UPSC Exam > UPSC Notes > Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly > Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly PDF Download
| Download, print and study this document offline |
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
Page 1
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???- ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????
z 32,716 ??? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 55%) ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???, ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???, ?????? ??
??????? ????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ???????:
z ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
Page 2
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???- ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????
z 32,716 ??? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 55%) ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???, ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???, ?????? ??
??????? ????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ???????:
z ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
?????:
z ?????? ????? ??? ???:
? ????-???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1900 ?? 1950 ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???
z ??????????? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???
? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Sedimentation Science) ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??
??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???
? ?????/??? ?? ??? ??: ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (?????? ?? ?????) ????
?? ?? ????????? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
??????:
z ?? ?? ????:
? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????
?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ??????:
? ???? ??? ?? ‘???? (????) ???? ??? ??????’ ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??
???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????:
? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????/??? ?? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ?????
z ??? ?? ?????????:
? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2020 ??? ????, ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ???? 2015
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ???:
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??: ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????
??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???
Page 3
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???- ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????
z 32,716 ??? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 55%) ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???, ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???, ?????? ??
??????? ????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ???????:
z ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
?????:
z ?????? ????? ??? ???:
? ????-???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1900 ?? 1950 ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???
z ??????????? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???
? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Sedimentation Science) ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??
??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???
? ?????/??? ?? ??? ??: ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (?????? ?? ?????) ????
?? ?? ????????? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
??????:
z ?? ?? ????:
? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????
?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ??????:
? ???? ??? ?? ‘???? (????) ???? ??? ??????’ ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??
???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????:
? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????/??? ?? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ?????
z ??? ?? ?????????:
? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2020 ??? ????, ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ???? 2015
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ???:
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??: ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????
??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ???????
z ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???-??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
???
????????? ??? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????-???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??
???? ??? (Flash Flood) ?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
z ????????? ??? ??? 2013 ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???-??? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ?????
????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????:
z ?? ???? ??? ???? (Rishi Ganga) ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ?? ???
? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???
?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????:
z ??? ???? ???? ????????:
? ?? 130MW ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???
z ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????:
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? 520 ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???
z ?????-?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????
???? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ???? ???:
? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??
???? ???? ???
? ???? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???
z ????:
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?????, ???????????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??/?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??-??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??
????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????/
????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????
Page 4
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???- ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????
z 32,716 ??? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 55%) ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???, ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???, ?????? ??
??????? ????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ???????:
z ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
?????:
z ?????? ????? ??? ???:
? ????-???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1900 ?? 1950 ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???
z ??????????? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???
? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Sedimentation Science) ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??
??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???
? ?????/??? ?? ??? ??: ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (?????? ?? ?????) ????
?? ?? ????????? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
??????:
z ?? ?? ????:
? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????
?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ??????:
? ???? ??? ?? ‘???? (????) ???? ??? ??????’ ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??
???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????:
? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????/??? ?? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ?????
z ??? ?? ?????????:
? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2020 ??? ????, ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ???? 2015
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ???:
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??: ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????
??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ???????
z ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???-??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
???
????????? ??? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????-???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??
???? ??? (Flash Flood) ?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
z ????????? ??? ??? 2013 ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???-??? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ?????
????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????:
z ?? ???? ??? ???? (Rishi Ganga) ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ?? ???
? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???
?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????:
z ??? ???? ???? ????????:
? ?? 130MW ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???
z ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????:
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? 520 ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???
z ?????-?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????
???? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ???? ???:
? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??
???? ???? ???
? ???? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???
z ????:
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?????, ???????????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??/?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??-??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??
????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????/
????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????
???????
z ??????? ?? ???? ???:
? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????
???? ????
? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 10% ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ???????) ?? ????????? ??????? (??? ????)
?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ??????? ?? ???:
? ??????? ???:
? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??? (Proglacial Lake) ??? ????
?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
? ???:
? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?????
????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ???? ???
??????? ???????? ?? ??????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??
???
z ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????-?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????, ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????
?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???
?????????
???????:
z ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? (Vasudhara Tal) ?? ???? ???
?????????:
z ???????? (Dhauliganga), ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????,
?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ????
? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???
z ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????, ????, ?????????, ?????????? ?? ???? ?????-????? ?? ?? ???? ??
???????? ??? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???
z ???????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ????
????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
Page 5
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???- ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????
z 32,716 ??? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 55%) ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???, ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???, ?????? ??
??????? ????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ???????:
z ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
?????:
z ?????? ????? ??? ???:
? ????-???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1900 ?? 1950 ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???
z ??????????? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???
? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Sedimentation Science) ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??
??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???
? ?????/??? ?? ??? ??: ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (?????? ?? ?????) ????
?? ?? ????????? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
??????:
z ?? ?? ????:
? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????
?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ??????:
? ???? ??? ?? ‘???? (????) ???? ??? ??????’ ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??
???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????:
? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????/??? ?? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ?????
z ??? ?? ?????????:
? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2020 ??? ????, ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ???? 2015
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ???:
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??: ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????
??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ???????
z ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???-??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
???
????????? ??? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????-???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??
???? ??? (Flash Flood) ?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
z ????????? ??? ??? 2013 ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???-??? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ?????
????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????:
z ?? ???? ??? ???? (Rishi Ganga) ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ?? ???
? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???
?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????:
z ??? ???? ???? ????????:
? ?? 130MW ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???
z ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????:
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? 520 ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???
z ?????-?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????
???? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ???? ???:
? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??
???? ???? ???
