GS Paper - I Model Answers (2018) - 3 | UPSC Mains Answer Writing: Practice PDF Download

Q15: Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans: Blue Revolution refers to the sustainable and holistic development of fisheries in India. It aims to increase fish production, enhance livelihood opportunities for fisherfolk, promote aquaculture, and ensure food security for the growing population. The Blue Revolution was launched in 2015, and it focuses on the following areas:

• Marine Fisheries: Promoting sustainable fishing practices, conserving marine resources, and modernizing the fishing industry.
• Inland Fisheries: Developing freshwater aquaculture, enhancing fish production from reservoirs, and promoting the sustainable use of wetlands.
• Aquaculture: Encouraging fish farming, promoting fish seed production, and enhancing fish feed technology.

Problems in Pisciculture Development in India:

• Low Productivity: The productivity of the fish farming sector is low due to outdated technology, lack of quality inputs, and poor management practices.
• Low Profitability: The low market price of fish, high input cost, and lack of market linkages make fish farming an unprofitable venture for small and marginal farmers.
• Water Pollution: Water pollution due to industrial and domestic waste, and intensive agriculture practices pose a threat to fish farming.
• Disease Outbreaks: Diseases such as bacterial infections, viral diseases, and parasites are common in fish farms and can lead to huge losses.

Strategies for Pisciculture Development in India:

• Capacity Building: Providing training and extension services to fish farmers to enhance their technical knowledge and skills.
• Technology Adoption: Promoting the use of modern and efficient fish farming technologies such as recirculatory aquaculture systems and biofloc technology.
• Market Linkages: Developing market linkages for fish farmers to ensure better prices for their produce.
• Institutional Support: Providing institutional support to fish farmers through credit facilities, insurance schemes, and subsidies.
• Water Resource Management: Ensuring water resource management practices that promote sustainable use of water resources.
• Quality Control: Ensuring the quality of fish seed and feed through quality control measures.
• Environmental Protection: Promoting environmentally sustainable aquaculture practices to ensure the long-term viability of the sector.

Q16: What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India ? Identifying industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics.
Ans:  Industrial corridors are a crucial component of India’s economic development strategy, designed to promote infrastructure, manufacturing, and investment across the country. They are defined as a linear area comprising of industrial clusters, logistics, and other supporting infrastructure. The main objective of industrial corridors is to create a favourable ecosystem for industrial development, enhance economic growth, generate employment opportunities, and increase exports.

The following are the main characteristics of industrial corridors in India:

• Geographical Focus: Industrial corridors are geographically concentrated areas with well-defined boundaries. The focus is on developing the existing infrastructure in a region, such as transportation, power, and water supply.
• Integrated Planning: Industrial corridors are developed through integrated planning, involving multiple stakeholders such as government agencies, private investors, and local communities. The planning process includes the identification of suitable locations, infrastructure requirements, and policy frameworks.
• Multi-Modal Transport System: Industrial corridors are well connected through multi-modal transport systems such as highways, railways, ports, and airports. This connectivity is crucial for the efficient movement of goods and people, reducing logistics costs, and improving competitiveness.
• Clusters of Industries: Industrial corridors consist of clusters of industries that are interconnected, sharing common resources and services such as electricity, water, and waste management. The clustering of industries leads to economies of scale, enhances productivity, and fosters innovation. copyright©iasexpress.net
• Greenfield Development: Industrial corridors are often developed on greenfield sites, allowing for the creation of new infrastructure and facilities. This greenfield development ensures that the infrastructure is designed to meet the needs of modern industries and is not constrained by existing infrastructure.
• Special Economic Zones (SEZs): Industrial corridors often include special economic zones (SEZs), which offer tax incentives, streamlined regulations, and other benefits to attract foreign and domestic investments. SEZs are designed to promote exports, increase employment, and enhance economic growth.

In conclusion, industrial corridors are critical for the sustained economic growth of India. By promoting infrastructure development, industrial clusters, and investment, these corridors have the potential to generate employment, increase exports, and enhance the overall competitiveness of the Indian economy.

