Endocrine Glands | Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC PDF Download

Thyroid Disorders

Hypothyroidism

  • Cretinism Symptoms:
    • Iodine deficiency in immature animals.
    • Exhaustion of thyroid gland.
    • Failure to grow, irreversible CNS dysfunction, mental dullness.
    • Dry, brittle coat, thin skin, scaly-ness, dermatitis, possibly obesity.
    • Lethargy, hypercholesteremia.
  • Myxedema Symptoms:
    • Iodine deficiency in mature animals.
    • Similar symptoms to cretinism.

Hyperthyroidism

  • Types: Parenchymatous goiter, cellaid goiter, nodular or adenomatous goiter, exophthalmic goiter, or thyroiditis.
  • Thyrotoxicosis: Excess thyroxin production.
  • Symptoms: Nervousness, irritability, weight loss, increased appetite, cardiac irregularity.

Diagnosis

  • Characteristic symptoms.
  • Thyroid function tests:
    • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
    • Iodine uptake.
    • Serum protein-bound iodine.
    • Total serum T4.
    • T3 response uptake.
    • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response tests.
    • Cholesterol level.
    • Thyroid biopsy.
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Parathyroid Disorders

Hypoparathyroidism

  • Rare in domestic animals, seen in dogs.
  • Symptoms: Neuromuscular excitability, tetany.
  • May progress to generalized tetany and convulsive seizures.
  • Diagnosis: Low blood calcium levels (4-5 mg/dl).

Hyperparathyroidism

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs.
  • Symptoms: Fibrous osteodystrophy, bone fractures, deformities.
  • Chronic condition may lead to kidney stone formation.
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal disease.
  • Hypocalcemia leads to rubber jaw or fibrous osteodystrophy, chronic demineralization of osseous tissue.

Question for Endocrine Glands
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Which disorder is characterized by exhaustion of the thyroid gland, failure to grow, mental dullness, and dry, brittle coat?
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Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders

Pituitary Gland

  • Underproduction (Hypopituitarism):
    • Pituitary dwarfism in immature animals.
    • Reduced activity in other target organs.
    • Dysfunction leads to hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, and hypoadrenocortical function.
    • Diagnosis: Based on characteristic symptoms.
  • Overproduction:
    • Lengthening of long bones and increased soft tissue.
    • Acromegaly.
    • Diagnosis: Based on symptoms.

Adrenal Gland

  • Hypofunction (Addison's Disease):
    • Acute or chronic hypofunction.
    • Symptoms: Weakness, low blood pressure, pigmentation of skin, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, atrophied thyroid, water and sodium loss, acidosis.
    • Diagnosis: Based on characteristic symptoms.
  • Hyperfunction (Cushing's Syndrome):
    • Symptoms: Painful adiposity, muscle wasting, amenorrhea, osteoporosis, skin atrophy, hypertension, hyperglycemia, sodium retention, susceptibility to infection, potbelly, dermatitis, adrenal virilism.
    • Diagnosis: Based on characteristic symptoms.

Thymus

  • Hyperplasia:
    • Underdevelopment of adrenal and cardiovascular system.
    • Lowered resistance to infections (status thymolymphaticus).
    • Seen in dogs, cats, and cattle.
  • Dysfunction and Diseases:
    • Defective thymus leads to haemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus in animals.
    • Myasthenia gravis in humans, causing muscular weakness.
    • Thymomas (tumors) may cause functional dysfunction, sometimes spreading to lungs, pericardium, lymph nodes.
    • Lymphosarcoma or Hodgkin's disease in young animals.
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Pineal Gland

  • Hyperfunction: Associated with delayed puberty.
  • Hypofunction: Associated with precocious puberty.
  • Destruction by Tumor: Causes cachexia, trophic disturbances, adiposity, premature development of genital organs, premature spermatogenesis, and growth of interstitial cells.
  • Diagnosis: Based on symptoms.

Pancreas

  • Functional Disorders:
    • Hyperinsulinism: Causes hypoglycemia.
    • Diabetes Mellitus: Causes hyperglycemia.
  • Symptoms of Hyperinsulinism (in dogs):
    • Dysfunction of the nervous system due to hypoglycemia.
    • Incoordination, dizziness, muscular weakness, tremors, loss of consciousness, convulsions.
  • Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (in dogs and cats):
    • Older animals, especially females, develop cataracts.
  • Diagnosis: Based on symptoms.

Question for Endocrine Glands
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Which of the following symptoms is associated with hyperfunction of the adrenal gland?
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Synthesis of Hormones

Pineal Gland

Melatonin Synthesis:

  • The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin using the enzyme hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase.
  • Melatonin is crucial for skin health.
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Thyroid Gland

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:

  • Involves the concentration of iodide and synthesis of thyroid hormones.
  • Iodine is trapped in the thyroid gland, oxidized, and iodinated amino acids are formed.
  • Thyroid hormones include thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
  • Synthesis occurs in the colloid protein thyroglobulin.

Parathyroid Gland

Parathormone (PTH) Synthesis:

  • Initially synthesized as proparathormone, a larger molecule.
  • Biologically active PTH includes 84 amino acids.
  • Secreted into the bloodstream from parathyroid cells.

Pancreas

Insulin and Glucagon Synthesis:

  • Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon.
  • Insulin helps lower blood sugar, while glucagon raises it.
  • Discovered by Banting and Best in 1921.

Question for Endocrine Glands
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Which gland is responsible for the synthesis of melatonin?
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The document Endocrine Glands | Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC is a part of the UPSC Course Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC.
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FAQs on Endocrine Glands - Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science Optional for UPSC

1. What are some common symptoms of thyroid disorders?
Ans. Some common symptoms of thyroid disorders include fatigue, weight gain or loss, changes in heart rate, mood swings, hair loss, and sensitivity to cold or heat.
2. How are thyroid disorders diagnosed?
Ans. Thyroid disorders are diagnosed through a combination of physical examinations, blood tests to measure hormone levels, imaging tests such as ultrasound or radioactive iodine scans, and sometimes a biopsy of the thyroid tissue.
3. What are parathyroid disorders and their symptoms?
Ans. Parathyroid disorders involve the overproduction or underproduction of parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the body. Symptoms of parathyroid disorders may include kidney stones, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, fatigue, and changes in mood or memory.
4. How are parathyroid disorders diagnosed?
Ans. Parathyroid disorders are diagnosed through blood tests to measure calcium and parathyroid hormone levels, imaging tests such as ultrasound or sestamibi scans, and sometimes a biopsy of the parathyroid gland.
5. What is the role of endocrine glands in hormone synthesis?
Ans. Endocrine glands, such as the thyroid and parathyroid glands, play a crucial role in hormone synthesis. These glands produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to target organs or tissues to regulate various bodily functions. Hormone synthesis involves the conversion of precursors into active hormones within the endocrine glands.

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