Table of contents | |
Demographics of India | |
History | |
Salient features | |
Vital statistics | |
CIA World Factbook demographic statistics | |
Population projections | |
Ethnic groups | |
Genetics |
This article is about the people from India. For other uses, see Indian (disambiguation).
India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world's population. According to the United Nations in July 2016, the population stood at 1,326,801,576
India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2022, surpassing China, its population reaching 1.7 billion by 2050. Thus, India is expected to become the first political entity in history to be home to more than 1.5 billion people. Its population growth rate is 1.2%, ranking 94th in the world in 2013. The Indian population reached the billion mark in 1998.
India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4.
India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates (the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir).
Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.
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Map showing the population density of each district in India. | |
Population | 1,326,801,576 (July 2016 est.) |
---|---|
Density | 382 people per.sq.km (2011 est.) |
Growth rate | 1.19% (2016) (96th) |
Birth rate | 19.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.) |
Death rate | 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.) |
Life expectancy | 68.89 years (2009 est.) |
• male | 67.46 years (2009 est.) |
• female | 72.61 years (2009 est.) |
Fertility rate | 2.3 children born/woman (SRS 2013) |
Infant mortality rate | 40 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.) |
Sex ratio | |
---|---|
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 31.2% (male 190,075,426/female 172,799,553) (2009 est.) |
15–64 years | 63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.) |
65 and over | 5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.) |
At birth | 1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.) |
Under 15 | 1.10 male(s)/female (2009 est.) |
15–64 years | 1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.) |
65 and over | 0.90 male(s)/female (2009 est.) |
Crude birth rate trends in India (per 1000 people, national average
Infant mortality rate trends in India (per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)
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It has been estimated that the population was about 100 million in 1600 and remained nearly static until the late 19th century. It reached 255 million according to the first census taken in 1881.
Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).
Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes, better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.
India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population lived in about 638,000 villages and the remaining 27.8% lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.
India's population has exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people. However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025.
Category | Global Ranking | References |
---|---|---|
Area | 7th | |
Population | 2nd | |
Population growth rate | 102nd of 212 | in 2010 |
Population density | 24th of 212 | in 2010 |
Male to Female ratio, at birth | 12th of 214 | in 2009 |
Main article: List of States and Union Territories by demographics
Census Year | Population | Change (%) |
---|---|---|
1951 | 361,088,000 | – |
1961 | 439,235,000 | 21.6 |
1971 | 548,160,000 | 24.8 |
1981 | 683,329,000 | 24.7 |
1991 | 846,387,888 | 23.9 |
2001 | 1,028,737,436 | 21.5 |
2011 | 1,210,726,932 | 17.7 |
– | Total (India) | 1,210,854,977 | 100 | 623,724,248 | 586,469,174 | 943 | 833,087,662 | 377,105,760 | 3,287,240 | 382 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | State/UT | Population | Percent (%) | Male | Female | Sex Ratio | Rural | Urban | Area (km2) | Density (per km2) |
