The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in ___ at its first meeting attended by 72 delegates.

1885

True or False: A.O. Hume was a key figure in the formation of the Indian National Congress to represent the interests of only the elite class.

False; A.O. Hume aimed to create a platform for all politically conscious Indians to express their demands.

Fill in the blank: The first woman graduate from Calcutta University who spoke at the INC meeting in 1890 was ___.

Kadambini Ganguly

What was one of the main aims of the Indian National Congress in its early years?

To represent the political and economic demands of the Indian populace.

The theory that A.O. Hume established the INC as a 'safety valve' was supported by which group of leaders?

Extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai.

Fill in the blank: The INC began as an organization to represent the political aspirations of ___ across India.

Indians

True or False: The early Congress leaders were unified by the idea of using A.O. Hume as a 'lightning conductor' to channel nationalistic forces.

True

Explain the significance of women's participation in the INC as demonstrated by Kadambini Ganguly's speech.

Kadambini Ganguly's speech at the INC highlighted the inclusion of women in the freedom struggle, emphasizing their essential role in the movement for independence.

The Era of Moderates in the Indian National Congress spanned from ___ to ___.

1885 to 1905

True or False: The Moderates believed that British intentions were entirely unjust and harmful to India.

False; the Moderates believed British intentions were just but lacked awareness of Indian conditions.

Moderate political activity primarily focused on ___ within the law.

Constitutional agitation

What was the primary method advocated by the Moderates for political engagement?

'Prayer and petition'

Fill in the blank: The prominent leaders of the Moderate phase included Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, and ___.

S.N. Banerjea

True or False: The Moderates aimed to completely sever political connections with Britain.

False; they aimed to maintain political connections with Britain and transform colonial rule into something resembling national rule.

The drain theory was introduced to explain ___ and ___ in the context of British rule in India.

British exploitation of India's resources and the economic backwardness of India.

True or False: The Imperial Legislative Council was designed to provide meaningful power to Indian representatives.

False. The council was meant to appear representative but lacked real power and influence.

Fill in the blank: Early nationalists aimed to establish a broad public opinion that British rule was a primary cause of India's ___.

Poverty and economic backwardness.

What were the specific demands of early nationalists regarding economic reforms?

Reduction in land revenue, abolition of the salt tax, improvement in working conditions for plantation labor, decrease in military expenditure, and encouragement of modern industry through tariff protection and government aid.

True or False: The Indian Councils Act of 1892 significantly widened the democratic base of Indian governance.

False. It faced criticism and did not significantly widen the democratic base or include the masses.

Fill in the blank: The early nationalists' campaign for self-government was inspired by models from countries like ___ and ___.

Canada and Australia.

How did nationalists transform legislative councils into forums for public grievance?

They used these councils to ventilate grievances, expose bureaucratic defects, criticize policies, and address economic issues, particularly public finance.

The demand for an increase in expenditure on welfare during the Indian independence movement included improvements in ___ and ___.

Health and education

True or False: The criticism of the British foreign policy during the independence movement included the annexation of Burma and the attack on Afghanistan.

True

The protection of civil rights during the freedom struggle included the rights to ___, ___, and a free press.

Speech, thought

What event in 1897 intensified public discontent regarding civil rights in India?

The arrest and deportation of the Natu brothers without a trial.

Fill in the blank: Civil rights became an integral part of the freedom struggle, emphasizing ___ and the link between democratic ideals and nationalism.

Modern democratic ideas

The early nationalists believed that India should be ruled in the interest of ___ instead of foreign powers.

Indians

True or False: The early nationalists successfully drew the masses into their movement.

False. They failed to widen their democratic base and the scope of their demands, leading to a passive role of the masses.

What was the British Indian Government's attitude towards the Congress during the early nationalist movement?

The government showed hostility towards the Congress, despite its moderate methods and loyalty to the British Crown.

Fill in the blank: The early nationalists created a wide national awakening among Indians having common interests and the need to rally against a common ___.

Enemy