? ???? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???
z ????:
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?????, ???????????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??/?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??-??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??
????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????/
????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????
???????
z ??????? ?? ???? ???:
? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????
???? ????
? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 10% ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ???????) ?? ????????? ??????? (??? ????)
?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ??????? ?? ???:
? ??????? ???:
? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??? (Proglacial Lake) ??? ????
?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
? ???:
? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?????
????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ???? ???
??????? ???????? ?? ??????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??
???
z ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????-?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????, ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????
?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???
?????????
???????:
z ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? (Vasudhara Tal) ?? ???? ???
?????????:
z ???????? (Dhauliganga), ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????,
?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ????
? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???
z ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????, ????, ?????????, ?????????? ?? ???? ?????-????? ?? ?? ???? ??
???????? ??? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???
z ???????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ????
????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
???? ???? ??????? ?????
????????:
z ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? 7,817 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
???? ???? ??????? ?????:
z ?????? ??? ???????? ???????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???
??????:
z ?? ?????? ?? ???? 1982 ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
z ??? ???? 1988 ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
?? ????? ?? ?????????:
z ???? ???? 312 ?????? ?? ?????????? (?????? 17 ?????? ?????????? ????? ???) ?? ??????, ?????, ???????????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????
????
????-?????:
z ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ??????, ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???-???? ??? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ?????? ???
????? ????? (Sadiya Earthquake) ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???
z ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????-?????? ????? ??? (Tuting-Tidding Suture Zone) ?? ??? ??, ????
?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????-????? ???? ?? ????? ???
?????? ?????
z ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology- WIHG) ?? ?????????? ?? ???????
?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? 1697 ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? (Department of Science and Technology- DST) ?? ???
WIHG ?? ??????? ?????? ???
z ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???-??? ?????? ?? ??????? (????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????-????? ???
???? 145 ????. ??? ????) ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????
?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???
? ??-????? (Aggradation) ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???
???? ???? ???
? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???
Read More
|
2218 docs|810 tests
|
Related Exams
About this Document
|
4.78/5 Rating |
|
Nov 22, 2024 Last updated |
Document Description: Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
The notes and questions for Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics
like and Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Example, for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.
Introduction of Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in English is available as part of our Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
for UPSC & Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in Hindi for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly course.
Download more important topics related with notes, lectures and mock test series for UPSC
Exam by signing up for free. UPSC: Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
Description
Full syllabus notes, lecture & questions for Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC | Plus excerises question with solution to help you revise complete syllabus for Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly | Best notes, free PDF download
Information about Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
In this doc you can find the meaning of Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs defined & explained in the simplest way possible. Besides explaining types of
Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs theory, EduRev gives you an ample number of questions to practice Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs tests, examples and also practice UPSC
tests
|
2218 docs|810 tests
|
Download as PDF
|
Explore Courses for UPSC exam
|
|
Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
Related Searches
Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,Semester Notes
,Previous Year Questions with Solutions
,study material
,video lectures
,Summary
,Exam
,past year papers
,Weekly & Monthly
,Sample Paper
,Viva Questions
,Weekly & Monthly
,practice quizzes
,Objective type Questions
,Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs | Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily
,Extra Questions
,Free
,MCQs
,Weekly & Monthly
,shortcuts and tricks
,mock tests for examination
,ppt
,Important questions
;
Additional Information about Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC Preparation
Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Free PDF Download
The Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the UPSC exam.
These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective.
With the help of these notes, you can grasp complex subjects quickly, revise important points easily,
and reinforce your understanding of key concepts. The study notes are presented in a concise and easy-to-understand manner,
allowing you to optimize your learning process. Whether you're looking for best-recommended books, sample papers, study material,
or toppers' notes, this PDF has got you covered. Download the Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs now and kickstart your journey towards success in the UPSC exam.
Importance of Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs
The importance of Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs cannot be overstated, especially for UPSC aspirants.
This document holds the key to success in the UPSC exam.
It offers a detailed understanding of the concept, providing invaluable insights into the topic.
By knowing the concepts well in advance, students can plan their preparation effectively.
Utilize this indispensable guide for a well-rounded preparation and achieve your desired results.
Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes
Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes offer in-depth insights into the specific topic to help you master it with ease.
This comprehensive document covers all aspects related to Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.
It includes detailed information about the exam syllabus, recommended books, and study materials for a well-rounded preparation.
Practice papers and question papers enable you to assess your progress effectively.
Additionally, the paper analysis provides valuable tips for tackling the exam strategically.
Access to Toppers' notes gives you an edge in understanding complex concepts.
Whether you're a beginner or aiming for advanced proficiency, Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes on EduRev are your ultimate resource for success.
Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions
The "Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs UPSC Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring students preparing for the
UPSC exam. It focuses on providing a wide range of practice questions to help students gauge
their understanding of the exam topics. These questions cover the entire syllabus, ensuring comprehensive preparation.
The guide includes previous years' question papers for students to familiarize themselves with the exam's format and difficulty level.
Additionally, it offers subject-specific question banks, allowing students to focus on weak areas and improve their performance.
Study Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs on the App
Students of UPSC can study Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs alongwith tests & analysis from the EduRev app,
which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs,
students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want.
The content of Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is prepared as per the latest UPSC syllabus.
|
© EduRev
|
Education Revolution
|
Follow Us
|
Signup to see your scores
go up within 7 days!
Access 1000+ FREE Docs, Videos and Tests
Takes less than 10 seconds to signup