1 | Uttar Pradesh | 199,812,341 | 16.50 | 104,480,510 | 95,331,831 | 930 | 155,111,022 | 44,470,455 | 240,928 | 828 |
2 | Maharashtra | 112,374,333 | 9.28 | 58,243,056 | 54,131,277 | 929 | 61,545,441 | 50,827,531 | 307,713 | 365 |
3 | Bihar | 104,099,452 | 8.60 | 54,278,157 | 49,821,295 | 918 | 92,075,028 | 11,729,609 | 94,163 | 1,102 |
4 | West Bengal | 91,276,115 | 7.54 | 46,809,027 | 44,467,088 | 950 | 62,213,676 | 29,134,060 | 88,752 | 1,030 |
5 | Madhya Pradesh | 72,626,809 | 6.00 | 37,612,306 | 35,014,503 | 931 | 52,537,899 | 20,059,666 | 308,245 | 236 |
6 | Tamil Nadu | 72,147,030 | 5.96 | 36,137,975 | 36,009,055 | 996 | 37,189,229 | 34,949,729 | 130,058 | 555 |
7 | Rajasthan | 68,548,437 | 5.66 | 35,550,997 | 32,997,440 | 928 | 51,540,236 | 17,080,776 | 342,239 | 201 |
8 | Karnataka | 61,095,297 | 5.05 | 30,966,657 | 30,128,640 | 973 | 37,552,529 | 23,578,175 | 191,791 | 319 |
9 | Gujarat | 60,439,692 | 4.99 | 31,491,260 | 28,948,432 | 919 | 34,670,817 | 25,712,811 | 196,024 | 308 |
10 | Andhra Pradesh | 49,386,799 | 4.08 | 24,738,068 | 24,648,731 | 996 | 34,776,389 | 14,610,410 | 160,205 | 308 |
11 | Odisha | 41,974,218 | 3.47 | 21,212,136 | 20,762,082 | 979 | 34,951,234 | 6,996,124 | 155,707 | 269 |
12 | Telangana | 35,193,978 | 2.91 | 17,704,078 | 17,489,900 | 988 | 21,585,313 | 13,608,665 | 114,840 | 307 |
13 | Kerala | 33,406,061 | 2.76 | 16,027,412 | 17,378,649 | 1084 | 17,445,506 | 15,932,171 | 38,863 | 859 |
14 | Jharkhand | 32,988,134 | 2.72 | 16,930,315 | 16,057,819 | 948 | 25,036,946 | 7,929,292 | 79,714 | 414 |
15 | Assam | 31,205,576 | 2.58 | 15,939,443 | 15,266,133 | 958 | 26,780,526 | 4,388,756 | 78,438 | 397 |
16 | Punjab | 27,743,338 | 2.29 | 14,639,465 | 13,103,873 | 895 | 17,316,800 | 10,387,436 | 50,362 | 550 |
17 | Chhattisgarh | 25,545,198 | 2.11 | 12,832,895 | 12,712,303 | 991 | 19,603,658 | 5,936,538 | 135,191 | 189 |
18 | Haryana | 25,351,462 | 2.09 | 13,494,734 | 11,856,728 | 879 | 16,531,493 | 8,821,588 | 44,212 | 573 |
19 | Delhi (UT) | 16,787,941 | 1.39 | 8,887,326 | 7,800,615 | 868 | 944,727 | 12,905,780 | 1,484 | 11,297 |
20 | Jammu and Kashmir | 12,541,302 | 1.04 | 6,640,662 | 5,900,640 | 889 | 9,134,820 | 3,414,106 | 222,236 | 56 |
21 | Uttarakhand | 10,086,292 | 0.83 | 5,137,773 | 4,948,519 | 963 | 7,025,583 | 3,091,169 | 53,483 | 189 |
22 | Himachal Pradesh | 6,864,602 | 0.57 | 3,481,873 | 3,382,729 | 972 | 6,167,805 | 688,704 | 55,673 | 123 |
23 | Tripura | 3,673,917 | 0.30 | 1,874,376 | 1,799,541 | 960 | 2,710,051 | 960,981 | 10,486 | 350 |
24 | Meghalaya | 2,966,889 | 0.25 | 1,491,832 | 1,475,057 | 989 | 2,368,971 | 595,036 | 22,429 | 132 |
25 | Manipur | 2,721,756 | 0.22 | 1,290,171 | 1,280,219 | 992 | 1,899,624 | 822,132 | 22,327 | 122 |
26 | Nagaland | 1,978,502 | 0.16 | 1,024,649 | 953,853 | 931 | 1,406,861 | 573,741 | 16,579 | 119 |
27 | Goa | 1,458,545 | 0.12 | 739,140 | 719,405 | 973 | 551,414 | 906,309 | 3,702 | 394 |
28 | Arunachal Pradesh | 1,383,727 | 0.11 | 713,912 | 669,815 | 938 | 1,069,165 | 313,446 | 83,743 | 17 |
29 | Puducherry (UT) | 1,247,953 | 0.10 | 612,511 | 635,442 | 1037 | 394,341 | 850,123 | 479 | 2,598 |
30 | Mizoram | 1,097,206 | 0.09 | 555,339 | 541,867 | 976 | 529,037 | 561,997 | 21,081 | 52 |
31 | Chandigarh (UT) | 1,055,450 | 0.09 | 580,663 | 474,787 | 818 | 29,004 | 1,025,682 | 114 | 9,252 |
32 | Sikkim | 610,577 | 0.05 | 323,070 | 287,507 | 890 | 455,962 | 151,726 | 7,096 | 86 |
33 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT) | 380,581 | 0.03 | 202,871 | 177,710 | 876 | 244,411 | 135,533 | 8,249 | 46 |
34 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT) | 343,709 | 0.03 | 193,760 | 149,949 | 774 | 183,024 | 159,829 | 491 | 698 |
35 | Daman and Diu (UT) | 243,247 | 0.02 | 150,301 | 92,946 | 618 | 60,331 | 182,580 | 112 | 2,169 |
36 | Lakshadweep (UT) | 64,473 | 0.01 | 33,123 | 31,350 | 946 | 14,121 | 50,308 | 32 | 2,013 |
Main article: Religion in India
The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data is "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.
