? 450 ???? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? 
?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???????-??????????-???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???
????? ??? ????????? ??????:
z	 ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 240 ???? ????. (35%) ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???-
?	 ?????? ?? ?? 32% ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 31% ?? 138 ???? ????. ?????? ?? ????????? ????? 
?	 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???
??????? ??? ????? ???????:
z	 ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????/?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? 
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??-???????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ???? 2004 ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???
?	 ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? 
?? ??? ??? 
?	 ?? ??????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? 
??? ???
?	 ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ‘???? ???????’ ??? ??? ????????, ???????/???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? 
?? ??????? ????????? ???
?	 ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ‘??????? ?? ?????’ ?? ?????? ??? ???
?? ????? ?? ???????:
z	 ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? 
??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???
z	 ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????
z	 ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????
z	 ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
Page 5


    
??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????
??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? (Supreme Court) ?? ??????? 2020 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? 
(Conservationist) ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? 
?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???
?????? ?????
??????? 2020 ?? ?????:
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? “???? ???????” ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???-???? ???? 
????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
z	 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? "?????? ???????" ????- ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
z	 ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? 2011 ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????/???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? 
?? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????:
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? 2011 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? 
(2010) ?? ????? ??  ?????? ????
z	 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? 2011 ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? '???????? ???????' (Project 
Elephant) ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? 51A 
(G) ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 
?	 ???????? 51A(G) ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? 
????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z	 ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? 
???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????
??????? ???? ???????:
z	 ?? ???? ???????, ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? (Sigur Plateau) ??? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 
????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???
?	 ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? (Mudumalai National Park) ?? ??? ???? ???
z	 ?? ??????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????-????? ??? ??? ????? (Moyar) ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? 
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???? ??? ???? 100 ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? 70% ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
?	 75%  ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ??? ???
?	 ???????-???????-????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? 6,500 ???? ???? ????
     
???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????: ???? 2017 ??? ???? 800 ????? ???? ?? ????? '???? ?? ?????' (Right of Passage) ??? 
???? ??? ?????? 101 ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z	 ????? ?? ????? ??? ???: ???? 2005 ??? 41% ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? 2017 ??? ?? ???? 22% ??? ??? 
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? 12 ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???
z	 ???????? ?? ???? ???????: ???? 2017 ??? 21.8% ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ???? ?? ????? ???? 2005 ??? 22.8% ???
z	 ????? ??????: ?????-????? ???? ??? ???? 36.4% ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 32%, ?????? ????? ????? ??? 35.7% ?? ????????? 
??? 13% ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 
?	 ???? ??-????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? 
???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
?	 ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 11% ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ???? 12% ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? 
????? ?? ???????? ????
z	 ??????? ?? ???-??? ???? ?????: ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 2005 ?? 24% ?? ????? ??? ???? 2017 ??? ???? 12.9% ??????? ???? 
??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????
?	 ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????:
z	 ?? ???????
z	 ???? ?????????
z	 ??????? ?? ???? ???? (MIKE) ?? ????????
??????? ????????? ??????
z	 ???????: 
?	 ‘???????’ ?? ?????? ???? ’???? ??????’ ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????  ???? 1986 ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????? ???????:
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? 5,520 ???? ????. ???
?	 ?? ????????? ?????? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???
z	 ?????????? ?????????:
?	 ??????? ??? ?? ????-???: ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????-??????? (Afro-Tropical) 
?? ????-????? (Indo-Malayan) ??????? ??? ?? ????-??? ?? ??????? ???? ???
?	 ??? ??????? ???????: ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? 
(??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??) ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???
z	 ??????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?????? ???????, ????? 
???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????, ?? ????????, ????? ???????  ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????
z	 ???-????:
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????, ??????, ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????
?	 ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Nilgiri danio), ??????? ????? (Nilgiri barb), ????? ????? (Bowany barb) 
??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
    
z	 ?? ??????:
?	 ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????- ?????, ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????, ???????? ??? ?? ????? 
???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
z	 ??????? ???????:
?	 ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????- ????, ????????, ???????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ???? 
????
z	 NBR ??? ??????? ??????:
?	 ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? 
?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
????? ?????? ??????’ ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ‘????? ?????? ??????’ ?? ???? '???????? ????????? ?? 
????? ?????? ??????- ???? ?????????' ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??, ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??? 
????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???
z	 ???? ????? ???? 2020 ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ‘?????? ??? ???????? ??’ ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? 
?? ???
?????? ?????
??????
z	 ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???
?	 ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? (IOR) ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????
?	 ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????
??????
z	 ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 
????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????
??? ???: ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??:
z	 ??? 1
?	 ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? 102 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???
?	 ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? 
?? ??????
z	 ??? 2
?	 ?? ???? ?? ?? 85 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???
?	 ?? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ???? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (SEZ) ????? ???? ?? ???? 
???? 
z	 ??? 3
?	 ?? ???? ?? ?? 52 ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???
     
