Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Case Based Questions - Contemporary India - II

Q1: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of economic development. They modernize agriculture by providing essential tools like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, and pesticides. Industrial development also reduces unemployment and poverty by creating job opportunities in both the secondary and tertiary sectors. Additionally, the export of manufactured goods helps in earning foreign exchange, making a country economically stronger.

i. How do manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture? (1 mark)
ii. Why is industrial development important for reducing unemployment? (1 mark)
ii. Explain how exports of manufactured goods contribute to economic growth. (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Manufacturing industries produce irrigation pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery that help improve agricultural productivity.
ii. Industrial development creates jobs in factories, transportation, and services, reducing unemployment and poverty.
iii. Exports of manufactured goods contribute to economic growth by bringing in foreign exchange, which strengthens a country’s financial reserves. This boosts international trade, enhances the country’s global standing, and stimulates further industrial and economic development, leading to overall progress.

Q2: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Industries can be classified based on different criteria:

• Raw material source: Agro-based (cotton, jute, sugar) and Mineral-based (iron & steel, aluminum).
• Role in the economy: Basic industries (supply materials to other industries, e.g., iron & steel) and Consumer industries (produce goods for direct consumption, e.g., sugar, paper).
• Ownership: Public sector (government-owned, e.g., BHEL), Private sector (individually owned, e.g., TISCO), Joint sector (owned by both government and private, e.g., Oil India Ltd.), and Cooperative sector (owned by producers/workers, e.g., Amul).
• Bulk and weight: Heavy industries (iron & steel) and Light industries (electronics).

i. Give one example of an agro-based and a mineral-based industry. (1 mark)
ii. What is the difference between public sector and private sector industries? (1 mark)
iii. How do basic industries support economic growth? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Agro-based: Cotton textile; Mineral-based: Iron & steel.
ii. Public sector industries are owned by the government (e.g., BHEL), while private sector industries are owned by individuals or private companies (e.g., TISCO).
iii. Basic industries support economic growth by producing raw materials, tools, and machinery that are essential for the functioning and development of other industries. For example, iron and steel industries supply materials for construction, manufacturing, and infrastructure projects, thereby fostering industrial expansion and overall economic progress.

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Q3: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

The textile industry is one of India’s largest industries, contributing to industrial production, employment, and exports. India is a leading producer of cotton textiles, which were traditionally produced through hand spinning and handloom weaving. However, during the colonial period, Indian textiles suffered due to competition from British mill-made cloth. Today, major textile hubs include Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.

i. Why is the textile industry important to India’s economy? (1 mark)
ii. How did the colonial period affect Indian textile industries? (1 mark)
iii. Why is the cotton textile industry concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. The textile industry generates employment, contributes to exports, and supports agriculture.
ii. During the colonial period, cheap British mill-made cloth replaced Indian handloom products, leading to a decline in local industries.
iii. The cotton textile industry is concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to favorable climatic conditions for cotton cultivation, availability of raw cotton, access to skilled labor, and well-developed transport facilities like ports and railways, which facilitate production and distribution.

Q4: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

The iron and steel industry is known as the "backbone of industrial development" because all other industries depend on it for machinery, tools, and construction materials. Major steel plants in India are located in Jharkhand (Bokaro), Odisha (Rourkela), Chhattisgarh (Bhilai), and West Bengal (Durgapur) due to the availability of iron ore, coal, limestone, and cheap labor.

i. Why is the iron and steel industry considered the backbone of industrial development? (1 mark)
ii. Name two states with major iron and steel plants in India. (1 mark)
iii. What factors determine the location of iron and steel industries? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. The iron and steel industry provides raw materials for construction, machinery, and defense industries.
ii. Two states with major iron and steel plants in India are Jharkhand (Bokaro) and Odisha (Rourkela).
iii. The location of iron and steel industries depends on factors such as the availability of raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone, access to water supply, availability of cheap labor, proximity to transportation facilities (like railways and roads), and energy sources for production.

Q5: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Industries contribute to economic growth, but they also cause pollution in various forms: Air pollution, Water pollution, Land pollution, and Noise pollution.
To control environmental degradation, industries must recycle waste, use cleaner technologies, and treat industrial effluents before releasing them into water bodies.

i. Name two types of industrial pollution. (1 mark)
ii. How does water pollution affect the environment? (1 mark)
iii. Suggest two measures to reduce industrial pollution. (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Air pollution and water pollution are two significant types of industrial pollution.
ii. Water pollution kills aquatic life, contaminates drinking water, and leads to health problems in humans and animals.
iii. Two measures to reduce industrial pollution are:

• Treating industrial waste and effluents before discharging them into water bodies to prevent contamination.
• Using eco-friendly fuels and adopting cleaner production methods to minimize emissions and waste generation.

