Decentralization plays a crucial role in ensuring a vibrant and dynamic local self-government system. It enables realistic programming, prompt attention to local issues, and enhanced accountability. To achieve this goal and uphold Gandhi ji's principle of Sarvodaya (upliftment and progress for all), the Government of India launched the Community Development Programme on Gandhi Jayanti, October 2nd, 1952. However, the implementation revealed a lack of citizen interest and popular participation in local-level development programs.
To address the disinterest in local-level development, the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was formed in 1957. The committee proposed a three-tier Panchayati Raj structure, consisting of the Zilla Parishad (District), Gram Panchayat (Village level), and Panchayat Samiti (Block/Taluk level). It recommended direct elections for Gram Panchayats, while higher-level appointments were to be made through nominations. The committee envisioned the district as the unit for democratic decentralization, planning, organizing, and supervising district administrative functions.
While some states embraced the recommended three-tier structure, others favored making the District/Zilla Parishad the executive body. Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka adopted the district-based model, highlighting its ability to provide necessary resources, administrative personnel, and equipment. The G.V.K Rao Committee also supported this approach. However, the central government's focus on agricultural production and the introduction of new technologies diminished the role of Panchayati Raj in rural development. The central government bypassed the Panchayati Raj institutions by developing independent administrative hierarchies, leading to an alienation between bureaucracy and grassroots politicians.
State governments' apathy toward timely elections, inadequate funds, and interference from higher authorities further hampered the functioning of Panchayati Raj institutions. Recognizing the dire situation, the Janata Party established the Ashok Mehta Committee in 1977 to examine the issues. The committee recommended a two-tier structure, with Mandal Panchayats at the lower level and Zilla Parishad at the upper level. It proposed the participation of political parties, a dedicated cabinet minister for Panchayati Raj, and the establishment of Nyaya Panchayats for judicial matters.
Despite several attempts to pass bills for the constitutional status of Panchayati Raj, success was elusive until the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act in December 1991. This landmark legislation established a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for states with a population exceeding 20 lakhs. It mandated regular elections, reserved seats for marginalized communities, and the establishment of Gram Sabhas for decentralized governance. The amendment aimed to extend and deepen democracy, making Panchayats institutions of self-governance.
Presently, Panchayati Raj institutions encompass millions of elected representatives, covering a significant portion of India's villages and rural population. However, challenges persist in implementation:
To address these challenges and empower Panchayati Raj institutions for effective local governance, the following steps can be taken:
By implementing these measures, India can realize the true potential of Panchayati Raj and achieve decentralized governance that empowers local communities, fosters inclusive development, and strengthens grassroots democracy. It is through these efforts that the vision of Mahatma Gandhi and the aspirations of the Indian Constitution can be realized, bringing about holistic progress and Sarvodaya for all.
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