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Breathing & Exchange of Gases PPT Biology Class 11

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 Page 1


Breathing and 
Exchange of 
Gases
Page 2


Breathing and 
Exchange of 
Gases
Introduction
Oxygen Utilization
Organisms use oxygen (O ¢) to 
break down glucose, amino 
acids, and fatty acids to obtain 
energy for various activities.
Carbon Dioxide Release
Harmful carbon dioxide (CO ¢) is 
released during these catabolic 
reactions.
Gas Exchange Necessity
Cells require continuous 
oxygen supply and must 
release the CO ¢ they produce.
Breathing Definition
This exchange of atmospheric 
O ¢ with cellular CO ¢ is called 
b r e a t h i n g or r e s p i r a t i o n.
Physical Observation
Breathing can be observed as chest movements.
Page 3


Breathing and 
Exchange of 
Gases
Introduction
Oxygen Utilization
Organisms use oxygen (O ¢) to 
break down glucose, amino 
acids, and fatty acids to obtain 
energy for various activities.
Carbon Dioxide Release
Harmful carbon dioxide (CO ¢) is 
released during these catabolic 
reactions.
Gas Exchange Necessity
Cells require continuous 
oxygen supply and must 
release the CO ¢ they produce.
Breathing Definition
This exchange of atmospheric 
O ¢ with cellular CO ¢ is called 
b r e a t h i n g or r e s p i r a t i o n.
Physical Observation
Breathing can be observed as chest movements.
Respiratory Organs
Lower Invertebrates
Lower invertebrates like 
sponges, coelenterates, 
flatworms, etc. exchange O ¢ 
with CO ¢ by simple diffusion 
over their entire body surface.
Earthworms
Earthworms use their moist 
cuticle for respiration.
Insects
Insects have a network of tubes 
called tracheal tubes to 
transport atmospheric air 
within the body.
Page 4


Breathing and 
Exchange of 
Gases
Introduction
Oxygen Utilization
Organisms use oxygen (O ¢) to 
break down glucose, amino 
acids, and fatty acids to obtain 
energy for various activities.
Carbon Dioxide Release
Harmful carbon dioxide (CO ¢) is 
released during these catabolic 
reactions.
Gas Exchange Necessity
Cells require continuous 
oxygen supply and must 
release the CO ¢ they produce.
Breathing Definition
This exchange of atmospheric 
O ¢ with cellular CO ¢ is called 
b r e a t h i n g or r e s p i r a t i o n.
Physical Observation
Breathing can be observed as chest movements.
Respiratory Organs
Lower Invertebrates
Lower invertebrates like 
sponges, coelenterates, 
flatworms, etc. exchange O ¢ 
with CO ¢ by simple diffusion 
over their entire body surface.
Earthworms
Earthworms use their moist 
cuticle for respiration.
Insects
Insects have a network of tubes 
called tracheal tubes to 
transport atmospheric air 
within the body.
Respiratory Organs in different Organisms
Fishes
Fishes use gills for respiration, 
which are specialized organs 
that extract oxygen from water.
Terrestrial Vertebrates
Amphibians, reptiles, birds, 
and mammals respire through 
lungs, though their structure 
and complexity vary across 
species.
Amphibians
Frogs (amphibians) can also 
respire through their moist skin 
(cutaneous respiration), 
allowing gas exchange directly 
through the skin surface.
Page 5


Breathing and 
Exchange of 
Gases
Introduction
Oxygen Utilization
Organisms use oxygen (O ¢) to 
break down glucose, amino 
acids, and fatty acids to obtain 
energy for various activities.
Carbon Dioxide Release
Harmful carbon dioxide (CO ¢) is 
released during these catabolic 
reactions.
Gas Exchange Necessity
Cells require continuous 
oxygen supply and must 
release the CO ¢ they produce.
Breathing Definition
This exchange of atmospheric 
O ¢ with cellular CO ¢ is called 
b r e a t h i n g or r e s p i r a t i o n.
Physical Observation
Breathing can be observed as chest movements.
Respiratory Organs
Lower Invertebrates
Lower invertebrates like 
sponges, coelenterates, 
flatworms, etc. exchange O ¢ 
with CO ¢ by simple diffusion 
over their entire body surface.
Earthworms
Earthworms use their moist 
cuticle for respiration.
Insects
Insects have a network of tubes 
called tracheal tubes to 
transport atmospheric air 
within the body.
Respiratory Organs in different Organisms
Fishes
Fishes use gills for respiration, 
which are specialized organs 
that extract oxygen from water.
Terrestrial Vertebrates
Amphibians, reptiles, birds, 
and mammals respire through 
lungs, though their structure 
and complexity vary across 
species.
Amphibians
Frogs (amphibians) can also 
respire through their moist skin 
(cutaneous respiration), 
allowing gas exchange directly 
through the skin surface.
Human Respiratory System
External Nostrils
The human respiratory 
system starts with a pair 
of external nostrils 
opening out above the 
upper lips.
Nasal Chamber
It leads to a nasal 
chamber through the 
nasal passage.
Pharynx
The nasal chamber opens 
into the pharynx, a 
portion of which is the 
common passage for 
food and air.
Larynx
The pharynx opens 
through the larynx into 
the trachea. The larynx is 
a cartilaginous box which 
helps in sound production 
and is hence called the 
sound box.
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FAQs on Breathing & Exchange of Gases PPT Biology Class 11

1. What is the process of breathing?
Ans. Breathing is the process by which air is taken into and expelled out of the lungs. It involves the inhalation of oxygen-rich air and the exhalation of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles play a crucial role in the process of breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity.
2. How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Ans. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs through a process called diffusion. Oxygen from the inhaled air passes through the thin walls of the alveoli (tiny air sacs) into the surrounding capillaries, where it binds to red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide, produced as a waste product in the body, diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled.
3. What is the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange?
Ans. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that plays a crucial role in gas exchange. It binds to oxygen molecules in the lungs, forming oxyhemoglobin, which can be transported to body tissues. In the tissues, hemoglobin releases oxygen and binds to carbon dioxide, forming carbaminohemoglobin, which is then transported back to the lungs to be exhaled.
4. How does the respiratory system regulate the exchange of gases?
Ans. The respiratory system regulates the exchange of gases through various mechanisms. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is one of the main factors that determine the rate and depth of breathing. When carbon dioxide levels increase, chemoreceptors in the brain and blood vessels detect the change and stimulate an increase in the breathing rate to remove excess carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen.
5. What are some common respiratory disorders affecting gas exchange?
Ans. Some common respiratory disorders that can affect gas exchange include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and emphysema. These conditions can restrict airflow, damage lung tissue, or cause inflammation, leading to impaired gas exchange and difficulties in breathing. Treatment options for these disorders depend on the specific condition and may involve medications, inhalers, or lifestyle changes.
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