GS Paper - I Model Answers (2019) - 2 | UPSC Mains Answer Writing: Practice PDF Download

Q11: Many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement during the Gandhian phase. Elaborate. (UPSC GS1 2019)
Ans:

Introduction
The period from 1920 to 1947 has been described as the Gandhian Era in Indian politics. During this period, Gandhiji spoke the final word on behalf of the Indian National Congress in negotiating with the British Government for constitutional reforms, and for chalking out a programme for the national movement. Mahatma Gandhi led the national freedom struggle against the British rule and it also gave space and voice to many other voices which further strengthened the movement.
Voices that strengthened and enriched nationalist movement are as follow:

• Socialist voice: 
  • The emergence of socialism in congress during 1920s and 1930s imparted a new orientation to anti British struggle because the socialist vision of national movement was quite different from Gandhiji and other nationalists. 
  • Anti British struggle got radicalised greatly because socialists wanted that the idea of non-violence should be followed by congress in a pragmatic manner for the mistakes of one or few individuals, entire movement must not be made to suffer. 
  • The emergence of socialism gradually transferred national movement into an all out war against British rule. The socialists believed in the idea of the sustained struggle. Quit India movement was based on this philosophy. 
• Revolutionary Extremist Voice:
  • Indian revolutionaries provided an alternative to all those nationalists participate in anti-British struggle were not satisfied with the method approach of congress 
  • The supreme self-sacrifice performed by Indian revolutionaries inspired lacs of Indians to join anti British struggle as a result of this the mass base of national movement continued to increase with the passage of time. 
  • Indian revolutionaries popularised the cause of Indian struggle against British rule all over the world. This helped in strengthening public opinion against British rule. 
• Swarajists voice: 
  • Swarajists provided an alternative to Indian nationalists at a time when a sense of disillusionment had developed among Indians due to sudden withdrawal of non-cooperation movement. 
  • Through their efforts swarajists exposed the hollowness of reforms introduced by act of 1919. They proved that the real power was still in British hands. 
  • The swarajists lost their steam by 1926-27 because of the death of C. R. Das and wrong impression was created by their activities. 
  • Appointment of Simon commission in November 1927 changed the atmosphere prevailing in India. The swarajists also abandoned their separate line of action and joined hands with mainstream congress to participate in anti Simon commission agitation. 
• Indian Working Class as well as Leftist voice: 
  • During 1920-22, there occurred a resurgence of working class in Indian national movement and got involved in mainstream of nationalist politics to significant extent. Most important development was formation of All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC). 
  • The workers participated during 1930 in the Civil Disobedience Movement but after 1931 there was a dip in the working class movement because of a split in 1931 in which the corporatist trend led by N.M. Joshi broke away from the AITUC to set up the All India Trade Union Federation. 
• Women’s voice strengthening and enriching nationalist movement: 
  • Sarojini Naidu also fondly known as the Nightingale of India was a prolific writer and poet. She was president of the Indian National Congress and was an outstanding leader campaigning and leading from the front in the Civil Disobedience Movement and Salt Satyagraha. 
  • Annie Besant was elected the president of the Indian National Congress and launched the Home Rule Movement. 
  • Usha Mehta who as a child participated in the ‘Simon Go Back’ movement, did little know that her true calling was her nationalist spirit and broadcasting for the Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement. 
  • Madam Cama or Bhikaji Cama exiled in Europe was a social worker and a strong nationalist. She unfurled the flag of Indian Independence in Stuttgart Germany along with a powerful speech advocating the right to freedom. 
  • Other prominent voices during Gandhian phase were Kamala Nehru, Vijay Lakshmi Pandit, Kalpana Dutta, Kamala devi, etc.

Conclusion
There was a greater truth — that of a glorious struggle, hard-fought and hard- won, in which many voices had strengthened and enriched the nationalist movement and made countless of sacrifices, dreaming of the day India would be free. That day had come. The people of India saw that too, and on 15 August — despite the sorrow in their hearts for the division of their land, they danced on the streets with abandon and joy.

