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Page 1
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
????? ??? ?????
???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ( National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited- NTPC) ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ???? ???? ????? ( Solar
Power Plant) ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?? ???????? ???? 2022 ?? ???????? ????? (Renewable Energy ) ????? ?? 175 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????
???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? 100 ??????? (GW) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????? ???? ???? ?????:
z ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? (Photovoltaic Panels) ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??????
???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????
? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
z ????? ?? ??????????:
? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? 447 MW ????? ?? ????? ????? NTPC ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (????) ?????
???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 2023 ?? ????? ?? ??????
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? 25MW ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????
????? (Simhadri Thermal Power Plant) ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 92 MW ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ????
???:
z ???? ??????? ?? ?????: ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????- ???? ???????, ???? ???????????, ???????? ??
?????? ?? ??-??? (Off-Take) ????
? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??
????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????
z ?????? ?????: ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (Cooling Effect) ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??? 5-10% ?? ????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
z ??? ???: ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? (Algal
Blooming) ??? ????
??????????:
z ???? ????: ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ????
Page 2
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
????? ??? ?????
???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ( National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited- NTPC) ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ???? ???? ????? ( Solar
Power Plant) ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?? ???????? ???? 2022 ?? ???????? ????? (Renewable Energy ) ????? ?? 175 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????
???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? 100 ??????? (GW) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????? ???? ???? ?????:
z ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? (Photovoltaic Panels) ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??????
???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????
? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
z ????? ?? ??????????:
? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? 447 MW ????? ?? ????? ????? NTPC ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (????) ?????
???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 2023 ?? ????? ?? ??????
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? 25MW ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????
????? (Simhadri Thermal Power Plant) ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 92 MW ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ????
???:
z ???? ??????? ?? ?????: ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????- ???? ???????, ???? ???????????, ???????? ??
?????? ?? ??-??? (Off-Take) ????
? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??
????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????
z ?????? ?????: ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (Cooling Effect) ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??? 5-10% ?? ????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
z ??? ???: ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? (Algal
Blooming) ??? ????
??????????:
z ???? ????: ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?? ??????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????
z ???? ?? ???????: ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???-??? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????
z ????-??? ????????? ?? ???: ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????-??? ????????? (Water-bed
Topography) ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ?????:
z ????? ???? ????: ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (National Action Plan on Climate
Change) ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????
z INDCs ????: ???? ??? ???? 2022 ?? ???? ?? ????? 100 GW ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????
? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions- INDCs) ??
??????? ???-?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 40% ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
2030 ?? ???? 2005 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 33% ?? 35% ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????
z ISA ?? ???????: ???????????? ???? ?????? (International Solar Alliance- ISA) ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??
?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? 2015 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? 21??? ??? (COP-21) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???
z ?????? ???????: ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???
????? ????
z ‘?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????’ ????????: ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????-??????? ???? ???? '?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????', ?????
??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
???????? ????????? ???? ??????? (NTPC):
z ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? (Public Sector Undertaking-
PSU) ????
z ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 1975 ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???
z ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
z ?? 2010 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
z ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????
???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 8,500 ???? (???? 28, 890
???) ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
?????? ?????:
???? ??????????:
z ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?? ????
z ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? (???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??
?????????) ???? ?? 5230 ???? ????? ????
Page 3
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
????? ??? ?????
???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ( National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited- NTPC) ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ???? ???? ????? ( Solar
Power Plant) ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?? ???????? ???? 2022 ?? ???????? ????? (Renewable Energy ) ????? ?? 175 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????
???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? 100 ??????? (GW) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????? ???? ???? ?????:
z ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? (Photovoltaic Panels) ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??????
???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????
? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
z ????? ?? ??????????:
? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? 447 MW ????? ?? ????? ????? NTPC ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (????) ?????
???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 2023 ?? ????? ?? ??????
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? 25MW ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????
????? (Simhadri Thermal Power Plant) ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 92 MW ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ????
???:
z ???? ??????? ?? ?????: ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????- ???? ???????, ???? ???????????, ???????? ??
?????? ?? ??-??? (Off-Take) ????
? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??
????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????
z ?????? ?????: ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (Cooling Effect) ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??? 5-10% ?? ????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
z ??? ???: ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? (Algal
Blooming) ??? ????
??????????:
z ???? ????: ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?? ??????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????
z ???? ?? ???????: ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???-??? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????
z ????-??? ????????? ?? ???: ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????-??? ????????? (Water-bed
Topography) ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ?????:
z ????? ???? ????: ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (National Action Plan on Climate
Change) ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????
z INDCs ????: ???? ??? ???? 2022 ?? ???? ?? ????? 100 GW ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????
? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions- INDCs) ??
