Class 10 History Chapter 1 Previous Year Questions - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Ans: Italy was unified after numerous struggles and movements as described below:
(1) Italy had a long history of political fragmentation among various dynastic states. Sardinia-Piedmont was the only one of seven states ruled by an Italian princely house.
(2) Other regions were ruled by non-Italian rulers. The Italian language had multiple regional and local variations.
(3) In 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini established a secret society called Young Italy and tried to bring about a revolutionary uprising but failed. Thereafter, war was the only resort left.
(4) Chief Minister Cavour led the movement of unification and diplomatically joined Sardinia-Piedmont, in an alliance with France after defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
(5) Armed volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi also supported the troops and they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. They were supported by peasants in driving out Spanish rulers.
(6) After continuous struggles, Victor Emmanuel II was finally declared the king of unified Italy in 1861.

Ans: The process of nation state building in Germany took place in the following manner:
(1) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state governed by an elected parliament.
(2) The liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.
(3) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process, which was carried out with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy.
(4) Three wars for over seven years ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
(5) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William-I, was proclaimed the German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Ans: (a)
Assertion (A): On Prussian initiative 'Zollverein' Customs Union was formed.
This statement is true. The Zollverein was indeed initiated by Prussia in the early 19th century, with the purpose of consolidating the fragmented German states economically.
Reason (R): It was to create a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people, and capital.
This statement is also true. The primary aim of the Zollverein was to eliminate internal tariffs and barriers among the German states, fostering an integrated economic zone where goods, people, and capital could move freely. This economic integration was seen as a step toward political unity in Germany.
Since both statements are true and the reason correctly explains the purpose behind the formation of the Zollverein Customs Union, the correct answer is (a): Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Ans: (b)
The following events took place in the following sequence: 
(1) Napoleonic wars- 1797 
(2) The Treaty of Vienna- 1814-1815 
(3) Greek Struggle for Independence- 1821 
(4) Slav Nationalism in Ottoman Empire-1905

Ans: Romanticism, became a cultural movement that helped to develop a particular kind of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists generally focused on emotions, intuition, and mystical feelings. They criticized reasoning and the scientific temper.

Ans: Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist. In the year 1848, he prepared a series of four prints, in these four prints, he visualized his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics, as he called them.

Ans: The ideas of national unity were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism in Europe during the nineteenth century. This can be asserted by the following statements: 
(1) The term liberalism is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means free. Revolutionaries stood for the freedom of individuals and equality of all before the law. 
(2) Liberals began a revolution in 1848. They began many national movements pioneered by the educated middle class to fight for the cause of liberty, freedom and unification for their nation. 
(3) Politically, the idea of liberalism advocated for a constitutional and represented government through Parliament. Hence, the ideologies of liberalism and nationalism were closely allied.

Ans: (a)
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by conservatism. They believed | that the established traditional institutions of state and; society should be preserved.

Ans: (a)
ln 1815, European powers like Britain, Russia; Prussia, and Austria collectively defeated Napoleon.

Ans: (d)
Industrialization began in England in the second j half of the eighteenth century. Other countries like France, Germany, and Italy, industrialized in the late nineteenth century.

Ans: (a)
In July 1830, the first liberalist-nationalist upheaval took place in France. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy.

Ans: (b)
The July Revolution of France sparked an uprising in Brussels and later in other parts of Europe, Metternich remarked, 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold'.

Ans: (a)
The matter of extending political rights to women was controversial. They were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. In the Frankfurt parliament, they stood only as observers.
Freedom of the press had been asked much before 1848. Liberal-nationalists raised this issue after the: conservative regimes were set up in 1815.

Ans: (b)
The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Poland is not part of the UK, as it is a separate country in Europe. Hence, the correct answer is (b) Poland.

Ans: (a)
Otto Von Bismarck led the unification of Germany in 1871. He is known as the architect of German unification.

Ans: (c)
Giuseppe Mazzini sought to put together a coherent program for a unitary Italian Republic. He also formed a secret society called Young Italy to spread his ideas.