Q12: Assess the role of British imperial power in complicating the process of transfer of power during the 1940s. (UPSC MAINS GS1 2019)
Ans:

Introduction
Initially, the British did not pay any attention to the demand of transfer of power by India, but when World War II started, Britain came under immense pressure, as it needed full Indian support to counter this challenge. British came up with different plans and mission in 1940s. But these plans were not made with noble intention in favor of India, hence making the process of transfer of the power difficult.
Why it complicated the process of transfer of power:
Cripps Mission- 1942:
The main proposals of the mission were as follows:

• An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; it would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies. 
• After the end of the war, a constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this assembly would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies through proportional representation and partly nominated by the princes. 
• The British government would accept the new constitution subject to two conditions: 
  • Any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution and form a separate Union, and 
  • The new constitution- making body and the British government would negotiate a treaty to affect the transfer of power and to safeguard racial and religious minorities. 
  • In the meantime, defence of India would remain in British hands and the governor-general’s powers would remain intact.
• Various parties and groups had objections to the proposals on different points:
  • The Congress objected to the offer of dominion status instead of a provision for complete independence; 
  • Representation of the princely states by nominees and not by elected representatives; 
  • Right to provinces to secede as this went against the Principle of national unity; and absence of any plan for immediate transfer of power and absence of any real share in defence; the governor-general’s supremacy had been retained, and the demand that the governor-general be only the constitutional head had not been accepted.
• The main proposals of the Wavell Plan were as follows:
  • With the exception of the governor-general and the commander-in-chief, all members of the executive council were to be Indians. 
  • Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation. 
  • The reconstructed council was to function as an interim government within the framework of the 1935 Act (i.e. not responsible to the Central Assembly). 
  • The governor-general was to exercise his veto on the advice of ministers. Representatives of different parties were to submit a joint list to the viceroy for nominations to the executive council. If a joint list was not possible, then separate lists were to be submitted. 
  • Possibilities were to be kept open for negotiations on a new constitution once the war was finally won.
• Why Wavell Plan complicated the process of transfer of power:
• Congress Stand:
  • The Congress objected to the plan as “an attempt to reduce the Congress to the status of a purely caste Hindu party. 
  • It insisted on its right to include members of all communities among its nominees”. 
  • Muslim League’s Stand: The League wanted all Muslim members to be League nominees, because it feared that since the aims of other minorities—depressed classes; Sikhs, Christians, etc.—were the same as those of the Congress, and this arrangement would reduce the League to a one-third minority. (Wavell wanted Khizr Hyat Khan as the Muslim representative from Western Punjab.) 
  • The League claimed some kind of veto in the council with decisions opposed to Muslims needing a two-thirds majority for approval.

Conclusion
The end of colonial rule in 1947 was undoubtedly a defining moment in the modern South Asian history. Though it was difficult due to the British policies in 1940s for transfer of power, the event can be treated as the twin process of independence and partition - both affecting the future trajectories of the two nations.

Q13: Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American and French Revolutions. (UPSC GS1 2019)
Ans:

Introduction
The credit for making the democracy popular in the world goes not only to the great American war of interdependence, but also to the French revolution, which was equally a struggle of weapons as well as of idea. The ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity are the eternal contribution of the French revolution in the modern constitutional principles adopted around the world.
How the American Revolution laid the foundation of the modern world: 

