Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Previous Year Questions - Development

Ans: (a)

A country with a lower numerical HDI rank (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.) is considered to have a higher position in global HDI rankings. The explanation states that Country ‘C’ has an HDI rank of 148, which does not make it "highly ranked." Instead, it implies lower human development compared to countries with higher numerical ranks. Thus, the answer provided is inconsistent with the logic of the HDI ranking system.

Ans: (b)
The literacy rate refers to the proportion of people aged seven years and above who can read and write in a population. Option (b) is the correct answer because it describes literacy in terms of people’s ability to read and write above a certain age.

Ans: (c)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a key indicator used to measure a country’s development. It represents the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a specific time period, showing how economically strong or weak the country is. This makes option (c) the correct answer.

Ans: The World Bank's criteria for measuring development are based on 'income' only. UNDP in the Human Development Report published by the Human Development Report, considers the following criteria.
(1) Betterment of the health of people
(2) Higher Educational level
(3) Higher per capita income

Ans: (a)
To find the average income, you add the incomes of all the families and divide by the number of families. Here, the total income is ₹10,000 + ₹20,000 + ₹30,000 + ₹40,000 = ₹1,00,000, and there are 4 families. So, the average income is ₹1,00,000 ÷ 4 = ₹25,000, making option (a) the correct answer.

Ans: People have different developmental goals because they come from different backgrounds. For example, a developmental goal for a farmer might be better irrigation facilities, while for an unemployed youth it may mean employment opportunities.

Ans: (b)
Life expectancy at birth refers to the average number of years a newborn is expected to live. Among the listed countries, Bangladesh has the highest life expectancy due to improvements in healthcare and living conditions, making option (b) the correct answer.

Ans: (c)
The Human Development Index (HDI) measures a country's overall achievement in health, education, and income. India has a better HDI rank compared to Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Nepal due to its larger economy, better educational facilities, and healthcare improvements, making option (c) the correct answer.

Ans: (a)
The Net Attendance Ratio tells us the percentage of children attending school. To find the Net Absence Ratio, subtract the Net Attendance Ratio from 100. For Haryana, the Net Attendance Ratio is 61, so the Net Absence Ratio is 100 - 61 = 39. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Ans: (a)
Human Development is measured by a composite index created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) using parameters like longevity, literacy, and per capita income, which are correctly stated in statements I and II. Statement III is not entirely accurate as the rankings are not just divided into "Developed" and "Low Developing" countries. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Ans: The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of development. For example:

• Sustainable development has continued to evolve as the true agenda of protecting the world's resources while its true agenda is to control the world's resources.
  
• Environmentally sustainable economic growth refers to economic development that meets the needs of all without leaving future generations with fewer natural resources than those we enjoy today.
  
• The essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as our own.
  
• Example: Crude oil that we extract from the earth is a non-renewable resource. Still, its explorations are being done non-judiciously.

Ans: (a)
For factory workers, a primary developmental goal is better wages, as it directly improves their standard of living and provides economic security. Higher wages allow them to meet their needs and improve their quality of life. The other options, such as more hours of work or more labor work, do not necessarily align with workers' goals for development, as these may lead to greater physical strain without necessarily improving their financial or living conditions. Better technology might be beneficial but is more relevant to productivity rather than directly addressing workers' personal developmental goals.
Therefore, the correct answer is (a) Better wages.

Ans: (c)
Sol: Suppose the income of fourth family is x. According to question.

⇒ x + 28000 = 40000
⇒ x = ₹12000

Ans: Development means continuous progress or i increase in real per-capita income. In other words, there is i improvement in economic welfare of the people and their standard of living.
The four characteristics of development are:
(i) Developmental goals are different for different people.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
(iii) For development people look at a mix of goals.
(iv) Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of country's development.

Ans: The World Bank uses per capita income to measure the development. But it does not give the clear picture about the condition of the people in the country.
That is why UNDP has adopted Human Development index. The Human Development Index (HDI) is based on:
(i) Per capita income: When the total national income of the country is divided by its population, we get the per capita income.
(ii) Life expectancy: It measures the average age of a person in a country. It helps us to know the health facilities of the country.
(iii) Literacy rate: Education is also one of the most important criteria for the development of a country.
(iv) Gross enrollment ratio: It measures the education gained at three levels—at the primary, secondary and higher education level.

