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DNA-
DNA is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipidsand complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.
RNA-
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymericmolecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteinsand carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome
FAQs on Comparison between DNA and RNA - NEET
| 1. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? |  |
Ans. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are both types of nucleic acids, but they have some key differences. DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is typically single-stranded. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains the sugar ribose. Additionally, DNA bases include adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), while RNA replaces thymine with uracil (U).
| 2. How do DNA and RNA function in genetic information transfer? | |
Ans. DNA carries the genetic information in the form of genes, which are specific sequences of nucleotides. These genes encode instructions for the synthesis of proteins. During protein synthesis, DNA is transcribed into RNA through a process called transcription. The RNA molecule then undergoes translation, where it serves as a template for the assembly of amino acids into a protein.
| 3. What are the roles of DNA and RNA in the cell? | |
Ans. DNA is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next. It serves as a blueprint for the development and functioning of all living organisms. RNA, on the other hand, has various roles within the cell. It participates in protein synthesis, carries amino acids to the ribosomes, and catalyzes some biochemical reactions as ribozymes. Certain types of RNA also regulate gene expression and play a role in cellular signaling.
| 4. Can DNA and RNA be found in all living organisms? | |
Ans. DNA is found in nearly all living organisms, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans. However, RNA is more versatile and has a wider distribution. It can be found in all living organisms, including viruses, bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. RNA plays essential roles in various biological processes across different organisms.
| 5. What are the implications of DNA and RNA in medical research and diagnostics? | |
Ans. DNA and RNA analysis has revolutionized medical research and diagnostics. Understanding the genetic makeup of individuals allows for the identification of genetic diseases, genetic predispositions, and personalized medicine. DNA and RNA sequencing techniques have enabled the identification of disease-causing mutations, the development of targeted therapies, and the early detection of diseases. Additionally, RNA-based diagnostic tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), are widely used for detecting infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and cancer biomarkers.
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