UPSC Exam  >  UPSC Notes  >  Mathematics Optional Notes for UPSC  >  Functions of Two and Three Variables

Functions of Two and Three Variables | Mathematics Optional Notes for UPSC PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


Edurev123 
2. Functions of Two and Three Variables 
2.1 If ?? =?? ±?? .???? and ?? =?? ±?? .???? with approximately what accuracy can you 
calculate the polar coordinates ?? and ?? of the point ?? (?? ,?? ) ? Express your 
estimates as percentage changes of the value that ?? and ?? have at point (?? ,?? ) . 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : ?? and ?? are functions of two variables ?? and ?? . We write the total derivative of 
each to calculate error from the error in the variables. 
We have ?? =3,???? =0.01,?? =4,???? =0.01 
By definition 
?? =v?? 2
+?? 2
?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? 
By total derivative 
???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
????
 =
3×0.01
5
+
4
5
×0.01=
7
5
×0.01
 
Percentage error in ?? 
 =
??? ?? ×100=
7
5
×0.01
v3
2
+4
2
×100
 =
7
25
=0.28%
 
Similarly,                                 ?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? =tan
-1
 
4
3
 
Page 2


Edurev123 
2. Functions of Two and Three Variables 
2.1 If ?? =?? ±?? .???? and ?? =?? ±?? .???? with approximately what accuracy can you 
calculate the polar coordinates ?? and ?? of the point ?? (?? ,?? ) ? Express your 
estimates as percentage changes of the value that ?? and ?? have at point (?? ,?? ) . 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : ?? and ?? are functions of two variables ?? and ?? . We write the total derivative of 
each to calculate error from the error in the variables. 
We have ?? =3,???? =0.01,?? =4,???? =0.01 
By definition 
?? =v?? 2
+?? 2
?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? 
By total derivative 
???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
????
 =
3×0.01
5
+
4
5
×0.01=
7
5
×0.01
 
Percentage error in ?? 
 =
??? ?? ×100=
7
5
×0.01
v3
2
+4
2
×100
 =
7
25
=0.28%
 
Similarly,                                 ?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? =tan
-1
 
4
3
 
            ???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
?? ?? 2
???? +
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
1
?? ????
 =
-?? ?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? ?? 2
+?? 2
????
?                                                    ???? =
-4×0.01
25
+
3
25
×0.01=
-1
25
×0.01
?                       Percentage error  =
1
2.5
tan
-1
 
4
3
×0.01×100=0.043%
 
 
2.2 Let ?? :?? ?? ??? be defined as 
?? (?? ,?? )={
????
v?? ?? +?? ?? if (?? ,?? )?(?? ,?? )
?? if (?? ,?? )=(?? ,?? )
 
Is ?? continuous at (?? ,?? ) ? Compute partial derivatives of ?? at any point (?? ,?? ) if 
exist. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : Using definition of continuity and partial derivative. 
Function being rational is continuous at all (?? ,?? ) except possibly at (0,0) . 
Continuity at (0,0) : 
To check whether lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?
????
v?? 2
+?? 2
=0. 
Converting to polar coordinates with ?? =?? cos ?? ,?? =?? sin ?? ,lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?~lim
?? ?0
? 
lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? v?? 2
cos
2
 ?? +?? 2
sin
2
 ?? =lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? ?? (?? is always +???? )
 =lim
?? ?0
??? sin ?? cos ?? =0 for all values of ?? 
??? (?? ,?? ) is cont. at (0,0) as well. 
Partial derivative at (?? ,?? )?(0,0) 
Page 3


Edurev123 
2. Functions of Two and Three Variables 
2.1 If ?? =?? ±?? .???? and ?? =?? ±?? .???? with approximately what accuracy can you 
calculate the polar coordinates ?? and ?? of the point ?? (?? ,?? ) ? Express your 
estimates as percentage changes of the value that ?? and ?? have at point (?? ,?? ) . 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : ?? and ?? are functions of two variables ?? and ?? . We write the total derivative of 
each to calculate error from the error in the variables. 
We have ?? =3,???? =0.01,?? =4,???? =0.01 
By definition 
?? =v?? 2
+?? 2
?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? 
By total derivative 
???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
????
 =
3×0.01
5
+
4
5
×0.01=
7
5
×0.01
 
