Biosphere: Biomes | Zoology Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download

Defining Biomes

Classification of Biomes

The Evergreen Rainforest Biome

• Geographical Background: This biome extends around the equator and covers areas in South America, equatorial Africa, and Southeast Asian Islands. It experiences consistent high temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout the year.
• Natural Vegetation and Animal Life: The combination of heat and moisture fosters a remarkable diversity of plant species, including ebony, mahogany, and rosewood. Orchids, ferns, mosses, and herbs thrive at the ground level. This biome is home to numerous bird and mammal species, making it one of the most biologically rich environments globally.

• Human Response: Unfortunately, human activities, such as deforestation and mining, have begun to disrupt this fragile ecosystem, resulting in the decline and extinction of some species. The rainforest biome plays a crucial role in regulating global weather patterns, soil erosion, and river flooding, highlighting the importance of preserving it.

Temperate Grassland Biome

• Geographical Background: Temperate grasslands are found in both the northern and southern hemispheres, characterized by continental climates with distinct seasons. In the northern hemisphere, they stretch across Eurasia and North America, while in the southern hemisphere, they are located in the rain shadow areas of coastal mountains.
• Natural Vegetation and Animal Life: These grasslands are treeless, characterized by an abundance of grasses, mosses, lichens, and low shrubs. Animal species, such as antelopes, wild asses, and kangaroos, thrive in this biome.
• Human Response: The temperate grasslands have witnessed substantial changes due to human activities, including habitat destruction and the introduction of new species. The European settlement in Australia, for example, introduced sheep, altering the composition of native vegetation.

Arctic Tundra Biomes

• Geographical Background: Arctic tundra biomes are found in high-latitude regions of the northern hemisphere, particularly in areas like Northern Russia and Siberia. They endure extremely cold temperatures and minimal precipitation.

• Natural Vegetation and Animal Life: Tundras are dominated by dwarf plant species, including grasses, mosses, and lichens. Animal life is limited but includes reindeer, wolves, musk-ox, and arctic hares.
• Human Response: Indigenous tribes in these areas have transitioned from nomadic to more settled lifestyles. The discovery of valuable minerals has led to mining activities, causing pollution and environmental challenges in this delicate ecosystem.