?	 ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????- ??????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ??????/??? ??? ????????? ???? 
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
?????? ?????
z	 ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 
?????????? ???
z	 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? (Jetty) ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z	 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? 100 ????. ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
??????????
z	 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????
z	 ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? 
????
z	 ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???
z	 ????? ?????? ?? 95% ??? ?????????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? 640 ???? 
????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? 1927 ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? 450 ???? ????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? 
?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???????-??????????-???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???
????? ??? ????????? ??????:
z	 ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 240 ???? ????. (35%) ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???-
?	 ?????? ?? ?? 32% ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? 31% ?? 138 ???? ????. ?????? ?? ????????? ????? 
?	 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???
??????? ??? ????? ???????:
z	 ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????/?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? 
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??-???????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ?????? ???? 2004 ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???
?	 ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? 
?? ??? ??? 
?	 ?? ??????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? 
??? ???
?	 ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ‘???? ???????’ ??? ??? ????????, ???????/???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? 
?? ??????? ????????? ???
?	 ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ‘??????? ?? ?????’ ?? ?????? ??? ???
?? ????? ?? ???????:
z	 ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? 
??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???
z	 ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????
z	 ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????
z	 ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
    
????? ?????? ??????:
z	 ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? (????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??)? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???
?	 ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????-?? ???? (Hut Bay) ???
z	 ?????????
?	 ????? ????? ?? ???? 120 ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? 1957 ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???
?	 ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???
z	 ??????? ??? ???????:
?	 ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ‘?? ?? ??????’ (Hut Bay Jetty) ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 
?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???
?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????
????? ??? ?????
2 ?????, 2021 ?? ???? ????????? ???? (World Wetland Day) ?? ???? ?? ????????, ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? 
??  ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? (National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management- NCSCM) ?? 
?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? (Centre for Wetland Conservation and Management- 
CWCM) ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???
z	 ??????? ???? 2 ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???
z	 2 ?????, 1971 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????  ????? ??????/?????? (Ramsar 
Convention) ?? ??????? ???? ??, ????? 50??? ???????? ????  2021 ???  ???? ?? ??? ???
z	 ???? 2021 ?? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??? '????????? ?? ??' (Wetlands and Water) ???
?????? ?????:
?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? (CWCM) ?? ?????:
z	 CWCM ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? 
??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
z	 ?? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? 
???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
z	 ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? 
z	 ?? ????? ????????? ????????????, ???? ??????????, ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ???? ?? ‘????? ??’ ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????
??????????:
z	 ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ????, ??????, ?????, ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? 
????, ???? ?? ???, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? (6 ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????) ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? 
???????-?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????
z	 ????????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? 6% ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 40% ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????
????????????? ?? ?????:
z	 ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????  ???, ??? 
?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????

	Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly 2209 docs\|810 tests

Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly

2209 docs|810 tests

Join Course for Free

Top Courses for UPSC

View all

Related Exams

UPSC

About this Document

	4.98/5 Rating
	Nov 22, 2024 Last updated

Document Description: Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation. The notes and questions for Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics like and Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Example, for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.

Introduction of Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in English is available as part of our Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly for UPSC & Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in Hindi for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly course. Download more important topics related with notes, lectures and mock test series for UPSC Exam by signing up for free. UPSC: Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly

Description

Full syllabus notes, lecture & questions for Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC | Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly | Best notes, free PDF download

Information about Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs

In this doc you can find the meaning of Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides explaining types of Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs tests, examples and also practice UPSC tests

	Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly 2209 docs\|810 tests

Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly

2209 docs|810 tests

Join Course for Free

Download as PDF

Explore Courses for UPSC exam

Top Courses for UPSC

Explore Courses

Signup for Free!

Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.

Start learning for Free

10M+ students study on EduRev

Free

Summary

Semester Notes

pdf

MCQs

past year papers

Important questions

Extra Questions

ppt

Objective type Questions

practice quizzes

Viva Questions

study material

Exam

Weekly & Monthly

video lectures

Weekly & Monthly

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

Weekly & Monthly

Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily

shortcuts and tricks

mock tests for examination

Sample Paper

Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily

;

Additional Information about Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC Preparation

Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Free PDF Download

The Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the UPSC exam. These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective. With the help of these notes, you can grasp complex subjects quickly, revise important points easily, and reinforce your understanding of key concepts. The study notes are presented in a concise and easy-to-understand manner, allowing you to optimize your learning process. Whether you're looking for best-recommended books, sample papers, study material, or toppers' notes, this PDF has got you covered. Download the Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs now and kickstart your journey towards success in the UPSC exam.

Importance of Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs

The importance of Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs cannot be overstated, especially for UPSC aspirants. This document holds the key to success in the UPSC exam. It offers a detailed understanding of the concept, providing invaluable insights into the topic. By knowing the concepts well in advance, students can plan their preparation effectively. Utilize this indispensable guide for a well-rounded preparation and achieve your desired results.

Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes

Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes offer in-depth insights into the specific topic to help you master it with ease. This comprehensive document covers all aspects related to Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs. It includes detailed information about the exam syllabus, recommended books, and study materials for a well-rounded preparation. Practice papers and question papers enable you to assess your progress effectively. Additionally, the paper analysis provides valuable tips for tackling the exam strategically. Access to Toppers' notes gives you an edge in understanding complex concepts. Whether you're a beginner or aiming for advanced proficiency, Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes on EduRev are your ultimate resource for success.

Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions

The "Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring students preparing for the UPSC exam. It focuses on providing a wide range of practice questions to help students gauge their understanding of the exam topics. These questions cover the entire syllabus, ensuring comprehensive preparation. The guide includes previous years' question papers for students to familiarize themselves with the exam's format and difficulty level. Additionally, it offers subject-specific question banks, allowing students to focus on weak areas and improve their performance.

Study Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs on the App

Students of UPSC can study Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs alongwith tests & analysis from the EduRev app, which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs, students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc. The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want. The content of Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is prepared as per the latest UPSC syllabus.

Education Revolution

Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days!

Access 1000+ FREE Docs, Videos and Tests

Continue with Google

Takes less than 10 seconds to signup