• American Revolution gives the idea such as constitunalism, rule of law indivuduailism, soverginity, and separation of power which gains popularity in the modern world history. 
• The revolution led to the establishment of a republic based on the first written constitution in the world. 
• It inspired the people in Europe as well as others part of the world to fight against their despotic regimes to compel the government to adopt the constitution. 
• Success of American nationalism inspired the emergence of the nationalist movement in European countries such as Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Central and South America to rebel and gain their independence. 
• It also inspired the nationalist movement in colonies like India during 19th and 20th century It also triggered a series of trans-Atlantic revolutions.Ex-French, Irish etc. 
• The idea of capitalism was also popularised by the success of American Revolution. 
• It triggered the process of decolonisation which continued for more than 200 years. 
• The lessons learnt by British government from its defeat in the war of American independence were implied in the newly emerging colonial empire in India in future. 
• It intensified hostility between Britain and France this renewed hostility was responsible for continental wars and battles. 
• This was a marked contrast to the other states were Monarchies were still in power. This inspired people across the world to struggle for democratic and republican forms of government. 
• It established a federal state with powers divided between the federal government and states. This provided a nice template for power-sharing in diverse countries that needed complex polities. 
• Besides, there was a separation of powers between various organs of the state. 
• Certain inalienable rights were given to the people – this limited the government against the authority of people and reduced government interference in their lives. 
• Democracy was established, but it was far from perfect. Sections like Negroes and women were denied voting rights. But the journey to democracy had begun. 
• It led to many uprisings in Europe, with the French revolution being the biggest. Many generals who participated in the war were instrumental in the French revolution. 
• Thinkers like Thomas Paine also participated in the revolution. This led to a spread of modern ideas in Europe. 

How the French revolution laid the foundation of the modern world: 

• The French Revolution had been a world-shaking event. For years to come its direct influence was felt in many parts of the world. It inspired revolutionary movements in almost every country of Europe (Germany and Italian unification) and in South and Central America. 
• For a long time the French Revolution became the classic example of a revolution which people of many nations tried to emulate. 
• It gave the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity to the modern world. It brought about a political awaking in Europe. People began to rise in revolt to demand their rights. 
• It also popularised the concept of democracy. Absolute monarchy was replaced by constitutional monarchy in many countries. 
• It separated religion from politics and stood for secularism which condemned religious fanaticism. 
• It generated a new power which gave birth to a new civilization. The declaration of human rights emphasise that sovereignty lies with the people and law is an expression of their will. 
• It kicked a number of movements where people demanded not only political freedom but also right to property and freedom of expression. 
• The revolution aroused the spirit of political, social and economic equality like women claimed equal rights with men. 
• The impact of the French Revolution can be summed up, in the words of T. Kolokotrones, one of the revolutionary fighters in the Greek war of independence: “According to my judgment, the French Revolution and the doings of Napoleon opened the eyes of the world. The nations knew nothing before, and the people thought that kings were gods upon the earth and that they were bound to say that whatever they did was well done. 
• Through this present change it is more difficult to rule the people.” Even though the old ruling dynasty of France had been restored to power in 1815, and the autocratic governments of Europe found themselves safe for the time being, the rulers found it increasingly difficult to rule the people. 
• Some of the changes that took place in many parts of Europe and the Americas in the early 19th century were the immediate, direct consequences of the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. 
• The wars in which France was engaged with other European powers had resulted in the French occupation of vast areas of Europe for some time. 
• The French soldiers, wherever they went, carried with them ideas of liberty and equality shaking the old feudal order. They destroyed serfdom in areas which came under their occupation and modernized the systems of administration. 
• Under Napoleon, the French had become conquerors instead of liberators. The countries which organized popular resistance against the French occupation carried out reforms in their social and political system. The leading powers of Europe did not succeed in restoring the old order either in France or in the countries that the Revolution had reached. 
• The political and social systems of the 18th century had received a heavy blow. They were soon to die in most of Europe under the impact of the revolutionary movements that sprang up everywhere in Europe. 

Conclusion

• On the whole, it may be said that the American and French revolution were exemplary events in the world history. American Revolution laid the foundation, while French Revolution constructed building of modern world (with Liberty, Equality, Fraternity). 
• French Revolution gave inspiration to many movements like India’s Struggle for Freedom 1857- 1947 to rise against tyranny and misrule. 
• A new era began in the new world and paved the way for the new epoch for the old world.

Q14: What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? (UPSC GS1 2019)
Ans:

Introduction 
Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use. Water stress causes deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and quality (eutrophication, organic matter pollution, saline intrusion, etc.) 

• India placed thirteenth among the world’s 17 ‘extremely water-stressed’ countries, according to the Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas released by the World Resources Institute (WRI). 
• Chandigarh was the most water-stressed, followed by Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. 