Religion | Population | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
All | 1,210,854,977 | 100.00 |
Hindus | 966,378,868 | 79.80 |
Muslims | 172,245,158 | 14.23 |
Christians | 27,819,588 | 2.30 |
Sikhs | 20,833,116 | 1.72 |
Buddhists | 8,442,972 | 0.70 |
Jains | 4,451,753 | 0.37 |
Others | 7,937,734 | 0.66 |
Not stated | 2,867,303 | 0.24 |
Religious group | Population (2011) % | Growth (2001-2011) | Sex ratio (2011) (total) | Sex ratio (2011) (rural | Sex ratio (2011) (urban) | Sex ratio (2011) (child)) | Literacy (2011) (%) | Work participation (2011) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hinduism | 79.80% | 16.8% | 939 | 946 | 921 | 913 | 73.3% | 41.0% |
Islam | 14.23% | 24.6% | 951 | 957 | 941 | 943 | 68.5% | 32.6% |
Christianity | 2.30% | 15.5% | 1023 | 1008 | 1046 | 958 | 84.5% | 41.9% |
Sikhism | 1.72% | 8.4% | 903 | 905 | 898 | 828 | 75.4% | 36.3% |
Buddhism | 0.70% | 6.1% | 965 | 960 | 973 | 933 | 81.3% | 43.1% |
Jainism | 0.37% | 5.4% | 954 | 935 | 959 | 889 | 94.9% | 35.5% |
Others/Religion not specified | 0.90% | n/a | 959 | 947 | 975 | 974 | n/a | n/a |
Religion | 1951 (%) | 1961 (%) | 1971 (%) | 1981 (%) | 1991 (%) | 2001 (%) | 2011 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hinduism | 84.10 | 83.45 | 82.73 | 82.30 | 81.53 | 80.46 | 79.80 |
Islam | 9.80 | 10.69 | 11.21 | 11.75 | 12.61 | 13.43 | 14.23 |
Christianity | 2.30 | 2.44 | 2.60 | 2.44 | 2.32 | 2.34 | 2.30 |
Sikhism | 1.79 | 1.79 | 1.89 | 1.92 | 1.94 | 1.87 | 1.72 |
Buddhism | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.70 |
Jainism | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.37 |
Zoroastrianism | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | NA |
Others | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 0.90 |
Neonatal and infant demographics
The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on gender, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates
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Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.[42] The data suggests the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.
___________________________________________________________
Year | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
1998 | 70 | 74 |
2005 | 56 | 58 |
2009 | 49 | 52 |
Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists fear eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011. These claims are controversial. Scientists who study human sex ratios and demographic trends suggest that birth sex ratio between 1.08 and 1.12 can be because of natural factors, such as the age of mother at baby's birth, age of father at baby's birth, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, etc. The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to 870–930 girls to 1000 boys birth sex ratios observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 and 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios below 900 girls to 1000 boys observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States.
– | Total (India) | 158,789,287 | 82,952,135 | 75,837,152 |
---|---|---|---|---|
State/UT Code | State/UT | Total | Male | Female |
1 | Jammu and Kashmir | 2,008,670 | 1,080,662 | 927,982 |
2 | Himachal Pradesh | 763,864 | 400,681 | 363,183 |
3 | Punjab | 2,941,570 | 1,593,262 | 1,348,308 |
4 | Chandigarh | 117,953 | 63,187 | 54,766 |
5 | Uttarakhand | 1,328,844 | 704,769 | 624,075 |
6 | Haryana | 3,297,724 | 1,802,047 | 1,495,677 |
7 | Delhi | 1,970,510 | 1,055,735 | 914,775 |
8 | Rajasthan | 10,504,916 | 5,580,212 | 4,924,004 |
9 | Uttar Pradesh | 29,728,235 | 15,653,175 | 14,075,060 |
10 | Bihar | 18,582,229 | 9,615,280 | 8,966,949 |
11 | Sikkim | 61,077 | 31,418 | 29,659 |
12 | Arunachal Pradesh | 202,759 | 103,430 | 99,330 |
13 | Nagaland | 285,981 | 147,111 | 138,870 |
14 | Manipur | 353,237 | 182,684 | 170,553 |
15 | Mizoram | 165,536 | 83,965 | 81,571 |
16 | Tripura | 444,055 | 227,354 | 216,701 |
17 | Meghalaya | 555,822 | 282,189 | 273,633 |
18 | Assam | 4,511,307 | 2,305,088 | 2,206,219 |
19 | West Bengal | 10,112,599 | 5,187,264 | 4,925,335 |
20 | Jharkhand | 5,237,582 | 2,695,921 | 2,541,661 |
21 | Odisha | 5,035,650 | 2,603,208 | 2,432,442 |
22 | Chhattisgarh | 3,584,028 | 1,824,987 | 1,759,041 |
23 | Madhya Pradesh | 10,548,295 | 5,516,957 | 5,031,338 |
24 | Gujarat | 7,564,464 | 3,974,286 | 3,519,890 |
