True or False: The megalith builders in southern India engaged in advanced farming techniques.

False. They did not engage in advanced farming.

Megaliths, often used for ancient structures, were primarily made without ___ .

Cement

What materials were commonly found in megalithic graves in southern India, indicating a belief in an afterlife?

Pottery, iron tools, and weapons

Fill in the blank: The megalithic structures are often found in places like ___ and ___ .

Stonehenge and ancient burial sites

True or False: The cultural identity of the Deep South has remained unchanged since the Civil War.

False. The Deep South maintains its culture while also changing with the times.

During which period were megaliths predominantly constructed in eastern Andhra and Tamil Nadu?

From around 1000 B.C. to the early Christian era.

The Pandya Kingdom was primarily located in ___ and ___ regions of India.

Southern and south-eastern

True or False: The Chola Kingdom was known for its significant naval power and extensive trade.

True

What was the capital of the Pandya Kingdom?

Madurai

Fill in the blank: The Chera Kingdom was located to the ___ and ___ of the Pandya region.

West and north

Which kingdom had its capital established at Puhar and was prominent in cotton trade?

Chola Kingdom

True or False: The decline of the Chera Kingdom was primarily due to the rise of trade with the Chinese.

False - The decline was due to the decay in Roman trade.

Fill in the blank: The Chola Kingdom flourished during the ___ century A.D. under King Karikala.

2nd

What commodities were significant in the trade of the Chera Kingdom?

Spices, ivory, pearls, silk, and muslin

The king's revenue primarily came from ___, spoils of war, and trade.

Agricultural income

True or False: The Tamil region was known for cultivating only paddy and sugarcane.

False. The Tamil region also cultivated grains, fruits, pepper, and turmeric.

Agricultural produce in the Kaveri delta could feed ___ individuals with the space of an elephant's rest.

Seven

Which types of forces maintained the kingdom's military?

Taxes from the peasantry maintained a standing army consisting of ox-drawn chariots, elephants, cavalry, and infantry.

Fill in the blank: The king had a portion of the agricultural yield known as the king's ___.

Share

True or False: Elephants were not significant in the warfare of the kingdom.

False. Elephants were crucial in warfare.

What role did custom officials play in the kingdom's trade?

Custom officials managed trade activities, collecting transit duties from moving merchants.

Fill in the blank: The kingdom's income was augmented by ___ obtained through warfare.

Spoils

Brahmanas in the Sangam age were primarily known for receiving rewards from kings in the form of ___ and ___.

Gold pieces and land

True or False: The social structure during the Sangam age was characterized by clear and rigid caste divisions.

False; distinct caste divisions prevalent in later times were absent during the early Sangam age.

The ruling caste, known as ___, had marital relations with the rich peasant class called ___.

Arasar; vallalas

Fill in the blank: Women from the lowest class, known as ___, primarily conducted agricultural tasks.

Kadistiyar

What role did the valiant warriors, titled enadi, play in the social structure during the Sangam age?

They played a vital role in both military and civil positions under the ruling powers.

True or False: The affluent merchants during the Sangam age lived in humble huts.

False; wealthy merchants resided in upper storeys of their homes.

Fill in the blank: The Sangam age exhibited marked social inequalities, with rich individuals living in ___ and poor individuals in ___.

Brick and mortar houses; humble huts