Regional differences in water stress in India: 

• Some regions have been hit harder by the change in rainfall patterns. Parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra, for instance, have seen a significant shortfall in rainfall over the last decade compared to historical averages. Even in regions, such as Uttarakhand, where average rainfall has increased—this could be driven by more extreme rainfall over short spans of time, the type of rains that cause floods. 
• There are harrowing conditions of water scarcity in peninsular India. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Gujarat are in a particularly bad way, with northern Karnataka and Maharashtra not receiving adequate rainfall for three or four consecutive years. 
• The entire country is vulnerable to ‘vegetation drought’; regions with low soil moisture such as the river basins of Mahi, Sabarmati, Krishna, Tapi and Cauvery are particularly susceptible due to low levels of soil moisture. 
• It is extraordinary that Kerala should be in the grip of a water crisis in precisely the regions that were devastated by last year’s floods. A combination of high temperatures and water scarcity has put crops such as cardamom, rubber and tea under stress, with pest attack risks on the rise. 
• According to the NITI Aayog report, 21 cities, including New Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, and Hyderabad, are set to run out of groundwater by 2020, affecting an estimated 100 million people. 
• It warned that groundwater resources, which constitute 40 percent of India’s water supply, were being depleted at unsustainable rates. 
• Excessive groundwater extraction affects not just the quantity but also the quality of water. 

Reasons of water stress at regional level in India: 

• The gap between supply and demand will likely widen due to climate change and drought-like situations, drying of Himalayan springs that caused recent Shimla water crisis and uncontrolled groundwater extraction. 
• Exacerbating these set of policies which encourage water wastage, deepening the water crisis that threatens the livelihoods and lives of millions in rural India. 
• This growing demand for water is almost entirely driven by farmers. In India more than 80% of water demand is used for farming, and agricultural water consumption is expected to stay at these levels even in 2050. 
• India’s reliance on water for farming is partly self-inflicted. For instance, the government’s minimum support price scheme incentivizes the production of water-intensive crops, such as rice and sugar cane, even in areas not suitable for these crops’ production. 
• For instance, the Punjab government is offering cash transfers to farmers for every unit of electricity they save to wean them away from pumping more water.Micro-irrigation practices, such as the use of drips and sprinklers, are not picking up at the desired pace. Economic Survey 2015-16 observes: “The key bottlenecks in the adoption of this technology are the high initial cost of purchase and the skill required for maintenance.” 
• Issues relating to coordination have further complicated water issues. Traditionally, different aspects of water have been managed in isolation by different ministries. This has now changed with the newly-formed Jal Shakti ministry, which has subsumed several different water-related departments. 

Conclusion 
Therefore, power subsidies can be gradually withdrawn and instead drip and sprinkler irrigation subsidised. This should be accompanied by a shift away from paddy and sugarcane in rain fed regions, with subsidies and incentives being linked to such choices. Telangana have shown the way in furthering micro-irrigation through Mission Kakatiya, which entails the revival of over 40,000 tanks in the State.
An immediate as well as medium-term policy response is called for. The first priority is to stave off a drinking water crisis by rationing the use of water for irrigation purposes. We will have to apply a good mix of centralized storage (in the form of conventional large reservoirs and large inter basin water transfer programs) and decentralized and distributed storage systems in farmers’ fields and villages.

Q15: How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? (UPSC GS1 2019)
Ans:

Introduction 
Mountains are an important source of water, energy and biological diversity. Furthermore, they are a source of such key resources as minerals, forest products and agricultural products and of recreation. As a major ecosystem representing the complex and interrelated ecology of our planet, mountain environments are essential to the survival of the global ecosystem. Mountain ecosystems are, however, rapidly changing.
Developmental initiatives and Tourism in Mountains: 