25 | Daman and Diu | 25,880 | 13,556 | 12,314 |
26 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 49,196 | 25,575 | 23,621 |
27 | Maharashtra | 12,848,375 | 6,822,262 | 6,026,113 |
28 | Andhra Pradesh | 8,642,686 | 4,448,330 | 4,194,356 |
29 | Karnataka | 6,855,801 | 3,527,844 | 3,327,957 |
30 | Goa | 139,495 | 72,669 | 66,826 |
31 | Lakshadweep | 7,088 | 3,715 | 3,373 |
32 | Kerala | 3,322,247 | 1,695,889 | 1,626,358 |
33 | Tamil Nadu | 6,894,821 | 3,542,351 | 3,352,470 |
34 | Puducherry | 127,610 | 64,932 | 62,678 |
35 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 39,497 | 20,094 | 19,403 |
– | Total (India) | 1,051,404,135 | 540,772,113 | 510,632,022 |
---|---|---|---|---|
State/UT Code | State/UT | Total | Male | Female |
1 | Jammu and Kashmir | – | – | – |
2 | Himachal Pradesh | – | – | – |
3 | Punjab | – | – | – |
4 | Chandigarh | – | – | – |
5 | Uttarakhand | – | – | – |
6 | Haryana | 22,055,357 | 11,703,083 | 10,352,274 |
7 | Delhi | 14,782,725 | 7,920,675 | 6,862,050 |
8 | Rajasthan | 58,116,096 | 30,039,874 | 28,076,222 |
9 | Uttar Pradesh | 169,853,242 | 88,943,240 | 80,910,002 |
10 | Bihar | 85,222,408 | 44,570,067 | 40,652,341 |
11 | Sikkim | 546,611 | 290,243 | 256,368 |
12 | Arunachal Pradesh | 1,179,852 | 616,802 | 563,050 |
13 | Nagaland | 1,694,621 | 878,596 | 816,025 |
14 | Manipur | 2,368,519 | 1,187,080 | 1,181,439 |
15 | Mizoram | 925,478 | 468,374 | 457,104 |
16 | Tripura | 3,226,977 | 1,644,513 | 1,582,464 |
17 | Meghalaya | 2,408,185 | 1,210,479 | 1,197,706 |
18 | Assam | 26,657,965 | 13,649,839 | 13,008,126 |
19 | West Bengal | 81,235,137 | 41,740,125 | 39,495,012 |
20 | Jharkhand | 27,728,656 | 14,235,767 | 13,492,889 |
21 | Odisha | 36,911,708 | 18,598,470 | 18,313,238 |
22 | Chhattisgarh | 21,956,168 | 11,002,928 | 10,953,240 |
23 | Madhya Pradesh | 62,049,270 | 32,095,963 | 29,953,307 |
24 | Gujarat | 52,889,452 | 27,507,996 | 25,381,456 |
25 | Daman and Diu | 217,031 | 136,544 | 80,487 |
26 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 293,657 | 167,603 | 126,054 |
27 | Maharashtra | 99,524,597 | 51,539,135 | 47,985,462 |
28 | Andhra Pradesh | 76,022,847 | 38,061,551 | 37,961,296 |
29 | Karnataka | 54,274,903 | 27,529,898 | 26,745,005 |
30 | Goa | 1,318,228 | 668,042 | 650,186 |
31 | Lakshadweep | 57,341 | 29,391 | 27,950 |
32 | Kerala | – | – | – |
33 | Tamil Nadu | 65,244,137 | 32,616,520 | 32,627,617 |
34 | Puducherry | 1,116,854 | 545,553 | 571,301 |
35 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 340,447 | 182,236 | 158,211 |
Literacy rate
– | Overall (India) | 74.03 | 82.14 | 65.46 |
---|---|---|---|---|
State/UT Code | State/UT | Overall (%) | Male (%) | Female (%) |
1 | Jammu and Kashmir | 86.61 | 87.26 | 86.23 |
2 | Himachal Pradesh | 83.78 | 90.83 | 76.60 |
3 | Punjab | 76.60 | 81.48 | 71.34 |
4 | Chandigarh | 86.43 | 90.54 | 81.38 |
5 | Uttarakhand | 79.63 | 88.33 | 70.70 |
6 | Haryana | 76.64 | 85.38 | 66.77 |
7 | Delhi | 86.34 | 91.03 | 80.93 |
8 | Rajasthan | 67.06 | 80.51 | 52.66 |
9 | Uttar Pradesh | 69.72 | 79.24 | 59.26 |
10 | Bihar | 63.82 | 73.39 | 53.33 |
11 | Sikkim | 82.20 | 87.29 | 76.43 |
12 | Arunachal Pradesh | 66.95 | 73.69 | 59.57 |
13 | Nagaland | 80.11 | 83.29 | 76.69 |
14 | Manipur | 79.85 | 86.49 | 73.17 |
15 | Mizoram | 91.58 | 93.72 | 89.40 |
16 | Tripura | 87.75 | 92.18 | 83.15 |
17 | Meghalaya | 75.48 | 77.17 | 73.78 |
18 | Assam | 73.18 | 78.81 | 67.27 |
19 | West Bengal | 77.08 | 82.67 | 71.16 |
20 | Jharkhand | 67.63 | 78.45 | 56.21 |
21 | Odisha | 72.90 | 82.40 | 64.36 |
22 | Chhattisgarh | 71.04 | 81.45 | 60.59 |
23 | Madhya Pradesh | 70.63 | 80.53 | 60.02 |
24 | Gujarat | 79.31 | 87.23 | 70.73 |
25 | Daman and Diu | 87.07 | 91.48 | 79.59 |
26 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 77.65 | 86.46 | 65.93 |
27 | Maharashtra | 83.20 | 89.82 | 75.48 |
28 | Andhra Pradesh | 67.66 | 75.56 | 59.74 |
29 | Karnataka | 75.60 | 82.85 | 68.13 |
30 | Goa | 87.40 | 92.81 | 81.84 |
31 | Lakshadweep | 92.28 | 96.11 | 88.25 |
32 | Kerala | 93.91 | 96.02 | 91.98 |
33 | Tamil Nadu | 80.33 | 86.81 | 73.86 |
34 | Puducherry | 86.55 | 92.12 | 81.22 |
35 | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 86.27 | 90.11 | 81.84 |
Main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in India
41.03% of the Indians speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages.