Ans: (b)
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.

Ans: (d)
The new German state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal, and judicial systems.

Ans: (d)
During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.

Ans: (b)
Cavour did not belong to a Royal family. He belonged to a family that had served the House of Savoy as soldiers and officials.

Ans: The major outcomes of the French Revolution of 1789 are as follows: 

• It resulted in the transfer of power from King Louis XVI to the National Assembly.
• A collective identity of the people developed.
• The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
• Jacobin clubs were set up for the propagation of liberal thoughts.
• A new French Flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
• Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.

Ans: (a)
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were primarily conservative. The Congress of Vienna, held in 1815, aimed to restore pre-Napoleonic order and reinforce monarchical and aristocratic rule. The conservatives, led by figures like Austria's Prince Metternich, sought to suppress revolutionary ideas, maintain traditional power structures, and resist liberal and nationalist movements. This conservative dominance aimed to prevent the spread of the democratic and nationalist ideals that had emerged during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
Thus, the correct answer is (a) Conservative.

Ans: (a)
Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, was the key architect behind the unification of Germany. Through his policies of "blood and iron" and strategic wars (such as the Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War), Bismarck unified the various German states under Prussian leadership. His diplomatic skills and military strategies played a crucial role in consolidating the German Empire, which was officially declared in 1871 with the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
Thus, the correct answer is (a) Otto von Bismarck.

Ans: The process of nation state building in Germany took place in the following manner: 
(1) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state governed by an elected parliament. 
(2) The liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military. 
(3) Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process, which was carried out with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy. 
(4) Three wars for over seven years ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. 
(5) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William-I, was proclaimed the German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

Ans: (a)
The French Revolution (1789) is considered the first expression of nationalism because it encouraged people to unite as a nation, fight for equality, and establish a government by the people. It inspired nationalistic movements across Europe. Hence, the correct answer is (a) French Revolution.

Ans: Statue of liberty is personified as women bearing the Torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights in the other.

Ans: (b)
The July Revolution of France sparked an uprising in Brussels and later in other parts of Europe, Metternich remarked, 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'.

Ans: Greek War of Independence mobilized the nationalist feelings in Europe in the following ways:
(i) Greece was viewed as a part of Europe that had been annexed by Ottomans and now needed to be liberated.
(ii) Greece was perceived as the foundation and cradle of civilization in Europe by poets and artists and this led to nationalist consciousness.
(iii) Greek nationalists received support from other Greeks living in exile.
(iv) Many Europeans had a natural sympathy for the ancient Greek civilization.
(v) Europeans and Greek nationalists were against the Muslim Empire.

Ans: (b)

Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called "Young Italy" in 1831 to promote the idea of a united and independent Italian republic. He believed that Italy should be unified and free from foreign control. Hence, the correct answer is (b) Giuseppe Mazzini.

Ans: (c)
He carried the nation-building process with the army and the bureaucracy,

Ans: Victor Emmanuel II

Ans: (a)
(a) Otto von Bismarck – Germany: Correct. Otto von Bismarck was the Prussian statesman who played a leading role in the unification of Germany in 1871, making him closely associated with German history.
(b) Napoleon – Spain: Incorrect. Napoleon Bonaparte was the Emperor of France, not Spain. Although he invaded and occupied parts of Spain, he is historically associated with France.
(c) Giuseppe Garibaldi – France: Incorrect. Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian nationalist and revolutionary leader who played a key role in the unification of Italy, not France.
(d) Bourbon Kings – Italy: Incorrect. The Bourbon dynasty primarily ruled France and Spain. Although a branch of the Bourbon family did rule the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy, they are not associated with Italy as a whole.
Therefore, the correctly matched pair is (a) Otto von Bismarck – Germany.

Ans: The ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism in various ways: 
(1) With the invention of railway, mobility was stimulated resulting in harnessing economic interest for national unification. 
(2) The concept of government by consent was emphasised by liberals. 
(3) Liberals supported the creation of a unified economic territory. 
(4) Liberals stood for individual freedom and equality of all before law for the new middle class. 
(5) Liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and special privileges.