Ans: (c)
Given:
The average per capita income of the four families is 10,000.
The incomes of three families are 6,000, 8,000, and 14,000.
To find the income of the fourth family, we can set up the equation as follows:
Total income of all four families = Average income × Number of families
= $10,000\times 4=40,000=\; 10,000\; \backslash times\; 4\; =\; 40,000$
Sum of incomes of the first three families = 6,000 + 8,000 + 14,000 = $28,000$
Income of the fourth family = Total income - Sum of incomes of the first three families
=40,000 − 28,000 = 12,000
Therefore, the income of the fourth family is (c) 12,000.

Ans: (a)
Assertion (A): Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate. This statement is true. Kerala consistently reports one of the lowest infant mortality rates in India.
Reason (R): Kerala has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities. This statement is also true. Kerala’s low infant mortality rate is largely due to its robust healthcare infrastructure, high literacy rate, and strong emphasis on maternal and child health services.
Since the adequate provision of health and education facilities directly contributes to the low infant mortality rate in Kerala, (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Thus, the correct answer is (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Ans: (c)
Sol: Farmers who depending on rain for growing crops - Assured a higher support prices for their crops.

Ans: Development means continuous progress or i increase in real per-capita income. In other words, there is i improvement in economic welfare of the people and their standard of living.
The four characteristics of development are:
(i) Developmental goals are different for different people.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other.
(iii) For development people look at a mix of goals.
(iv) Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of country's development.

Ans: Different people have different development goals:
(i) People have different developmental goals because people come from different background.
(ii) Different people have different dreams and aspirations.
(iii) People set their goals according to the changing circumstances and the prevailing situation
(iv) People may change the goal with the change in situation which could be contradictory to previous goal
(v) For example: A person willing to do higher education will change his goal go for employment because weak economic situation of the family.

Ans: Per capita income measures the average income earned per person in a given area in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.

Ans: Literacy rate is defined as the percentage of the population of a given age group (7 and above) that can read and write.

Ans: In comparison to Kerala, Bihar has the highest infant mortality rate.

Ans: When the average income of a country is not being increased over time, but the records of the National Income show a rise it is a situation of unequal distribution of income.

Ans: (i) Increasing educational level of the people.
(ii) Increasing their health status.
(iii) Increasing people per capital income.

Ans: The three ways to maintain Body Mass Index (BMI) are:

• It is important to exercise at least 60-90 minutes most days of the week.
  
• Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet.
  
• Avoid fast food and oily food.

Ans: The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the passage of time the generation changes and with this change society wants more and more benefits from the resources which are present in our nature. Because of the increasing needs ol people of our society, things are decaying day by day, an excessive use is making things worse. If the speed of using resources remains the same then the available resources will be exhausted soon and our coming generation will stay deprived of all kind of needs. The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the following reasons:
(a) The growth and development should be done by keeping in mind future usage.
(b) If resources are not sustained, then our natural resources will stagnate after some time and no upcoming generation will be able to take advantage of these natural resources.

Ans: It is felt that the economic growth and industrialisation have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability promotes a rational use of natural resources.
(i) Currently, reckless exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is going on. Since the stock of natural resources like oil and minerals is limited, development should not take place at the cost of these scare natural resources as they are not renewable in the near future.
(ii) Ground water is an example of renewable resource. But if we use more than what is replenished by nature, then we would be overusing this resource.
(iii) Once the non-renewable resources would be exhausted, we would not be able to use them in future. So, using the resources judiciously will help in maintaining the sustainability of development of our ecosystem.
(iv) Economic development is a continuous process. Resources are to be used in such a way that they are not exploited. At the same time, development should not harm the environment.

Ans: Capacity building and establishing of food processing units in semi-rural areas can help create employment in semi-rural areas.

Ans: Public facilities are the base for any development in a country. Three ways to improve public facilities in India are: 
(1) Accessible and affordable education must be ensured to all the children of the country, irrespective of their caste, class or gender. More government and public schools should be opened, tuition fee should be reduced and education must be made free up to elementary level.
(2) Public Distribution system should be reformed to include people from the remotest of areas. Corruption in the distribution system should be checked and the food grains provided should be rigorously monitored for quality. 
(3) Health facilities should be made free to children below 10 years of age and senior citizens, disadvantaged classes etc

Ans: A goal of landless rural laborers regarding their income may be to have more days of work and better wages.