The table immediately below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.
Rank | Language | Speakers | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Hindi dialects | 422,048,642 | 41.030 |
2 | Bengali | 83,369,769 | 8.110 |
3 | Telugu | 74,002,856 | 7.190 |
4 | Marathi | 71,936,894 | 6.990 |
5 | Tamil | 60,793,814 | 5.910 |
6 | Urdu | 51,536,111 | 5.010 |
7 | Gujarati | 46,091,617 | 4.480 |
8 | Kannada | 37,924,011 | 3.690 |
9 | Malayalam | 33,066,392 | 3.210 |
10 | Odia | 33,017,446 | 3.210 |
11 | Punjabi | 29,102,477 | 2.830 |
12 | Assamese | 13,168,484 | 1.280 |
13 | Maithili | 12,179,122 | 1.180 |
14 | Bhili/Bhilodi | 9,582,957 | 0.930 |
15 | Santali | 6,469,600 | 0.630 |
16 | Kashmiri | 5,527,698 | 0.540 |
17 | Nepali | 2,871,749 | 0.280 |
18 | Gondi | 2,713,790 | 0.260 |
19 | Sindhi | 2,535,485 | 0.250 |
20 | Konkani | 2,489,015 | 0.240 |
21 | Dogri | 2,282,589 | 0.220 |
22 | Khandeshi | 2,075,258 | 0.200 |
23 | Kurukh | 1,751,489 | 0.170 |
24 | Tulu | 1,722,768 | 0.170 |
25 | Meitei (Manipuri) | 1,466,705 | 0.140 |
26 | Bodo | 1,350,478 | 0.130 |
27 | Khasi – Garo | 1,128,575 | 0.112 |
28 | Mundari | 1,061,352 | 0.105 |
29 | Ho | 1,042,724 | 0.103 |
Largest cities
Rank | Name | State/UT | Pop. | Rank | Name | State/UT | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Largest cities or towns in India | |||||||||
Mumbai Delhi | 1 | Mumbai | Maharashtra | 12,478,447 | 11 | Jaipur | Rajasthan | 3,073,350 | Bengaluru Hyderabad |
2 | Delhi | Delhi | 11,007,835 | 12 | Kanpur | Uttar Pradesh | 2,920,067 | ||
3 | Bengaluru | Karnataka | 8,425,970 | 13 | Lucknow | Uttar Pradesh | 2,901,474 | ||
4 | Hyderabad | Telangana | 6,809,970 | 14 | Nagpur | Maharashtra | 2,405,421 | ||
5 | Ahmedabad | Gujarat | 5,570,585 | 15 | Indore | Madhya Pradesh | 1,960 521 | ||
6 | Chennai | Tamil Nadu | 4,681,087 | 16 | Thane | Maharastra | 1,818,872 | ||
7 | Kolkata | West Bengal | 4,486,679 | 17 | Bhopal | Madhya Pradesh | 1,795,648 | ||
8 | Surat | Gujarat | 4,462,002 | 18 | Visakhapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | 1,730,320 | ||
9 | Varanasi | Uttar Pradesh | 3,676,841 | 19 | Pimpri-Chinchwad | Maharashtra | 1,729,359 | ||
10 | Pune | Maharashtra | 3,115,431 | 20 | Patna | Bihar | 1,683,200 |
Period | Births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR1 | CDR1 | NC1 | TFR1 | IMR1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010–2015 | – | – | – | 20.4 | 7.4 | 14.0 | 2.48 | – |
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births | ||||||||
1950–1955 | 16,832,000 | 9,928,000 | 6,904,000 | 43.3 | 25.5 | 17.7 | 5.90 | 165.0 |
1955–1960 | 17,981,000 | 9,686,000 | 8,295,000 | 42.1 | 22.7 | 19.4 | 5.90 | 153.1 |
1960–1965 | 19,086,000 | 9,358,000 | 9,728,000 | 40.4 | 19.8 | 20.6 | 5.82 | 140.1 |
1965–1970 | 20,611,000 | 9,057,000 | 11,554,000 | 39.2 | 17.2 | 22.0 | 5.69 | 128.5 |
1970–1975 | 22,022,000 | 8,821,000 | 13,201,000 | 37.5 | 15.0 | 22.5 | 5.26 | 118.0 |
1975–1980 | 24,003,000 | 8,584,000 | 15,419,000 | 36.3 | 13.0 | 23.3 | 4.89 | 106.4 |
1980–1985 | 25,577,000 | 8,763,000 | 16,814,000 | 34.5 | 11.8 | 22.7 | 4.47 | 95.0 |
1985–1990 | 26,935,000 | 9,073,000 | 17,862,000 | 32.5 | 10.9 | 21.5 | 4.11 | 85.1 |
2000–2005 | 27,158,000 | 9,545,000 | 17,614,000 | 25.3 | 8.4 | 16.9 | 3.14 | 60.7 |
2005–2010 | 27,271,000 | 9,757,000 | 17,514,000 | 22.9 | 7.9 | 15.0 | 2.80 | 52.9 |
1995–2000 | 27,443,000 | 9,458,000 | 17,985,000 | 27.2 | 9.4 | 17.8 | 3.31 | 68.9 |
1990–1995 | 27,566,000 | 9,400,000 | 18,166,000 | 30.0 | 10.2 | 19.8 | 3.72 | 76.4 |
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by states and union territories, 2012
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011
Year | Average population (x 1000) | Live births1 | Deaths1 | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1981 | 716,493 | 24,289,000 | 8,956,000 | 15,333,000 | 33.9 | 12.5 | 21.4 | – |