Percentage error in ?? 
 =
??? ?? ×100=
7
5
×0.01
v3
2
+4
2
×100
 =
7
25
=0.28%
 
Similarly,                                 ?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? =tan
-1
 
4
3
 
            ???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
?? ?? 2
???? +
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
1
?? ????
 =
-?? ?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? ?? 2
+?? 2
????
?                                                    ???? =
-4×0.01
25
+
3
25
×0.01=
-1
25
×0.01
?                       Percentage error  =
1
2.5
tan
-1
 
4
3
×0.01×100=0.043%
 
 
2.2 Let ?? :?? ?? ??? be defined as 
?? (?? ,?? )={
????
v?? ?? +?? ?? if (?? ,?? )?(?? ,?? )
?? if (?? ,?? )=(?? ,?? )
 
Is ?? continuous at (?? ,?? ) ? Compute partial derivatives of ?? at any point (?? ,?? ) if 
exist. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : Using definition of continuity and partial derivative. 
Function being rational is continuous at all (?? ,?? ) except possibly at (0,0) . 
Continuity at (0,0) : 
To check whether lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?
????
v?? 2
+?? 2
=0. 
Converting to polar coordinates with ?? =?? cos ?? ,?? =?? sin ?? ,lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?~lim
?? ?0
? 
lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? v?? 2
cos
2
 ?? +?? 2
sin
2
 ?? =lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? ?? (?? is always +???? )
 =lim
?? ?0
??? sin ?? cos ?? =0 for all values of ?? 
??? (?? ,?? ) is cont. at (0,0) as well. 
Partial derivative at (?? ,?? )?(0,0) 
??? ??? =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
-???? ·
2?? 2
v?? 2
+?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
=
?? (?? 2
+?? 2
)-?? ?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
 =
?? 3
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
??? ??? =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
-???? ·
2?? 2v?? 2
+?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
=
?? 3
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
 
                                                               (Simply ?? ??? as it is symmetrical function in ?? 
and ?? ) 
Partial derivative at (0,0) 
??? ??? =lim
h?0
?
?? (h,0)-?? (0,0)
h
=lim
h?0
?
0-0
h
=0
??? ??? =lim
?? ?0
?
?? (0,?? )-?? (0,0)
?? =lim
?? ?0
?
0-0
?? =0
 
2.3 A space probe in the shape of the ellipsoid ?? ?? ?? +?? ?? +?? ?? ?? =???? enters the 
earth's atmosphere and its surface begins to heat. After one hour the temperature 
at the point (?? ,?? ,?? ) on the probe surface is given by 
?? (?? ,?? ,?? )=?? ?? ?? +?? ???? -???? ?? +?????? 
Find hottest point on the probe surface. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach: Use Lagrange's multipliers. 
                                          Max.?? (?? ,?? ,?? )=8?? 2
+4???? -16?? +600                             …(i)                
?????????????? ???? 4?? 2
+?? 2
+4?? 2
=1                                                     …(???? ) 
??????                          ?? =(8?? 2
+4???? -16?? +600)+?? (4?? 2
+?? 2
+4?? 2
-16) 
Taking total derivative of ??  
???? =(16+8?? )?????? +(4?? +2???? )???? +(8???? -16)???? +4?? 
For maximum/minimum 
                              ???? =0?(16+8?? )?? =0;4?? +2???? =0;8???? +4?? -16=0               …(iii)    
Let ?? ?0? 
?? =-
1
2
 
Page 4


Edurev123 
2. Functions of Two and Three Variables 
2.1 If ?? =?? ±?? .???? and ?? =?? ±?? .???? with approximately what accuracy can you 
calculate the polar coordinates ?? and ?? of the point ?? (?? ,?? ) ? Express your 
estimates as percentage changes of the value that ?? and ?? have at point (?? ,?? ) . 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : ?? and ?? are functions of two variables ?? and ?? . We write the total derivative of 
each to calculate error from the error in the variables. 
We have ?? =3,???? =0.01,?? =4,???? =0.01 
By definition 
?? =v?? 2
+?? 2
?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? 
By total derivative 
???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
????
 =
3×0.01
5
+
4
5
×0.01=
7
5
×0.01
 
