Chalcolithic Culture | Anthropology Optional for UPSC PDF Download

Introduction

The end of the Neolithic period saw the use of metals. Several cultures were based on the use of copper and stone implements.

• Such a culture is called Chalcolithic and as the name indicates, during the Chalcolithic (Chalco = Copper and Lithic = Stone) period, both metal and stone were utilised for the manufacture of the equipment in day-to-day life.
• The Chalcolithic cultures followed the Bronze Age Harappa culture.
• It spanned around 2500 BC to 700 BC.

Salient Features: The Chalcolithic culture of a region was defined according to certain salient features seen in ceramics and other cultural equipment like copper artefacts, beads of semi-precious stones, stone tools and terracotta figurines.

Characteristics

• Rural Settlements: The people were mostly rural and lived near hills and rivers.
  • The people of Chalcolithic Age survived on hunting, fishing, and farming
• Regional Differences: Regional differences in social structure, cereals and pottery become visible.
• Migration: Migration and diffusion of population groups were often cited as causes for the origin of different cultures within the Chalcolithic period.
• First Metal Age of India: Since this was the first metal age, copper and its alloy bronze which melt at low temperature were used for the manufacture of various objects during this period.
• Art and Craft: The specialty of the Chalcolithic culture was wheel made pottery mostly of red and orange colour.
  • Different types of pottery were used by the people of the Chalcolithic phase. The Black-and-Red pottery among them was quite common.
  • The Ochre-Coloured Pottery(OCP) was also in use.
    

Excavation at Eran during 2020-21

• Eran (ancient Airikina) is situated on the left bank of the Bina (ancient Venva) river and surrounded by it on three sides.
  • Bina river is a river that flows in Madhya Pradesh state of India. It is a chief tributary of the Betwa river, which is itself a tributary of the Yamuna river.
• Eran is located 75 km north-west from Sagar district headquarter.
• The recent excavation at this site, during 2020-21, has unearthed a variety of antiquities including a copper coin, an iron arrowhead, terracotta bead, stone beads along with a copper coins, stone celt, beads of steatite and jasper, glass, carnelian, terracotta wheel, animal figurines, miniature pots, iron objects, stone querns, pestles and a red slipped terracotta with inscription in Devnagari.
• The occurrence of few specimens of plain, thin grey ware is noteworthy.
• The use of iron was evidenced by few metallic objects at the site.
• This excavation at the site also revealed the remains of Chalcolithic culture with four major periods i.e.
  • Period I: Chalcolithic (18^th -7^th BCE),
  • Period II: Early historic (7^th– 2^nd century BCE & 2nd century BCE – 1st century CE),
  • Period III: 1^st – 6^th century CE
  • Period IV: late mediaeval (16^th – 18^th century CE).

Excavation at Tewar during 2020-21

• Tewar (Tripuri) village is located 12 km west of Jabalpur district on Jabalpur – Bhopal highway.
• This excavation revealed four folds of cultural sequences i.e. Kushana, Shunga, Satavahana, and Kalachuri.
• Antiquarian remains in this excavation include viz remains of sculptures, hopscotch, terracotta balls, Iron nails, copper coins, terracotta beads, implements of Iron and terracotta figurine, in ceramics red ware, black ware, red slipped ware with shapes of handi, bowl, spouted pot, small pot, big jar, etc., structural remains consist of brick wall and structure of sandstone columns.

Conclusion

• The Chalcolithic period, spanning from 2500 BC to 700 BC, marked a significant era in the history of human civilization, characterized by the use of both copper and stone in daily life. This period marked the beginning of metal usage in India, with copper and its alloy bronze being the primary materials used. The Chalcolithic culture displayed regional differences and featured wheel-made pottery, rural settlements, and a reliance on hunting, fishing, and farming.
• Recent excavations at Eran and Tewar have revealed valuable insights into the Chalcolithic culture and subsequent periods. In Eran, artifacts such as copper coins, iron arrowheads, and terracotta figurines were discovered, along with evidence of iron usage. The site's cultural history was separated into four major periods, ranging from Chalcolithic to late medieval times. Similarly, the excavation at Tewar uncovered a variety of artifacts and revealed four distinct cultural sequences, including the Kushana, Shunga, Satavahana, and Kalachuri periods. These findings contribute to our understanding of the Chalcolithic period and its role in shaping the course of human history.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Chalcolithic Culture

What is the Chalcolithic period, and when did it span?

The Chalcolithic period, also known as the Copper-Stone Age, was a time when both metal (copper) and stone were used for the manufacture of daily life equipment. The Chalcolithic cultures followed the Bronze Age Harappa culture and spanned around 2500 BC to 700 BC.

What were the main characteristics of the Chalcolithic culture?

Some of the main characteristics of the Chalcolithic culture include rural settlements near hills and rivers, regional differences in social structures and pottery, migration and diffusion of population groups, the use of copper and bronze, and the production of wheel-made pottery in various types and colors.

What were the significant findings from the recent excavations at Eran and Tewar in India?

The recent excavation at Eran unearthed a variety of antiquities, including copper coins, iron arrowheads, terracotta beads, stone beads, and a red slipped terracotta with inscription in Devnagari. It also revealed the remains of Chalcolithic culture with four major periods. The excavation at Tewar revealed four cultural sequences: Kushana, Shunga, Satavahana, and Kalachuri. Antiquarian remains at Tewar include sculptures, hopscotch, terracotta balls, iron nails, copper coins, terracotta beads, iron implements, and terracotta figurines, among others.