1982 | 733,152 | 24,781,000 | 8,725,000 | 16,056,000 | 33.8 | 11.9 | 21.9 | – |
1983 | 750,034 | 25,276,000 | 8,925,000 | 16,351,000 | 33.7 | 11.9 | 21.8 | – |
1984 | 767,147 | 26,006,000 | 9,666,000 | 16,340,000 | 33.9 | 12.6 | 21.3 | – |
1985 | 784,491 | 25,810,000 | 9,257,000 | 16,553,000 | 32.9 | 11.8 | 21.1 | – |
1986 | 802,052 | 26,147,000 | 8,903,000 | 17,244,000 | 32.6 | 11.1 | 21.5 | – |
1987 | 819,800 | 26,316,000 | 8,936,000 | 17,380,000 | 32.1 | 10.9 | 21.2 | – |
1988 | 837,700 | 26,388,000 | 9,215,000 | 17,173,000 | 31.5 | 11.0 | 20.5 | – |
1989 | 855,707 | 26,185,000 | 8,814,000 | 17,371,000 | 30.6 | 10.3 | 20.3 | – |
1990 | 873,785 | 26,388,000 | 8,476,000 | 17,912,000 | 30.2 | 9.7 | 20.5 | 3.80 |
1991 | 891,910 | 26,133,000 | 8,741,000 | 17,392,000 | 29.3 | 9.8 | 19.5 | – |
1992 | 910,065 | 26,392,000 | 9,192,000 | 17,200,000 | 29.0 | 10.1 | 18.9 | – |
1993 | 928,226 | 26,640,000 | 8,633,000 | 18,007,000 | 28.7 | 9.3 | 19.4 | – |
1994 | 946,373 | 27,161,000 | 8,801,000 | 18,360,000 | 28.7 | 9.3 | 19.4 | – |
1995 | 964,486 | 27,295,000 | 8,680,000 | 18,615,000 | 28.3 | 9.0 | 19.3 | 3.50 |
1996 | 982,553 | 26,824,000 | 8,745,000 | 18,079,000 | 27.3 | 8.9 | 18.4 | – |
1997 | 1,000,558 | 27,215,000 | 8,905,000 | 18,310,000 | 27.2 | 8.9 | 18.3 | – |
1998 | 1,018,471 | 26,989,000 | 9,166,000 | 17,823,000 | 26.5 | 9.0 | 17.5 | – |
1999 | 1,036,259 | 26,943,000 | 9,015,000 | 17,928,000 | 26.0 | 8.7 | 17.3 | – |
2000 | 1,053,898 | 27,191,000 | 8,958,000 | 18,233,000 | 25.8 | 8.5 | 17.3 | 3.20 |
2001 | 1,071,374 | 27,213,000 | 9,000,000 | 18,213,000 | 25.4 | 8.4 | 17.0 | – |
2002 | 1,088,694 | 27,217,000 | 8,818,000 | 18,399,000 | 25.0 | 8.1 | 16.9 | – |
2003 | 1,105,886 | 27,426,000 | 8,847,000 | 18,579,000 | 24.8 | 8.0 | 16.8 | – |
2004 | 1,122,991 | 27,064,000 | 8,422,000 | 18,642,000 | 24.1 | 7.5 | 16.6 | – |
2005 | 1,140,043 | 27,133,000 | 8,664,000 | 18,469,000 | 23.8 | 7.6 | 16.2 | 2.90 |
2006 | 1,157,039 | 27,190,000 | 8,678,000 | 18,512,000 | 23.5 | 7.5 | 16.0 | – |
2007 | 1,134,024 | 26,195,954 | 8,391,778 | 17,804,176 | 23.1 | 7.4 | 15.7 | – |
2008 | 1,150,196 | 26,224,469 | 8,511,450 | 17,713,019 | 22.8 | 7.4 | 15.4 | 2.60 |
2009 | 1,166,228 | 26,240,130 | 8,513,464 | 17,726,666 | 22.5 | 7.3 | 15.2 | 2.60 |
2010 | 1,182,108 | 26,124,587 | 8,511,178 | 17,613,409 | 22.1 | 7.2 | 14.9 | 2.50 |
2011 | 1,197,658 | 26,108,944 | 8,503,372 | 17,605,572 | 21.8 | 7.1 | 14.7 | 2.44 |
2012 | 1,212,827 | 26,197,063 | 8,489,789 | 17,707,274 | 21.6 | 7.0 | 14.6 | 2.40 |
2013 | 1,227,012 | 26,258,057 | 8,589,084 | 17,668,973 | 21.4 | 7.0 | 14.4 | 2.30 |
2014 | 1,233,542 | 25,904,377 | 8,264,730 | 17,639,647 | 21.0 | 6.7 | 14.3 | 2.30 |
1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population. |
Structure of the population (09.02.2011) (Census) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined):
Total | 623,270,258 | 587,584,719 | 1,210,854,977 | 100.00 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percentage (%) |
0–4 | 58,632,074 | 54,174,704 | 112,806,778 | 9.32 |
5–9 | 66,300,466 | 60,627,660 | 126,928,126 | 10.48 |
10–14 | 69,418,835 | 63,290,377 | 132,709,212 | 10.96 |
15–19 | 63,982,396 | 56,544,053 | 120,526,449 | 9.95 |
20–24 | 57,584,693 | 53,839,529 | 111,424,222 | 9.20 |
25–29 | 51,344,208 | 50,069,757 | 101,413,965 | 8.38 |
30–34 | 44,660,674 | 43,934,277 | 88,594,951 | 7.32 |
35–39 | 42,919,381 | 42,221,303 | 85,140,684 | 7.03 |
40–44 | 37,545,386 | 34,892,726 | 72,438,112 | 5.98 |
45–49 | 32,138,114 | 30,180,213 | 62,318,327 | 5.15 |
50–54 | 25,843,266 | 23,225,988 | 49,069,254 | 4.05 |
55–59 | 19,456,012 | 19,690,043 | 39,146,055 | 3.23 |
60–64 | 18,701,749 | 18,961,958 | 37,663,707 | 3.11 |
65–69 | 12,944,326 | 13,510,657 | 26,454,983 | 2.18 |
70–74 | 9,651,499 | 9,557,343 | 19,208,842 | 1.59 |
75–79 | 4,490,603 | 4,741,900 | 9,232,503 | 0.76 |
80–84 | 2,927,040 | 3,293,189 | 6,220,229 | 0.51 |