Percentage error in ?? 
 =
??? ?? ×100=
7
5
×0.01
v3
2
+4
2
×100
 =
7
25
=0.28%
 
Similarly,                                 ?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? =tan
-1
 
4
3
 
            ???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
?? ?? 2
???? +
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
1
?? ????
 =
-?? ?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? ?? 2
+?? 2
????
?                                                    ???? =
-4×0.01
25
+
3
25
×0.01=
-1
25
×0.01
?                       Percentage error  =
1
2.5
tan
-1
 
4
3
×0.01×100=0.043%
 
 
2.2 Let ?? :?? ?? ??? be defined as 
?? (?? ,?? )={
????
v?? ?? +?? ?? if (?? ,?? )?(?? ,?? )
?? if (?? ,?? )=(?? ,?? )
 
Is ?? continuous at (?? ,?? ) ? Compute partial derivatives of ?? at any point (?? ,?? ) if 
exist. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : Using definition of continuity and partial derivative. 
Function being rational is continuous at all (?? ,?? ) except possibly at (0,0) . 
Continuity at (0,0) : 
To check whether lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?
????
v?? 2
+?? 2
=0. 
Converting to polar coordinates with ?? =?? cos ?? ,?? =?? sin ?? ,lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?~lim
?? ?0
? 
lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? v?? 2
cos
2
 ?? +?? 2
sin
2
 ?? =lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? ?? (?? is always +???? )
 =lim
?? ?0
??? sin ?? cos ?? =0 for all values of ?? 
??? (?? ,?? ) is cont. at (0,0) as well. 
Partial derivative at (?? ,?? )?(0,0) 
??? ??? =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
-???? ·
2?? 2
v?? 2
+?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
=
?? (?? 2
+?? 2
)-?? ?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
 =
?? 3
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
??? ??? =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
-???? ·
2?? 2v?? 2
+?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
=
?? 3
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
 
                                                               (Simply ?? ??? as it is symmetrical function in ?? 
and ?? ) 
Partial derivative at (0,0) 
??? ??? =lim
h?0
?
?? (h,0)-?? (0,0)
h
=lim
h?0
?
0-0
h
=0
??? ??? =lim
?? ?0
?
?? (0,?? )-?? (0,0)
?? =lim
?? ?0
?
0-0
?? =0
 
2.3 A space probe in the shape of the ellipsoid ?? ?? ?? +?? ?? +?? ?? ?? =???? enters the 
earth's atmosphere and its surface begins to heat. After one hour the temperature 
at the point (?? ,?? ,?? ) on the probe surface is given by 
?? (?? ,?? ,?? )=?? ?? ?? +?? ???? -???? ?? +?????? 
Find hottest point on the probe surface. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach: Use Lagrange's multipliers. 
                                          Max.?? (?? ,?? ,?? )=8?? 2
+4???? -16?? +600                             …(i)                
?????????????? ???? 4?? 2
+?? 2
+4?? 2
=1                                                     …(???? ) 
??????                          ?? =(8?? 2
+4???? -16?? +600)+?? (4?? 2
+?? 2
+4?? 2
-16) 
Taking total derivative of ??  
???? =(16+8?? )?????? +(4?? +2???? )???? +(8???? -16)???? +4?? 
For maximum/minimum 
                              ???? =0?(16+8?? )?? =0;4?? +2???? =0;8???? +4?? -16=0               …(iii)    
Let ?? ?0? 
?? =-
1
2
 
4?? -?? =0
-4z+4?? =16
}?? =
16
3
;?? =
4
3
 
Putting this in (iii) 
?? 2
=4-
1
4
(
256
9
+
64
9
)=
-44
9
<0 
So this value is not possible. 
?                                                                  x=0 
4?? +2???? =0 
8???? +4?? =16 
                                                (4?? 2
-4)?? =-16 
?                                                                  y=
4
1-?? 2
 
And                                                         z=
-?? 
?? 2
=
2?? ?? 2
-1
 
Substituting in (ii) 
                                       
16
(1-?? 2
)
2
+
16?? 2
(1-?? 2
)
2
=16
 ?                                                               1+?? 2
=(1-?? 2
)
2
 ?                                                              1+?? 2
=?? 4
-2?? 2
+1
 ?                                                      ?? 2
(?? 2
-3)=0
 ?                                                                        ?? =0;?? 2
=3
                                                                              ?? =0??? =0,?? =4,?? =0
 