Ans: The Napoleonic Code was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force in 1804. 

• The Code was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. It has a special place as it is one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. 
• The Napoleonic Code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country with a civil legal system; it was preceded by many but it was, however, the first modern legal code to be adopted with a pan-European scope, and it strongly influenced the law of many of the countries formed during and after the Napoleonic Wars. 
• The Napoleonic Code influenced developing countries outside Europe, especially in the Middle East, attempting to modernize their countries through legal reforms.

Ans: After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, many Germans wanted an independent Germany. The King of Prussia, Kaiser William I, chose Chief Minister Bismarck to unify Germany under the rule of Prussia.  

• Bismarck was a fearless leader and believed in the urgent need for unification in Germany. He started with the modernization of the army, defying the parliament in collecting taxes. His policy came to be known as the ‘Blood; and Iron’ policy and earned him the nickname of the ‘Iron; Chancellor’. 
• Bismarck made great efforts to improve the army, With the improved army, he encouraged the German; population of Schleswig and Holstein to revolt against their ruler Denmark. In 1864, Bismarck joined hands with Austria against Denmark. Prussia also defeated Austria and formed the North German Confederation.
• Bismarck was able to keep Italy, Russia (and Napoleon III, of France till the end) out of war through diplomacy and negotiations. : 
• The unification of Germany was completed under Kaiser William I in 1871. Soon Germany emerged as the leading power in Europe, building a colonial empire to further German economic interest and increase German influence in the world.

Ans: Otto von Bismark was considered the architect of the unified Germany because he carried out unification with the help of Prussian army and the bureaucracy.

Ans:
(1) The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free. Thus, for the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

(2)
(a) Political ideas
(i) It emphasized the concept of government by consent.
(ii) Since the French Revolution, liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
(iii) It did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Thus in the 19th and 20th centuries, movements were demanding equal political rights.
(b) Social ideas: The liberals supported the abolition of discrimination based on birth.
(c) Economic ideas: It supported the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the 19th Century, this was a strong demand for the emerging middle classes.

Ans: Prussian State.

Ans: During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent program for a unitary Italian Republic. He formed a secret society called Young Italy.

Ans: The conditions that led to the formation of the British Nation State were:
(a) The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones - such as English, Welsh, Scot, or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance, and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
(b) The English Parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
(c) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.

Ans: Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
(a) Derived from’ liber’ means free.
(b) Stood for freedom for all and equality for all before the law.
(c) Politically -Government by consent.
(d) Universal suffrage, the right to vote for all.
(e) The French Revolution stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution, and a representative government through parliament.
(f) Struggles for equal political rights.
(g) It stressed on inviolability of private property.
(h) Freedom of markets and abolition of state restrictions.

Ans: Economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s :
(a) There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe. In most countries, there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
(b) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(c) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.
(d) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(e) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in towns and countries.

Ans: The Balkans comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.
(a) The disintegration of the ruling Ottoman Empire and the spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism made this area explosive.
(b) The European subject nationalities started breaking from their control to declare independence.
(c) The Balkan revolutionaries’ acts were directed to gain back the long-lost independence.
(d) The Balkan States were fiercely jealous of each other and wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the other.
(e) There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies, naval might, and military might. European powers such as Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary were keen on opposing the hold of other powers over the Balkans to extend their own area of control.
(f) All these events ultimately triggered the First World War (1914).

Ans: France

Ans: To depict his Utopian vision where the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through the flag and national costumes offering homage to the Statue of Liberty.

Ans: The following steps were taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people :
(a) The ideas of the fatherland (la Patrie) and the citizen (le citoyen) were introduced.
(b) A new French flag, the tri-colour, was chosen to replace the earlier royal standard.
(c) The Estates-General was renamed as the National Assembly.
(d) New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(e) A centralized administrative system was established.
(f) Uniform laws for all citizens were formulated.
(g) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished.
(h) A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(i) French, as it was written and spoken in Paris, became the common language of the nation. Regional dialects were discouraged.
(j) It was decided that the French nation would liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, and help other peoples to become nations.