• Impact: Over the generations, mountain people have learned how to live with the threat of natural hazards and have developed well-adapted and risk-resilient land-use systems. However, there is growing evidence that many mountain regions have become increasingly disaster-prone over the past few decades. 
• Dams and Roads: Dams and roads can be hazardous if they are not properly constructed and managed. Disasters in mountains, and the forces that trigger them, affect larger areas, sometimes entire watersheds or river systems. 
• Mining: The forces that shaped the world’s mountains also made them rich in minerals and metals, including gold, copper, iron, silver and zinc. Owing to increasing demand, mines are now being opened even in remote mountain areas, particularly in developing countries. 
• Mining can bring large benefits, but it can also be devastating to fragile mountain ecosystems and local cultures, destroying the livelihood base of mountain communities. Massive quantities of waste, surface dumps and slag heaps are only the most visible consequences. 
• Mountain Tourism: Mountain areas are second only to coasts and islands as popular tourism destinations, generating 15-20 percent of annual global tourism, or US$70-90 billion per year. With more than 50 million visitors per year, mountains are some of the world’s most important destinations for tourism. 
• Beautiful landscapes, sporting and recreational possibilities and the unique traditions, cultures and lifestyles of mountain people attract increasing numbers of visitors, mainly from lowland cities. The increasing exploitation of mountain areas by outside forces such as commercial agriculture, logging, mining and tourism enterprises puts additional dangerous pressure on these fragile ecosystems. 
• As a result, such events harm not only mountain communities but also livelihoods further downstream, affecting millions of people. Restoration of Mountainous Ecosystem: About 10 per cent of the world’s population depends on mountain resources. A much larger percentage draws on other mountain resources, including and especially water. 
• Mountains are a storehouse of biological diversity and endangered species. Most global mountain areas are experiencing environmental degradation. Hence, the proper management of mountain resources and socio-economic development of the people deserves immediate action. 
• Infrastructure Development: Only small dams and greater investments in road construction and restoration, improved road design, and better maintenance practices are needed to limit the negative impacts of mountain roads. 
• Eco-Tourism: Tourism can have a range of impacts on mountain ecosystems, communities and economies. While many of the impacts described above are negative, tourism can also generate positive impacts as it can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions, help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs, increase visitor awareness and appreciation of natural, cultural and historical values and assets. 
• Good Practice in Action-White pod, a unique tourist camp located in the Swiss Alps, is made up of semi-permanent dome-shaped tents, or pods, that serve as guest rooms, with a central chalet housing the dining room, common room and bathroom facilities. The pods are heated with wood burning stoves and all furniture is made from recycled materials or sustainably harvested wood. 
• Minimize the use of motorized transport in and around mountain areas – Wherever possible, use local non-motorized means of transport, such as mules and horses, and avoid developing tours that are overly dependent on motorized transportation and activities. – Share vehicles and transportation infrastructure with other tour operators or service providers where possible. – Choose routes and time schedules that minimize congestion and distance travelled. – Avoid the use of vehicles with a larger seating or engine capacity than is required for the tour. 
• Minimize trash generation – Avoid over-packaged goods and disposable items. – Purchase in bulk and use recyclable and refillable containers where possible. – Keep waste and chemicals away from natural water bodies. – Avoid the use of cleaning products, soaps, detergents and toothpaste near or in fresh water. 
• Educate visitors about the effects of climate change on mountains and snow-based recreational activities. Offer suggestions for how they can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by, for example, using low-polluting vehicles, removing ski racks and replacing snow tires with normal tires at the end of the season, and carpooling or taking shuttles to recreational sites.

Conclusion 
To achieve sustainable mountain development, it is essential that all concerned stakeholders are involved and that awareness is raised about mountain ecosystems, their fragility and prevalent problems, and about ways of addressing them.

Q16: How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development of India? (UPSC GS1 2019)
Ans:

Introduction 
Creating an efficient transport infrastructure in the country is one of the chief factors responsible for the takeoff of accelerated growth in the country on account of poor quality of transport infrastructure. Progress made in efficient and affordable urban mass transport would have a key role on taking India to double digit growth. 

• Need of efficient and affordable urban mass transport: Nearly 31% of India’s current population lives in urban areas contributing to 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011) and with increasing urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40% of India’s population and contribute to 75% of India’s GDP by 2030. 
• India’s urban growth is largely concentrated in large cities which were 35 in 2001 to 53 in 2011, accounting for 43% of India’s urban population, and is expected to be 87 by 2030. 

Efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development of India because: 

• Efficient urban mass transport system lead to saving of time and energy. This time and energy can be used for economic activities. Best example is Delhi Metro services. Not only has this affordability of transport and safety of citizens improved a lot. 
• India has vast coastline and waterways which are still unexplored. With issues like environment and climate change, our waterways will provide efficient as well affordable transport system. Further this will provide connectivity to remote areas also; best example is waterways through Brahmaputra River which provides accessibility to northeast region. 
• Mass transport system can be further more affordable with reinvent of new technologies. e. g. - Use of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) CNG and use nuclear energy will make this more affordable. Also this will reduce our import of fossil fuels. This will be more economically more viable as well as environment friendly. 
• Mass transport provides complimentary system- It is absolutely clear that there isn’t enough space for everyone to drive a car, and the government must pivot the policy to delivering reliable public transport. The metro project is a step in the right direction, but it needs complementary changes that improve the citizens’ experience. 
• Public mass system must provide last mile connectivity-the metro system needs a bus system to provide last-mile connectivity. If people have to take buses, they need pedestrian paths to walk on the roads. The bus system also needs to be reliable Mysore has managed to achieve that because of a centralized monitoring system that tracks buses using GPS monitors driving speed and ensures that they stop at every bus stop. 

Conclusion 
India is a growing economy, and census data suggests that only 31% of the population lives in urban centers. Another 300 million people will be added by 2050 and the planning for carrying those people in our cities must begin now. Public transport can easily be the cheaper, faster and economical alternative if policymakers plan for tomorrow’s problems today. So initiatives like development of waterways, Bullet trains, hyper loops is the demand of time.

Q17: How ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment? Give suitable examples. (UPSC GS1 2019)
Ans:
The ocean water is dynamic. Its physical characteristics like temperature, salinity, density and the external forces like of the sun, moon and the winds influence the movement of ocean water. Ocean currents are the continuous flow of huge amount of water in a definite direction. Water moves ahead from one place to another through ocean currents.
Ocean currents has direct impact on the climate and economy of the region. Common water masses in the world ocean are: Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW), North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), the central waters of various oceanic basins, and various ocean surface waters.
Ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment in different ways: 

• Impact on biodiversity - The physical parameters of water masses are essential because they structure the water masses and determine the various habitats that provide the environmental conditions required for marine life. 
• These conditions influence the production and the growth of plankton and fish species. The dispersion and dwelling of larvae for many benthic and pelagic species depend on hydrographical factors. They also play an important role for the exchanges between the sea and the atmosphere and between the various layers of water. 
• While ocean currents has also direct impact on the marine biodiversity. For example mixing of ocean currents becomes a ground for fishing. best example is eastern USA coast. 
• Osmo regulation and fertility- water masses formation and location of its formation has direct bearing on the marine biodiversity as salinity and temperature of water masses changes with its location. 
• While ocean currents also changes the salinity of coastal region which changes the marine biodiversity. It has also direct bearing on temperature of region also. Best example is nor that lantic drift of Atlantic region. Due to north Atlantic drift, Murmansk port of Russian region will remain ice free Impact on corals. Formation water masses near the region of corals can destroy the coral region of world. Deep coral will be more impacted by the formation of deep ocean water masses. 
• Impact on climate of regions. Impact of ocean currents has more bearing on the climate of the region. For example north Atlantic Drift has direct bearing climate of whole Europe region. Even ocean currents has direct bearing on the whole climate of the world. For example- El-Niño while ocean water masses has less impact on the climate. However in the recent time melting of glaciers and global warming may have impact on marine life. 
• Latitude heat balance. ocean currents has key role in transferring heat from tropical regions to higher latitudes. This helps in rainfall and climate of higher latitudes. Also ocean currents brings colder water from polar regions to tropical regions. 
• While water masses also changes the salinity and temperatures of oceans. for example Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) has direct bearing on the region. 