Let us consider ?? and ?? as independent and ?? as dependent variable. 
(Note: We can do this because we have been given a relation between ?? ,?? and ?? ) 
From (ii) partially differentiating w.r.t. ?? . 
8?? +8?? ??? ??? =0?
??? ??? =-
?? ?? ?                                                         
??? ??? =16?? +4?? ??? ??? -16
??? ??? =16?? -
4????
?? +
16?? ?? ?
2
?? ??? 2
 =16+(16-4?? )(
1
?? -
?? ?? 2
·
??? ??? )
 =16+(16-4?? )(
1
?? +
?? 2
?? 3
)
 
Page 5


Edurev123 
2. Functions of Two and Three Variables 
2.1 If ?? =?? ±?? .???? and ?? =?? ±?? .???? with approximately what accuracy can you 
calculate the polar coordinates ?? and ?? of the point ?? (?? ,?? ) ? Express your 
estimates as percentage changes of the value that ?? and ?? have at point (?? ,?? ) . 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : ?? and ?? are functions of two variables ?? and ?? . We write the total derivative of 
each to calculate error from the error in the variables. 
We have ?? =3,???? =0.01,?? =4,???? =0.01 
By definition 
?? =v?? 2
+?? 2
?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? 
By total derivative 
???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
????
 =
3×0.01
5
+
4
5
×0.01=
7
5
×0.01
 
Percentage error in ?? 
 =
??? ?? ×100=
7
5
×0.01
v3
2
+4
2
×100
 =
7
25
=0.28%
 
Similarly,                                 ?? =tan
-1
 
?? ?? =tan
-1
 
4
3
 
            ???? =
??? ??? ???? +
??? ??? ????
 =
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
?? ?? 2
???? +
1
1+
?? 2
?? 2
-
1
?? ????
 =
-?? ?? 2
+?? 2
???? +
?? ?? 2
+?? 2
????
?                                                    ???? =
-4×0.01
25
+
3
25
×0.01=
-1
25
×0.01
?                       Percentage error  =
1
2.5
tan
-1
 
4
3
×0.01×100=0.043%
 
 
2.2 Let ?? :?? ?? ??? be defined as 
?? (?? ,?? )={
????
v?? ?? +?? ?? if (?? ,?? )?(?? ,?? )
?? if (?? ,?? )=(?? ,?? )
 
Is ?? continuous at (?? ,?? ) ? Compute partial derivatives of ?? at any point (?? ,?? ) if 
exist. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach : Using definition of continuity and partial derivative. 
Function being rational is continuous at all (?? ,?? ) except possibly at (0,0) . 
Continuity at (0,0) : 
To check whether lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?
????
v?? 2
+?? 2
=0. 
Converting to polar coordinates with ?? =?? cos ?? ,?? =?? sin ?? ,lim
(?? ,?? )?(0,0)
?~lim
?? ?0
? 
lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? v?? 2
cos
2
 ?? +?? 2
sin
2
 ?? =lim
?? ?0
?
?? 2
sin ?? cos ?? ?? (?? is always +???? )
 =lim
?? ?0
??? sin ?? cos ?? =0 for all values of ?? 
??? (?? ,?? ) is cont. at (0,0) as well. 
Partial derivative at (?? ,?? )?(0,0) 
??? ??? =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
-???? ·
2?? 2
v?? 2
+?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
=
?? (?? 2
+?? 2
)-?? ?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
 =
?? 3
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
??? ??? =
?? v?? 2
+?? 2
-???? ·
2?? 2v?? 2
+?? 2
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
=
?? 3
(?? 2
+?? 2
)
3/2
 
                                                               (Simply ?? ??? as it is symmetrical function in ?? 
and ?? ) 
Partial derivative at (0,0) 
??? ??? =lim
h?0
?
?? (h,0)-?? (0,0)
h
=lim
h?0
?
0-0
h
=0
??? ??? =lim
?? ?0
?
?? (0,?? )-?? (0,0)
?? =lim
?? ?0
?
0-0
?? =0
 