Ans: A goal of a prosperous farmer in Punjab may be to have better irrigation facilities. They may also aspire to send their children to better schools and look for better yielding crop varieties.

Ans: A developmental goal of urban unemployed youth may be to get employed with a good salary package. They may also seek job opportunities that match their qualifications and requirements.

Ans: Consequences of environment degradation do not respect national or state boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or national issue. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development Is essential for all the mankind, and it is our common responsibility to save the environment. These days, it is a matter of discussion among different countries of world. Global warming, acid rain etc. are not bound to a country and cannot be controlled by one nation. It is a global matter for thinking and finding the solutions

Ans: The ideal developmental goals of a girl who belongs to a rich urban family may be getting the same freedom as her brother to pursue higher studies and earn accolades and wealth.

Ans: Weight of person in kg and height in metres is taken. Divide the weight by the square of the height.

Ans: Average income is considered an important criterion for development because it represents the total income of a country divided by the total population. If the average income is adequate to meet the basic requirements and provide other facilities, then the country is considered developed.

Ans: Kerala has a low infant mortality rate due to the high development of education and health facilities in the state.

Ans: On the basis of the following three indicators of HDI 2004, Sri Lanka has a better rank than India:

• Life expectancy
  
• Gross enrollment ratio
  
• Per capita income 

Ans: Development refers to progress or improvement in lifestyle. Important aspects of development are:

• Different persons can have different developmental goals.
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. 

Ans: Average income refers to the total income of a nation (GDP) divided by its population, also known as per capita income. It is an essential measure for classifying countries as developed, underdeveloped, or developing.
Importance of average income:

• Average income helps in understanding the economic well-being of a nation and its citizens. It assists in identifying disparities between countries and assessing their overall development.

Limitations of average income as a measure of development:

• Inflation bias: An increase in per capita income can be misleading if it is due to rising prices rather than an actual increase in physical output.
• Income distribution: Despite rising national income, if the distribution is unequal, it may lead to the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer.
• Exclusion of non-marketed goods: Average income fails to consider non-market activities that contribute to human happiness and quality of life.
• Labor displacement: Technological advancements that lead to labor displacement and adversely affect the poor may still result in increased average income.
• Population growth: If the rate of population growth exceeds the rate of national income growth, per capita availability of goods and services may decrease, affecting economic welfare.
• Non-monetary contributions: Some commodities, like salt or needle, may have a higher contribution to economic welfare than their monetary value included in national income calculations.

Ans: The World Bank primarily uses per capita income as the criterion for classifying different countries.
Limitations of using per capita income for classification:

• Narrow focus: Per capita income only considers the economic aspect of life and disregards social factors such as education, health, and life expectancy.
• Inequality: It hides disparities within countries, as a small population in wealthy Middle Eastern countries may skew the per capita income, while a significant population remains poor.
• Rich-poor division: Countries are divided into rich, and poor based on per capita income, oversimplifying the complex reality of development.
• Lack of holistic assessment: The World Bank's classification focuses solely on income, overlooking other crucial aspects of development.
• Arbitrary thresholds: The classification uses specific income thresholds, such as $49,300 per annum for rich countries and $2,500 or less for low-income or poor countries, which may not capture the full range of economic and social conditions. 

Ans: The average person in Punjab may have a higher income compared to the average person in Kerala, but this does not necessarily imply a higher level of development in other crucial areas. There are several reasons for this discrepancy.
Firstly, income alone is not a comprehensive measure of development. Kerala has made significant progress in areas such as education and healthcare, which contribute to overall development. The state has a higher literacy rate and better access to healthcare facilities compared to Punjab.
Secondly, Kerala has implemented effective social welfare programs and initiatives that prioritize human development. For example, the state has invested in quality education and healthcare, leading to better outcomes in terms of literacy, life expectancy, and overall well-being.
Lastly, Punjab may face challenges in terms of inadequate investments in social sectors and a lack of emphasis on human development. While income may be higher, the overall quality of life and access to essential services may be lower in Punjab compared to Kerala.
Therefore, it is important to consider multiple indicators of development, including education, healthcare, and overall well-being, rather than focusing solely on income, to assess the true level of development in a region.