Ans: The main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were: Vienna Congress: The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor “Duke Metternich”.
(a) The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power.
(b) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
(c) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French extension in the future.
(d) Kingdom of the Netherlands including Belgium was set up.
(e) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers.

Ans: German Unification
(a) After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.
(b) Nationalist sentiments were often mobilized by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe.
(c) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans in the 19th Century.
(d) In 1848 they tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament.
(e) This liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia.
(f) Prussia took on the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, who became the architect of this process.
(g) Three wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark, and France - ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.
(h) In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor.

Ans: The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe in the years following 1815, was to oppose a monarchial form of government It emphasized the notion of a united community which would have equal rights under a constitution.

Ans: The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna (1815) was to undo, most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.

Ans: Freedom of the markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods.

Ans: Kaiser William-I of Prussia.

Ans: The strong demand for emerging middle classes in Europe was the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

Ans: The aim was to reverse most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic War. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power.

Ans: The term liberalism is derived from the Latin word liber meaning free. Thus for the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.

Ans: Metternich remarked, “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold”.

Ans: To oppose monarchical forms of government.

Ans: Treaty of 1832: Constantinople Treaty.

Ans: Event that mobilized nationalist feelings: The Greek War of Independence.

Ans: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861.

Ans: Allegory: When an abstract idea for instance; greed, envy, freedom, or liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. It is symbolic.
Examples. Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc.

Ans: Metternich.

Ans: Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor.

Ans: Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation; art and poetry, stories and music. They all helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
(a) Romantic artists and poets created a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
(b) It was through folk songs, folk poetry, and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised.
(c) Emphasis was given to the vernacular language and the collection of folklore to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences.

Ans: The female figures as an allegory of the nation:
(a) Artists found a way to represent a country in the form of a person.
(b) Then nations were portrayed as female figures.
(c) The female figure was chosen to personify the nation. It did not stand for any particular woman in real life.
(d) It gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.
(e) Thus, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.
(f) During the French Revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice, and the Republic.

Ans: Culture
(a) Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
(b) Emotions, intuition, and mystical feelings were not focused.
(c) Their effort was to share collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
(d) They criticized the glorification of reason and science.
(e) German philosopher Johann Gottfried popularized the true spirit of the nation through folksongs, folk poetry, and folk dance.

Ans: The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to the following reasons;
(a) There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
(b) There were more seekers of jobs than employment.
(c) People migrated from rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
(d) There was stiff competition between the products of small producers and machine-made products imported from England.
(e) Peasants’ condition was bad due to the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(f) The prices of food had risen due to a bad harvest. This resulted in widespread pauperism in town and country.

Ans: Measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries for collective identity:
(a) The ideas of la Patrie and le citoyen are emphasized.
(b) A new French flag, the tri-color was chosen.
(c) The Estate General was elected by the active citizens.
(d) The elected body of active citizens renamed as National Assembly.
(e) New hymns were composed.
(f) Oaths were taken
(g) Martyrs commemorated.
(h) A centralized administrative system was implemented.
(i) Formulated uniform laws.
(j) A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(k) French became the common language of the nation.

Ans: Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles to make the whole system more rational and efficient.
(a) All privileges based on birth were removed.
(b) He had established equality before the law.
(c) Right to property was given.
(d) Simplified administrative divisions were made.
(e) The feudal system was abolished and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(f) Guild restrictions were removed.
(g) Transport and communication systems were improved.

Ans: Nationalism in Europe- The Balkans:
(a) During this period, nationalist groups become increasingly intolerant of each other.
(b) Manipulations of the nationalist aspirations were there.
(c) The Balkan was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
(d) Ideas of romantic nationalism spread in the Balkan.
(e) They claimed independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign domination.
(f) Russia, Germany, England, Austria-hungry were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans.
(g) This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.