Q6: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Industries play a crucial role in a country’s economic growth. They contribute to national income, employment generation, and infrastructure development. Manufacturing industries help in reducing dependence on agricultural employment and increase exports, which strengthens the economy. Countries with well-developed industries have higher per capita income and improved standards of living.

i. How do industries help in reducing dependence on agriculture? (1 mark)
ii. Why do industrially developed countries have a high per capita income? (1 mark)
iii. Explain two ways in which industries contribute to economic growth. (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Industries create alternative employment opportunities in manufacturing and services, reducing over-dependence on agriculture.
ii. Industrialized countries have higher per capita income due to better job opportunities, increased production, and higher exports.
iii. Industries contribute to economic growth by:

• Generating employment in factories, services, and transportation, which reduces unemployment and poverty.

  Increasing exports, earning foreign exchange, and improving the trade balance, which strengthens the economy and supports sustainable development.

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Q7: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

The automobile industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in India. It manufactures cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and tractors. Major automobile hubs include Gurgaon (Haryana), Pune (Maharashtra), and Chennai (Tamil Nadu). This industry contributes significantly to employment and exports, making India one of the largest automobile producers in the world.

i. Name any two major automobile hubs in India. (1 mark)
ii. Why is the automobile industry important for India’s economy? (1 mark)
iii. What factors have contributed to the growth of the automobile industry in India? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Gurgaon (Haryana) and Pune (Maharashtra) are two major automobile hubs in India.
ii. The automobile industry provides employment, supports infrastructure development, and contributes to exports.
iii. Factors contributing to the automobile industry's growth:

• Availability of skilled labor and raw materials, which reduce production costs and improve efficiency.
• Growing demand in both domestic and international markets, driven by rising consumer purchasing power and export opportunities.

Q8: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

India has emerged as a global leader in the Information Technology (IT) industry. IT hubs like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Pune provide software development, data analytics, and IT-enabled services. This industry has created millions of jobs and contributed significantly to India's foreign exchange earnings. Government initiatives like Digital India and IT parks have further boosted this sector.

i. Which city is known as the "Silicon Valley of India"? (1 mark)
ii. How does the IT industry contribute to India’s economy? (1 mark)
iii. What factors have contributed to the growth of the IT industry in India? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Bengaluru is known as the "Silicon Valley of India."
ii. The IT industry generates employment, boosts exports, and earns foreign exchange.
iii. Factors for IT industry growth:

• A skilled workforce and proficiency in English, which make India a preferred destination for global IT services.
• Government support through initiatives like IT parks, Digital India, and favorable policies that promote technological infrastructure and innovation.

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Q9: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

The aluminium industry is essential for transportation, construction, and electrical industries. Aluminium is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and a good conductor of electricity. India has rich bauxite reserves, mainly found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand. The largest aluminium-producing companies in India are NALCO and BALCO.

i. Which mineral is used for producing aluminium? (1 mark)
ii. Name two states in India with major bauxite reserves. (1 mark)
iii. Why is aluminium preferred over iron in industries? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Bauxite is used for producing aluminium.
ii. Two states in India with major bauxite reserves are Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
iii. Aluminium is preferred over iron in industries because it is lighter, corrosion-resistant, and a better conductor of electricity. These properties make it ideal for use in aircraft, vehicles, electrical wiring, and construction, where strength and durability are required without added weight.

Q10: Read the source below and answer the questions that follow:

Industrial development is essential for economic growth, but unsustainable practices lead to pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. To ensure sustainable industrial development, industries should adopt:

• Eco-friendly production methods.
• Waste management and recycling.
• Energy-efficient technologies.
  Many industries now use solar and wind energy, reduce emissions, and follow strict environmental regulations.

i. What is meant by sustainable industrial development? (1 mark)
ii. Name two ways industries can reduce environmental pollution. (1 mark)
iii. Why should industries shift towards renewable energy sources? (2 marks)

Ans:
i. Sustainable industrial development means economic growth without harming the environment and conserving resources for the future.
ii. Two ways industries can reduce environmental pollution are:

• Implementing waste management practices, such as recycling and proper disposal of industrial waste.
• Adopting cleaner production technologies to minimize emissions and resource wastage.

iii. Industries should shift towards renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy because they help reduce carbon emissions, combat climate change, and lower long-term energy costs. Additionally, renewable energy ensures sustainable energy security by reducing dependence on finite fossil fuels.