Ans: For development, people look at a mix of goals, for example:

• People have different developmental goals because people come from different background.
  
• Different people have different dreams and aspirations.
  
• People set their goals according to the changing circumstances and the prevailing situation
  
• People may change the goal with the change in situation which could be contradictory to the previous goal
  
• For example: A person willing to do higher education will change his goal to go for employment because of the weak economic situation of the family.
  

Ans: The quality of life depends upon the following factors:

• Money and material things
  
• Presence of family members, friends, and relatives
  
• Good working atmosphere at the office
  
• An opportunity to learn and contribute
  
• A position of self-respect in the family
  
• A safe and secure environment.
  

Ans: The three components of the Human Development Index are:

• It includes the level of development of a country.
  
• It indicates how far a country has traveled and how far it has yet to travel to achieve high ranks in matters such as the per capita income of the people.
  
• It includes important welfare elements such as life expectancy, literacy, educational level of people, and health status.
  

Ans: The three efforts which could be made by any country to improve its HDI are:

• Improvement in human capacity through education and healthcare that will result in:
  
• Providing 100% literacy to the people.
  
• Improving health facilities.
  
• Creating a pollution-free environment.

Ans: Sustainable development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generations.
The issue of sustainability is important and desirable for development because:

• Economic development is a continuous process. Hence resources should not be exploited. At the same time, development should not harm the environment.
• It is desirable because everyone would certainly like the present level of development to go further or at least be maintained for future generations.

Ans: National development refers to a nation's ability to improve the standard of living and well-being of its population.
Aspects covered under national development include:

• Economic awareness: Increasing the economic knowledge and awareness of the population.
• Agricultural outputs: Enhancing agricultural production and productivity.
• Poverty eradication: Focusing on strategies and policies to alleviate poverty within the nation.
• Rural development: Ensuring the development and progress of rural areas.
• Urban growth management: Addressing the challenges associated with urbanization and managing the growth of urban areas.
• Gender parity: Striving for gender equality and equal opportunities for all genders in society.
• Conflict resolution: Promoting peaceful discussions and negotiations to resolve conflicts within the nation.

Ans: Groundwater is an important natural resource that exemplifies the importance of sustainable development. 
Here's how:

• Groundwater is a renewable resource that plays a crucial role in meeting the water needs of various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and domestic use. However, excessive extraction and overuse of groundwater can lead to its depletion and long-term negative consequences.
• Sustainable development emphasizes the responsible and judicious use of resources, including groundwater. By adopting sustainable practices, such as efficient irrigation techniques, rainwater harvesting, and recharging groundwater sources, we can ensure the long-term availability of groundwater.
• For example, in areas where groundwater is the primary source of irrigation for agriculture, sustainable practices like drip irrigation and precision farming can help reduce water wastage and improve water-use efficiency. This ensures that the available groundwater resources are used optimally without depleting them.
• Furthermore, sustainable development promotes the protection of groundwater quality. Unregulated disposal of industrial waste, improper sanitation systems, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can contaminate groundwater, making it unfit for human consumption and harming ecosystems. Sustainable development focuses on implementing proper waste management systems, promoting organic farming practices, and protecting water sources from pollution, thus safeguarding the quality of groundwater.
• By prioritizing sustainable development practices, we can ensure the sustainable use and management of groundwater resources, meeting the present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Ans: To have access to better resources like food, transportation and communication facilities.

Ans: Sustainable development is the only way in which without sacrificing the quality of the environment for future generations, the present generations can continue to develop. Sustainable Development is significant because: 
(1) It encourages the growth that minimises environmental issues. 
(2) It is the only way to address the concerns of the future generation along with accommodating the needs of the current generation. 
(3) It demands that resource reserves, including exhaustible natural and environmental resources, be maintained. This keeps the atmosphere healthy for the current generation. For example, recent studies suggest that because of overuse, groundwater in India is exhausted. This might severely affect the future generations heavily to the point of threatening their survival.

Ans: The future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present generation. This can be asserted in the following ways: 
(1) Resources like groundwater are getting overused everyday. They might get exhausted very soon. 
(2) Even renewable resources like hydropower may get exhausted. 
(3) Newer resources keep on adding to the line but they all have limited life due to the overuse.