85–89 | 1,120,106 | 1,263,061 | 2,383,167 | 0.20 |
90–94 | 652,465 | 794,069 | 1,446,534 | 0.12 |
95–99 | 294,759 | 338,538 | 633,297 | 0.05 |
100+ | 289,325 | 316,453 | 605,778 | 0.05 |
Unknown | 2,372,881 | 2,116,921 | 4,489,802 | 0.37 |
From the Demographic Health Survey
Year | CBR – Total | TFR – Total1 | CBR – Urban | TFR – Urban1 | CBR – Rural | TFR – Rural1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992–1993 | 28.7 | 3.39 (2.64) | 24.1 | 2.70 (2.09) | 30.4 | 3.67 (2.86) |
1998–1999 | 24.8 | 2.85 (2.13) | 20.9 | 2.27 (1.73) | 26.2 | 3.07 (2.28) |
2003–2005 | 23.1 | 2.68 (1.90) | 18.8 | 2.06 (1.60) | 25.0 | 2.98 (2.10) |
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate |
State/UT | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Natural Growth Rate | Infant Mortality Rate | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | |
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 15.6 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 12.6 | 25 | 29 | 18 |
Andhra Pradesh | 17.9 | 18.3 | 16.7 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 46 | 51 | 33 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 20.5 | 22.1 | 14.6 | 5.9 | 6.9 | 2.3 | 14.6 | 15.2 | 12.3 | 31 | 34 | 12 |
Assam | 23.2 | 24.4 | 15.8 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 14.9 | 15.8 | 10.1 | 58 | 60 | 36 |
Bihar | 28.1 | 28.8 | 22.0 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 21.3 | 21.8 | 16.4 | 48 | 49 | 38 |
Chandigarh | 15.6 | 21.6 | 15.0 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 17.9 | 11.0 | 22 | 20 | 23 |
Chhattisgarh | 25.3 | 26.8 | 18.6 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 17.3 | 18.4 | 12.4 | 51 | 52 | 44 |
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 26.6 | 26.0 | 28.6 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 21.9 | 20.9 | 25.3 | 38 | 43 | 22 |
Daman and Diu | 18.8 | 19.1 | 18.3 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 13.6 | 23 | 19 | 29 |
Delhi | 17.8 | 19.7 | 17.5 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 13.6 | 15.0 | 13.4 | 30 | 37 | 29 |
Goa | 13.2 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 4.5 | 8.0 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Gujarat | 21.8 | 23.3 | 19.4 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 15.1 | 15.8 | 14.0 | 44 | 51 | 30 |
Haryana | 22.3 | 23.3 | 19.8 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 15.7 | 16.3 | 14.3 | 48 | 51 | 38 |
Himachal Pradesh | 16.9 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 4.2 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 40 | 41 | 29 |
Jammu and Kashmir | 18.3 | 19.5 | 13.5 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 8.8 | 43 | 45 | 32 |
Jharkhand | 25.3 | 26.7 | 19.3 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 18.3 | 19.3 | 13.9 | 42 | 44 | 30 |
Karnataka | 19.2 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 5.4 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 38 | 43 | 28 |
Kerala | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 13 | 14 | 10 |
Lakshadweep | 14.3 | 15.5 | 13.2 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 8.0 | 9.5 | 6.5 | 25 | 23 | 27 |
Madhya Pradesh | 27.3 | 29.2 | 20.5 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 18.9 | 20.2 | 14.5 | 62 | 67 | 42 |
Maharashtra | 17.1 | 17.6 | 16.4 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 28 | 34 | 20 |
Manipur | 14.9 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 11.3 | 14 | 15 | 9 |
Meghalaya | 24.5 | 26.6 | 14.8 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 16.6 | 18.2 | 9.2 | 55 | 58 | 37 |
Mizoram | 17.1 | 21.1 | 13.0 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 15.7 | 9.3 | 37 | 47 | 21 |
Nagaland | 16.8 | 17.0 | 16.0 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 23 | 24 | 20 |
Odisha | 20.5 | 21.4 | 15.2 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 6.6 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 8.6 | 61 | 63 | 43 |