Conclusion 
Water masses have more bearing on the deep sea marine biodiversity as deep water masses have direct bearing on these species. While ocean currents has very less bearing on deep sea water species. Further, ocean currents and their impact has been studied in much details while the impact water masses need to be studied more elaborately. Further scientific studies must be carried out study the impact these two phenomenon’s.

Q19: Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples
Ans:

Introduction
A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, history, ethnicity, or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture. While the idea of small India all over the nation highlights the presence of different and diverse cultures of country. Hence we have cultural pockets of small India all over nation.
Different cultures in the nation: The state of Jammu and Kashmir have cultural pockets of Kashmir and Ladakh. The state of Uttar Pradesh has the people speaking Khari boli, Braj, Awadhi, Urdu, thus depicting cultural pockets of small India. 

• The north eastern states have different cultural pockets based upon tribes, language, practices, tradition. Similarly there are various states based upon languages like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala depicting cultural pockets of small India. Himachal Pradesh has Buddhist and Hindus. We have several tribes, castes living together who tend to practice their own traditions. We have many religions in the parts of our country with people believing in different faiths. 
• The Marwaris, Sindhis, Parsis, Christians, Muslims, Sikhs, state people living in different parts of the country. Hence cultural pockets of small India i.e. different cultures present all over the nation. Different nations in the cultures: At the same time we have nations in the cultural pockets of small India. 
• The various communities which lived in the various states form stable and sustainable lifestyle, hence depicting nations. The Khasis, Garo, jaintia tribes are a community formed on basis of common culture. The states like Andhra, Punjab, Gujarat have a stable community based upon common language. 
• The people of North eastern states have common ethnicity. The people of Telangana have common psychological make-up based upon backwardness of state. The Gorkhas have same similar psychological makeup. Hence there are multiple nations in the culture of India. 

Conclusion
Therefore India is a diverse, plural, multicultural, multiethnic, multilingual society with different cultures forming nations and while different nations forming cultures. This has given rise to the sovereign, secular, democratic, republic with unity and integrity, fraternity and dignity of individuals

Q20: What are the continued challenges for the women in India against time and space? (UPSC GS1 2019)
Ans:

Introduction
Women are the building blocks of the society. They are traditionally referred as Goddesses. However in the Indian society, they continue to be exploited for the sake of the conventions of the society and face challenges which are as follow:
Challenges faced by the women:

• Patriarchy: The women face the male dominance in the various institutions, structures of the country. This has hampered the overall development and rise of women in the societal roles. 
• Political participation: The women are not able to express themselves politically. The reservation for women is still pending in the parliament. 
• Economic participation: Women are not able to reach the top most positions in the corporations, private or public except a few. Also women are imparted roles which are regarded as specifically for women like Pink Jobs, Health sector etc. 
• Education: they are still considered as burden in the villages of many states, though the situation has improved in many. 
• Discrimination: The women are discriminated in the various spheres affecting their overall participation and development of their personalities. They are still discriminated in the villages, families. 
• Alienation: The women are socially and psychologically alienated which results in the non participation of the women in the various spheres of life. 
• Exclusion: The women are excluded from the decision making roles in the society which eventually affect the health of the society and the nation. 
• Crimes and atrocities: NCRB data shows that the women are faced with crimes such as rapes, abuse, sexual harassment at workplaces and thus face deviant behavior. 
• Domestic violence and Non participation in the decisions of families in the villages. The Khap panchayats and patriarchal attitude exacerbate the position of women. 
• Rural scenario: Women have little choices, have to face crimes while going out for work, leads to mental health problems, affect reproductive health and affect critical decision making power. Trafficking, bride buying etc are also faced by women. 

Conclusion 
At the same time, the tribes of North eastern India exercise matriarchy which leads to women empowerment through the traditional structures, thus raising the status and decision making power of women. The Government legal steps, like Sexual harassment prevention, women help lines, schemes aimed at welfare of women, targeting of schemes like LPG DBT transfer into women account etc. would go a long way to provide a way for the empowerment and encouragement among the women.