What distinguishes locomotion from other types of movement?

Locomotion specifically refers to movements that change position or location, whereas other movements may not involve repositioning the organism.

True or False: All movements exhibited by living organisms can be classified as locomotion.

False. While all locomotions are movements, not all movements are locomotions.

Riddle: I can help you to move and sometimes to catch your food, I am tiny and can be found on a Paramecium. What am I?

Cilia

Fill in the blank: Hydra utilizes its tentacles for prey capture and ___.

Movement

Amoeboid movement is primarily facilitated by ___ and involves the formation of ___ through protoplasmic streaming.

Cytoskeletal components like microfilaments; pseudopodia

True or False: Ciliary movement helps in the movement of limbs and jaws.

False; ciliary movement occurs in internal tubular organs and aids in clearing dust and facilitating ovum passage.

What are the four primary properties of muscle tissue?

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.

Fill in the blank: Muscular movement requires coordination among the ___, ___, and ___ systems.

Muscular; skeletal; neural

Riddle: I help you move your body, from limbs to jaws I’m found, my contractile nature is key, what type of tissue am I?

Muscle tissue

Skeletal muscles, visceral muscles, and cardiac muscles are categorized based on their ___ within the body.

Location

Skeletal muscles are primarily responsible for ___ and ___.

Movement and posture adjustments

True or False: Smooth muscles are under voluntary control.

False: Smooth muscles operate involuntarily.

What distinguishes cardiac muscle from skeletal and smooth muscles?

Cardiac muscle is striated and found exclusively in the heart, while skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and smooth muscle is involuntary.

Fill in the blank: The functional units of muscle contraction are called ___.

Sarcomeres

Riddle: I am a type of muscle that is striated and found only in the heart. What am I?

Cardiac muscle

Which structures in skeletal muscle fibers are responsible for calcium ion storage?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

The actin filament is primarily composed of two helically wound ___ actins formed from ___ actins.

F (filamentous) actins; G (globular)

True or False: Tropomyosin is responsible for covering the active binding sites on actin filaments during muscle contraction.

False; Tropomyosin covers the active binding sites during the resting state.

What are the two main components of the myosin filament, and what do they contain?

Heavy meromyosin (HMM) and light meromyosin (LMM); HMM contains globular heads with ATPase and actin-binding sites.

Fill in the blank: The globular heads of myosin filaments project outward and form ___ at regular intervals.

Cross-arms

Riddle: I am the thin filament that works with myosin, made of F actins and covered by tropomyosin. What am I?

Actin filament

What is the role of troponin in muscle contraction?

Troponin helps to regulate muscle contraction by covering the active sites on actin filaments until calcium ions bind to it, allowing for myosin binding.

The sliding filament theory describes the interaction between ___ and ___ during muscle contraction.

Thin filaments and thick filaments

True or False: Myosin heads bind to actin filaments without the need for ATP.

False; ATP is required for myosin head movement and binding.

Riddle: I facilitate muscle movement and store oxygen, but I am not a muscle. What am I?

Myoglobin

What happens to the I-bands and A-bands during muscle contraction?

I-bands shrink while A-bands maintain their length.

Which type of muscle fibers are characterized by high myoglobin content and abundant mitochondria?

Red fibers

What are the two primary divisions of the human skeletal system?

The two primary divisions of the human skeletal system are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The vertebral column consists of ___ vertebrae that protect the spinal cord.

26

True or False: The hyoid bone is classified as part of the axial skeleton.

True

I connect to the ribs and protect internal organs, yet I am flat and located in the ventral midline of the thorax. What am I?

Sternum

Fill in the blanks: The skull consists of ___ cranial bones and ___ facial bones.

8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones

The appendicular skeleton consists of bones from the limbs and ___ and ___.

Girdles and pelvis

True or False: The pectoral girdle is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

False; the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula.

I am a bone that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and is commonly known as the collarbone. What am I?

Clavicle

Fill in the blank: The pelvic girdle supports the ___ via the acetabulum.

Femur

Which bones make up the forelimb of the appendicular skeleton? List them.

Humerus, radius, ulna, eight carpals, five metacarpals, and fourteen phalanges.

What are the three major structural forms of joints in the human body?

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.

True or False: Cartilaginous joints allow for free movement between bones.

False. Cartilaginous joints allow limited movement between bones.

I am a disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and breakdown, often genetic. What am I?

Muscular dystrophy.

What is the primary function of synovial joints?

To enable a wide range of movements between articulating bones due to the presence of a fluid-filled synovial cavity.