The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution are more elaborate than those in the Constitution of ___ and ___.

The USA and other countries

True or False: The right to property is currently listed as one of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution.

False; it was deleted by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978 and is now a legal right under Article 300-A.

What are the six Fundamental Rights currently recognized in the Indian Constitution?

Right to equality, Right to freedom, Right against exploitation, Right to freedom of religion, Cultural and educational rights, Right to constitutional remedies.

Fill in the blank: The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part ___ of the Indian Constitution.

III

Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for the Right to constitutional remedies?

Article 32

True or False: The original Constitution of India provided for eight Fundamental Rights.

False; it originally provided for seven Fundamental Rights.

Fill in the blank: The right against exploitation is covered under Articles ___ and ___.

23 and 24

What is the significance of Part III of the Indian Constitution?

It is considered the Magna Carta of India, providing a comprehensive list of justiciable Fundamental Rights.

Article 12 of the Indian Constitution defines The State as encompassing ___, ___, and other authorities under the control of the Government of India.

The Government and Parliament of India, the Government and legislatures of the states

True or False: Article 13 states that all laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are void only if they were enacted after the commencement of the Constitution.

False. Article 13 states that all laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights, regardless of when they were enacted, are void.

Legislature

What does Article 13 say about laws made in contravention of Fundamental Rights?

Laws made in contravention of Fundamental Rights shall be void to the extent of the contravention.

True or False: According to Article 13, a constitutional amendment can never be challenged in court.

False. A constitutional amendment can be challenged if it violates a fundamental right that forms part of the basic structure of the Constitution.

Fill in the blank: The Supreme Court held in the Kesavananda Bharati case that a constitutional amendment can be declared void if it violates a fundamental right that forms part of the ___ of the Constitution.

Basic structure

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees ___ before the law and ___ protection of the laws.

Equality; equal

True or False: The concept of 'equality before law' provides special privileges to certain individuals.

False; it ensures that no person is above the law.

What are the three elements of the 'Rule of Law' as proposed by A.V. Dicey?

Absence of arbitrary power, equal subjection of all citizens to the law, and no one can be punished except for a breach of law.

Fill in the blank: The President and Governor of India are not answerable to any court for their actions during their ___ of office.

Term

True or False: Members of Parliament can be prosecuted for statements made during parliamentary sessions.

False; they are protected under Article 105 for anything said or voted in Parliament.

What is the significance of 'equal protection of laws' in the context of the Indian Constitution?

It ensures that every individual is treated equally by the laws of the land, preventing discrimination.

Fill in the blank: The concept of 'equality before law' is derived from ___ law, while 'equal protection of laws' is from ___ law.

British; American

What are the exceptions to the principle of equality before law as outlined in Article 361?

The President and Governor cannot be prosecuted or arrested during their term of office.

True or False: The rule of equality before law is considered an absolute principle without exceptions.

False; there are constitutional exceptions like those concerning the President and Governor.

Short answer: What does 'absence of arbitrary power' refer to in the context of the Rule of Law?

It means that no individual can be punished without a breach of law, ensuring fairness and justice.

Article 15 prohibits discrimination against citizens on the grounds of ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ only.

Religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth

True or False: Article 15 allows discrimination based on grounds other than religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

True; discrimination on other grounds is not prohibited.

What does the term 'discrimination' mean as used in Article 15?

'Discrimination' means to make an adverse distinction with regard to or to distinguish unfavourably from others.

Article 16 ensures equality of opportunity in public employment for all citizens except for special provisions made for ___ classes.

Backward

Fill in the blank: Article 16 prohibits discrimination in public employment on the grounds of ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Race, religion, caste, sex, place of birth, descent, or residence

The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 punishes offenses committed on the ground of untouchability with imprisonment up to ___ months or a fine up to ___ or both.

Six months; 500