Q17: Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India and explain the nature of convergence, collaboration and for its success.
Ans: Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) is a flagship initiative of the Government of India launched in 2018 with the aim to transform the most underdeveloped districts of the country. The program focuses on the convergence of central and state schemes, collaboration with stakeholders, and competition among districts to achieve rapid and inclusive development. The core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts are as follows:

• Convergence of Schemes: The ADP aims to achieve convergence of various central and state government schemes in the identified districts to ensure the optimum utilization of resources. The key focus areas for convergence include health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water resources, financial inclusion, and basic infrastructure. Convergence ensures better coordination among various departments and stakeholders, avoiding duplication of efforts and increasing the effectiveness of the programs.
• Collaboration with Stakeholders: The ADP emphasizes the active involvement of various stakeholders such as civil society organizations, private sector, academic institutions, and citizens. The involvement of stakeholders at the local level is essential to ensure that development initiatives are designed and implemented with the active participation of the community. It also helps in identifying and addressing the specific needs and challenges of each district.
• Competition among Districts: The ADP fosters competition among districts to encourage healthy and constructive competition to achieve rapid and inclusive development. The NITI Aayog releases rankings of the districts based on various performance indicators, and the top-performing districts are awarded incentives. The competition encourages districts to learn from each other’s best practices and innovate to achieve their development goals. copyright©iasexpress.net

Nature of Convergence, Collaboration, and Competition:

Convergence, collaboration, and competition are interlinked and complementary to each other. The nature of these three strategies can be explained as follows:

• Convergence and Collaboration: The convergence of schemes and collaboration with stakeholders helps in achieving shared objectives and goals. It enables effective utilization of resources and coordination among stakeholders to address the specific needs of each district.
• Collaboration and Competition: Collaboration among stakeholders helps in creating a conducive environment for healthy competition. The stakeholders can learn from each other’s best practices, share knowledge, and collaborate to achieve their development goals.
• Convergence and Competition: Convergence of schemes ensures the optimum utilization of resources, which creates healthy competition among the districts to achieve their development goals. The competition encourages districts to innovate and learn from each other’s best practices.

Conclusion 
The core strategies of convergence, collaboration, and competition are critical for the success of the Aspirational Districts Programme. These strategies ensure that development initiatives are designed and implemented with the active participation of the community, ensuring the effective utilization of resources and healthy competition among districts. The program has the potential to transform the most underdeveloped districts of the country and create an inclusive and sustainable development model. 

Q18: ‘Women’s movement in India has not addresses the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC GS1 2018)
Ans: India has witnessed since 1980s women-centred movements highlighting issues faced by India in women. Be it Jessica Lal, Aarushi Talwar murder case, Temple entry movement in Gujarat among many others. These have largely voiced injustice in socio-economic issues like Equal Remuneration, Recognition for their Work, Leadership roles Sexual Harassment at Workplace, Right to Privacy and live-in relationships, Dowry Related violence, IPC section 497.
These are largely aspirational choices of Upper and upper middle class women Women at lower strata face wide and serious issues which doesn’t get highlighted (barring few)in public discourse hence lack momentum in making it a successful social movement.
Some of them are –greater rate of abandonment by husbands, Child marriage, lack of choice in marital relationships, Trafficking, Prostitution(ex: devadasi in Karnataka) alcoholism and resulting violence by husbands, high maternal mortality, poor life expectancy, rigid caste system with low level of literacy and greater control on their sexuality, denial of right to work, visit parental home, creamation etc.
Women in poor household have to work entire day collecting firewoods, using unhealthy chulha, fetching waters from far away wells, live in unhygienic habitat without electricity, and nourish child, in-laws all by herself. Subjected to marital rape, being treated only as sexual toys of their men is considered as their only service.
Reasons for this are varied: 

• Corporate and money centric media don’t bring these issue to limelight since they don’t attract much TRPs 
• Lack of women leaders from lower strata despite grass-roots panchayats. Men take up roles of their wives to exercise power in Panchayats. Once they raise their social status, they voice concerns of the new social group than their older counterparts. Ex: Film actresses 
• Lack of recognition for their leadership in small industrial units (MSMEs), Modern Scientific Education, skills of social empowerment (like confidence, soft-skills etc).#Meetoo campaign highlighted Sexual harassment at workplace. 
• Lack of job opportunities and socio-economic infrastructure in Rural areas. Upward social mobility through migration is more among men while women are restricted to low-paying agricultural jobs, informal sector jobs like Beedi-making etc lacking awareness of their rights 
• Strong control on women’s life through Caste panchayats, patriarchy through honour killings, Kangaroo courts, moral policing .Customary morality are too much internalised by women that they tend to perceive exploitation as normal, right. 
• Poverty breeds more children, put burden on women who cannot afford time for their individual selfexpression Legislative measures like Dowry Prohibition Act, Child Marriage (Prohibition) Act, Hindu Marriage Act, Special Marriage Act and many others have not percolated deep into poor women’s lifestyle. 
• Current news: Perumal Murugan’s a dalit writer from Tamil Nadu was recently attacked for his book Mathorubhagan (translated into English as One Part Woman) highlighting problems of lower caste women. Off late reformative initiatives like Ban on Triple talaq, Niqah halala, Polygamy, IPC 377 nullity purdah (issues of lower strata) have begun to make public space with greater intervention of the Supreme Court.
• The political leadership shouldrefrain from appeasement policies as in amendment to Shah Bano verdict, Civil Society and media should actively work on developing consensus on Uniform Civil Code, women leaders from elite sections should highlight, train next generation leaders from lower strata, Women oriented movies like Gulaab gang, Bandit Queen should get more media spacehelp deepen democracy in general and new women movement in particular.