2.3 A space probe in the shape of the ellipsoid ?? ?? ?? +?? ?? +?? ?? ?? =???? enters the 
earth's atmosphere and its surface begins to heat. After one hour the temperature 
at the point (?? ,?? ,?? ) on the probe surface is given by 
?? (?? ,?? ,?? )=?? ?? ?? +?? ???? -???? ?? +?????? 
Find hottest point on the probe surface. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach: Use Lagrange's multipliers. 
                                          Max.?? (?? ,?? ,?? )=8?? 2
+4???? -16?? +600                             …(i)                
?????????????? ???? 4?? 2
+?? 2
+4?? 2
=1                                                     …(???? ) 
??????                          ?? =(8?? 2
+4???? -16?? +600)+?? (4?? 2
+?? 2
+4?? 2
-16) 
Taking total derivative of ??  
???? =(16+8?? )?????? +(4?? +2???? )???? +(8???? -16)???? +4?? 
For maximum/minimum 
                              ???? =0?(16+8?? )?? =0;4?? +2???? =0;8???? +4?? -16=0               …(iii)    
Let ?? ?0? 
?? =-
1
2
 
4?? -?? =0
-4z+4?? =16
}?? =
16
3
;?? =
4
3
 
Putting this in (iii) 
?? 2
=4-
1
4
(
256
9
+
64
9
)=
-44
9
<0 
So this value is not possible. 
?                                                                  x=0 
4?? +2???? =0 
8???? +4?? =16 
                                                (4?? 2
-4)?? =-16 
?                                                                  y=
4
1-?? 2
 
And                                                         z=
-?? 
?? 2
=
2?? ?? 2
-1
 
Substituting in (ii) 
                                       
16
(1-?? 2
)
2
+
16?? 2
(1-?? 2
)
2
=16
 ?                                                               1+?? 2
=(1-?? 2
)
2
 ?                                                              1+?? 2
=?? 4
-2?? 2
+1
 ?                                                      ?? 2
(?? 2
-3)=0
 ?                                                                        ?? =0;?? 2
=3
                                                                              ?? =0??? =0,?? =4,?? =0
 
Let us consider ?? and ?? as independent and ?? as dependent variable. 
(Note: We can do this because we have been given a relation between ?? ,?? and ?? ) 
From (ii) partially differentiating w.r.t. ?? . 
8?? +8?? ??? ??? =0?
??? ??? =-
?? ?? ?                                                         
??? ??? =16?? +4?? ??? ??? -16
??? ??? =16?? -
4????
?? +
16?? ?? ?
2
?? ??? 2
 =16+(16-4?? )(
1
?? -
?? ?? 2
·
??? ??? )
 =16+(16-4?? )(
1
?? +
?? 2
?? 3
)
 
At ?? =4,
?
2
?? ??? 2
>0, so this cannot be maxima. 
?? 2
= 3,?? =±v3
?? =v3,?? =v3,?? =-2,?? =0
 
Again 
?
2
?? ??? 2
>0 so this can not be a maxima. 
?? =-v3,?? =-v3,?? =-2,?? =0
?
2
?? ??? 2
 =16-
24
v3
<0
 
3o, this is a maxima. 
? Hottest point is (0,-2,-v3) . 
2.4 Evaluate :?? =?
?? ??????????? +???????? +?? ?? ?? ???????? where ?? is the outer surface of the 
part of the sphere ?? ?? + ?? ?? +?? ?? =?? in the first quadrant. 
(2009 : 20 Marks) 
Solution: 
Approach: Surface integral with two changing variables can be calculated by taking the 
projection of the surface in the required plane. Use of polar coordinates can simplify 
integration. 
Read More
387 videos|203 docs

Top Courses for UPSC

387 videos|203 docs
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for UPSC exam

Top Courses for UPSC

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

mock tests for examination

,

Summary

,

Important questions

,

Free

,

Functions of Two and Three Variables | Mathematics Optional Notes for UPSC

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

pdf

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

Functions of Two and Three Variables | Mathematics Optional Notes for UPSC

,

practice quizzes

,

ppt

,

Functions of Two and Three Variables | Mathematics Optional Notes for UPSC

,

Semester Notes

,

Objective type Questions

,

Extra Questions

,

study material

,

MCQs

,

past year papers

,

Sample Paper

,

video lectures

,

Exam

,

Viva Questions

;