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1. What is the ideal gas law and how is it used in chemistry?
Ans. The ideal gas law is a mathematical relationship between the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas. It is represented by the equation PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature. This equation is used to calculate the values of these variables when the others are known, and it provides a useful tool for studying the behavior of gases under different conditions.
2. How does a catalyst affect a chemical reaction?
Ans. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It works by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction with a lower activation energy. By lowering the energy barrier, the catalyst allows the reactants to more easily reach the transition state and form the products. This results in a faster reaction rate. Catalysts are widely used in industrial processes to increase the efficiency of chemical reactions.
3. What is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction?
Ans. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases heat to the surroundings. It is characterized by a negative change in enthalpy (∆H < 0) and an increase in temperature of the surroundings. In contrast, an endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings. It is characterized by a positive change in enthalpy (∆H > 0) and a decrease in temperature of the surroundings. Exothermic reactions often feel warm or hot, while endothermic reactions feel cold.
4. How does pH affect the properties of a solution?
Ans. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. A lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of H+ ions and a more acidic solution, while a higher pH value indicates a lower concentration of H+ ions and a more basic solution. The pH of a solution can affect its chemical properties, such as the reactivity of ions, the solubility of compounds, and the ability to conduct electricity.
5. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
Ans. A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance without forming new substances. Examples of physical changes include changes in state (such as melting, freezing, or vaporization), changes in shape or size, and changes in density. In contrast, a chemical change is a change that results in the formation of new substances with different chemical properties. Examples of chemical changes include combustion, rusting, and the reaction between acids and bases. Chemical changes are usually accompanied by noticeable energy changes and the formation of new bonds.
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