Q19:  'Globalization is generally said to promote cultural homogenization but due to this cultural appear to strengthened in the Indian Elucidate.
Ans: Globalization is often associated with cultural homogenization, which refers to the loss of cultural diversity and the dominance of Western values and lifestyles. However, in the case of India, globalization has led to the strengthening of cultural specificities rather than homogenization. Below are some of the reasons and evidence to elucidate this view:

1. Resurgence of traditional values: Globalization has led to a renewed interest in India’s traditional culture and values.
   • For example, the popularity of yoga, Ayurveda, and other forms of traditional medicine has increased globally, leading to a renewed interest in India’s ancient knowledge systems.
   • This has led to the strengthening of cultural specificities in India as people are now proud of their cultural heritage and are actively promoting it.
2. Local adaptations of global culture: While globalization has led to the spread of Western culture in India, it has also led to the local adaptation and reinterpretation of global cultural elements.
   • For example, Indian food has become popular worldwide, but it has been adapted to local tastes and ingredients, leading to the creation of new dishes.
   • This has led to the strengthening of cultural specificities in India as people are now able to express their cultural identity through the fusion of global and local elements. copyright©iasexpress.net
3. Resistance to Westernization: Globalization has led to the spread of Western culture in India, but it has also led to resistance to Westernization.
   • For example, the rise of the Hindu nationalist movement in India is a response to the perceived threat of Westernization and the erosion of traditional values.
   • This has led to the strengthening of cultural specificities in India as people are now actively resisting the homogenization of their culture.

In conclusion, globalization has not led to cultural homogenization in India. Instead, it has led to the strengthening of cultural specificities by promoting traditional values, local adaptations of global culture, and resistance to Westernization. While there are challenges to preserving cultural diversity in the face of globalization, India’s rich cultural heritage and diversity are likely to continue to thrive in the globalized world.

Q20: 'Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.' Argue by giving suitable illustrations. (Answer in 250 words)
Ans: Communalism refers to the ideology that defines social and political identities based on religious affiliations. It often leads to communal violence and conflict, and it can arise due to power struggles or relative deprivation. Below are some suitable illustrations to argue this view:

1. Power struggle: Communalism often arises due to power struggles between different religious groups.
   1. In India, the rise of communalism can be traced back to the British colonial period when the British used the divide-and-rule policy to maintain their rule.
   2. This policy led to the creation of communal identities and the formation of religious-based political parties such as the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League.
   3. The struggle for power between these parties and communities has often led to communal violence and conflict.
2. Relative deprivation: Communalism can also arise due to relative deprivation, where a group feels that it has been deprived of its rights and privileges compared to another group.
   • In India, the rise of communalism in the 1980s and 1990s was largely due to the perceived marginalization of the Hindu community by the Muslim community.
   • The demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in 1992 was a result of the perceived deprivation of Hindus’ rights to a sacred site. 
   • This led to communal violence and conflicts that lasted for several years.
3. Economic factors: Communalism can also arise due to economic factors, where a group feels that its economic interests are being threatened by another group.
   • In India, communalism often arises in areas where there is economic competition between different communities, such as in areas where there are religious differences in the ownership of land or businesses.
   • This often leads to tensions and conflicts between different communities, especially when there is a perceived threat to one community’s economic interests.

In conclusion, communalism can arise due to power struggles or relative deprivation, where a group feels that it has been deprived of its rights and privileges compared to another group. The examples provided illustrate how communalism has arisen in India due to these factors, leading to communal violence and conflict. To prevent communalism, it is essential to address these underlying factors by promoting equality and justice for all communities.