Puducherry | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 22 | 25 | 21 |
Punjab | 16.6 | 17.2 | 15.6 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 5.8 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 34 | 37 | 28 |
Rajasthan | 26.7 | 27.9 | 22.9 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 20.0 | 20.9 | 16.9 | 55 | 61 | 31 |
Sikkim | 17.8 | 18.1 | 16.1 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 30 | 31 | 19 |
Tamil Nadu | 15.9 | 16.0 | 15.8 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 6.9 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 24 | 25 | 22 |
Tripura | 14.9 | 15.6 | 11.5 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 5.8 | 27 | 29 | 19 |
Uttar Pradesh | 28.3 | 29.2 | 24.2 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 6.3 | 20.2 | 20.7 | 17.9 | 61 | 64 | 44 |
Uttarakhand | 19.3 | 20.2 | 16.2 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 5.1 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 11.1 | 38 | 41 | 25 |
West Bengal | 16.8 | 18.6 | 11.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 10.7 | 12.6 | 5.6 | 31 | 32 | 25 |
Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.
Total population
1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA); 1,210 million (2011 census)
Rural population
72.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 census)
Age structure
0–14 years: 30.8%; male: 188,208,196, female: 171,356,024
15–64 years: 64.3%; male: 386,432,921, female: 364,215,759
65+ years: 4.9%; male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (2007 est.)
Median age
25.1 years
Population growth rate
1.548% (2009 est.)
Literacy rate
74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)
81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)
Per cent of population below poverty line
22% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate
7.8%
Net migration rate
−0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.908 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 65.8 years (source: UN Human Development Report, 2013)
Total fertility rate
2.72 children born/woman (2009 est.), although more up-to-date statistics indicate that India's TFR was 2.6 in 2008
The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005-2006 was: Hindus, 2.7; Muslims, 3.1; Christians, 2.4; and Sikhs, 2.0.
Religions
Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.8%, Buddhists 0.8%, Jains 0.4%, others 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
Scheduled castes and tribes
Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census); scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)
Languages
There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.
India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability. Note that these projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower.
Source:
In millions (example: 361 = 361,000,000)
Source:
Year | Under 15 | 15–64 | 65+ | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 361 | 604 | 45 | 1010 |
2005 | 368 | 673 | 51 | 1093 |
2010 | 370 | 747 | 58 | 1175 |
2015 | 372 | 819 | 65 | 1256 |
2020 | 373 | 882 | 76 | 1332 |
See also: South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic relations in India, Historical definitions of races in India, and Caste system in India
The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India, but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).
According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BC), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.
For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent.
See also: Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.
Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M
Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.
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