??????? ???-?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 40% ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
2030 ?? ???? 2005 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 33% ?? 35% ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????
z ISA ?? ???????: ???????????? ???? ?????? (International Solar Alliance- ISA) ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??
?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? 2015 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? 21??? ??? (COP-21) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???
z ?????? ???????: ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???
????? ????
z ‘?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????’ ????????: ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????-??????? ???? ???? '?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????', ?????
??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
???????? ????????? ???? ??????? (NTPC):
z ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? (Public Sector Undertaking-
PSU) ????
z ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 1975 ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???
z ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
z ?? 2010 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
z ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????
???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 8,500 ???? (???? 28, 890
???) ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
?????? ?????:
???? ??????????:
z ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?? ????
z ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? (???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??
?????????) ???? ?? 5230 ???? ????? ????
? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? (?? ?? ???) ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????
? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????
??????:
z ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? 1628 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1728 ?? ???? 1916 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1934
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????:
z ???????, ??????? ??? ?? "???? ?? ????" ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???, ????- ????????? (5,897 ??.),
????? (5,790 ??.), ????????? (4,784 ??.) ????
?????????? ??????:
?????:
z ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??-??? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????
??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??
???? ???? ???? ????? ????
??????: ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???:
z ????????? (Icelandic):
? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? (Parallel Fissure) ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z ?????? (Hawaiian):
? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????
???, ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
z ??????????? (Strombolian):
? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ??????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????-????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????
?? "????? ???? ?? ?????? ????" ??? ??? ????
z ???????? (Vulcanian):
? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???, ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????
???? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????
z ??????:
? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????
???? ????
? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? (fluidized slurries) ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????
z ??????:
? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
Page 4
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
????? ??? ?????
???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ( National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited- NTPC) ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ???? ???? ????? ( Solar
Power Plant) ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?? ???????? ???? 2022 ?? ???????? ????? (Renewable Energy ) ????? ?? 175 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????
???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? 100 ??????? (GW) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????? ???? ???? ?????:
z ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? (Photovoltaic Panels) ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??????
???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????
? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
z ????? ?? ??????????:
? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? 447 MW ????? ?? ????? ????? NTPC ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (????) ?????
???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 2023 ?? ????? ?? ??????
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? 25MW ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????
????? (Simhadri Thermal Power Plant) ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 92 MW ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ????
???:
z ???? ??????? ?? ?????: ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????- ???? ???????, ???? ???????????, ???????? ??
?????? ?? ??-??? (Off-Take) ????
? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??
????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????
z ?????? ?????: ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (Cooling Effect) ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??? 5-10% ?? ????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
z ??? ???: ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? (Algal
Blooming) ??? ????
??????????:
z ???? ????: ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?? ??????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????
z ???? ?? ???????: ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???-??? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????
z ????-??? ????????? ?? ???: ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????-??? ????????? (Water-bed
Topography) ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ?????:
z ????? ???? ????: ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (National Action Plan on Climate
Change) ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????
z INDCs ????: ???? ??? ???? 2022 ?? ???? ?? ????? 100 GW ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????
? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions- INDCs) ??
??????? ???-?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 40% ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
2030 ?? ???? 2005 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 33% ?? 35% ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????
z ISA ?? ???????: ???????????? ???? ?????? (International Solar Alliance- ISA) ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??
?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? 2015 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? 21??? ??? (COP-21) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???
z ?????? ???????: ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???
????? ????
z ‘?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????’ ????????: ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????-??????? ???? ???? '?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????', ?????
??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
???????? ????????? ???? ??????? (NTPC):
z ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? (Public Sector Undertaking-
PSU) ????
z ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 1975 ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???
z ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
z ?? 2010 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
z ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????
???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 8,500 ???? (???? 28, 890
???) ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
?????? ?????:
???? ??????????:
z ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?? ????
z ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? (???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??
?????????) ???? ?? 5230 ???? ????? ????
? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? (?? ?? ???) ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????
? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????
??????:
z ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? 1628 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1728 ?? ???? 1916 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1934
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????:
z ???????, ??????? ??? ?? "???? ?? ????" ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???, ????- ????????? (5,897 ??.),
????? (5,790 ??.), ????????? (4,784 ??.) ????
?????????? ??????:
?????:
z ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??-??? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????
??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??
???? ???? ???? ????? ????
??????: ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???:
z ????????? (Icelandic):
? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? (Parallel Fissure) ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z ?????? (Hawaiian):
? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????
???, ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
z ??????????? (Strombolian):
? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ??????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????-????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????
?? "????? ???? ?? ?????? ????" ??? ??? ????
z ???????? (Vulcanian):
? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???, ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????
???? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????
z ??????:
? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????
???? ????
? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? (fluidized slurries) ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????
z ??????:
? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????
???????????? ????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? (Supreme Court) ??? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ????? (Mullaperiyar Dam
Supervisory Committee) ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
z ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? 2014 ??? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????-??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????
?????????:
z ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 130 ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??,
?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? (Earthquake) ?? ???? (Flood) ??
???? ????
z ????????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? "????" ?? ?? ???
? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??-????? ?? ??? ????? ???
? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ???? (Instrumentation Scheme), ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????
???????? ?? ???:
z ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? (Rule Curve) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????
? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????-????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??
?????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ???? ?? "????? ??????" ????? ?? ????? ????
? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????
z ????????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????
??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
???? ?? ???:
z ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? 1939 ??? "????????" ???? ?????? ???????? (Gate Operation Schedule )
?? ????????
??????? ??????? ?? ??????:
z ?????????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??
????? ???? “????????? ??? ??? ?????????” ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? “???? ????????” ?? ??????
z ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
?? ?????? ????? ?????
Page 5
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????
????? ??? ?????
???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ( National Thermal Power
Corporation Limited- NTPC) ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ???? ???? ????? ( Solar
Power Plant) ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?? ???????? ???? 2022 ?? ???????? ????? (Renewable Energy ) ????? ?? 175 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????
???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? 100 ??????? (GW) ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????? ???? ???? ?????:
z ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? (Photovoltaic Panels) ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??????
???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????
? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
z ????? ?? ??????????:
? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? 447 MW ????? ?? ????? ????? NTPC ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (????) ?????
???????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? 2023 ?? ????? ?? ??????
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? 25MW ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????
????? (Simhadri Thermal Power Plant) ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 92 MW ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ????
???:
z ???? ??????? ?? ?????: ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????- ???? ???????, ???? ???????????, ???????? ??
?????? ?? ??-??? (Off-Take) ????
? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??
????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????
z ?????? ?????: ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? (Cooling Effect) ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??? 5-10% ?? ????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
z ??? ???: ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? (Algal
Blooming) ??? ????
??????????:
z ???? ????: ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?? ??????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????
?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????
z ???? ?? ???????: ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???-??? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????
z ????-??? ????????? ?? ???: ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????-??? ????????? (Water-bed
Topography) ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
??? ???? ?????? ?????:
z ????? ???? ????: ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (National Action Plan on Climate
Change) ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????
z INDCs ????: ???? ??? ???? 2022 ?? ???? ?? ????? 100 GW ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????
? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions- INDCs) ??
??????? ???-?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 40% ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
2030 ?? ???? 2005 ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? 33% ?? 35% ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????
z ISA ?? ???????: ???????????? ???? ?????? (International Solar Alliance- ISA) ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??
?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? 2015 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? 21??? ??? (COP-21) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???
z ?????? ???????: ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???
????? ????
z ‘?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????’ ????????: ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????-??????? ???? ???? '?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????', ?????
??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
???????? ????????? ???? ??????? (NTPC):
z ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? (Public Sector Undertaking-
PSU) ????
z ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 1975 ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???
z ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
z ?? 2010 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
z ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????
???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? 8,500 ???? (???? 28, 890
???) ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
?????? ?????:
???? ??????????:
z ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?? ????
z ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? (???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??
?????????) ???? ?? 5230 ???? ????? ????
? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? (?? ?? ???) ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????
? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????
??????:
z ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? 1628 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1728 ?? ???? 1916 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1934
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????:
z ???????, ??????? ??? ?? "???? ?? ????" ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???, ????- ????????? (5,897 ??.),
????? (5,790 ??.), ????????? (4,784 ??.) ????
?????????? ??????:
?????:
z ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??-??? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????
??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??
???? ???? ???? ????? ????
??????: ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???:
z ????????? (Icelandic):
? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? (Parallel Fissure) ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z ?????? (Hawaiian):
? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????
???, ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
z ??????????? (Strombolian):
? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
???? ??????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????-????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????
?? "????? ???? ?? ?????? ????" ??? ??? ????
z ???????? (Vulcanian):
? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???, ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????
???? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????
z ??????:
? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????
???? ????
? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? (fluidized slurries) ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????
z ??????:
? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????
???? ???, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????
???????????? ????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? (Supreme Court) ??? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ????? (Mullaperiyar Dam
Supervisory Committee) ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
z ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? 2014 ??? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????-??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????
?????????:
z ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 130 ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??,
?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? (Earthquake) ?? ???? (Flood) ??
???? ????
z ????????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? "????" ?? ?? ???
? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??-????? ?? ??? ????? ???
? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ???? (Instrumentation Scheme), ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????
???????? ?? ???:
z ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? (Rule Curve) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????
? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????-????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??
?????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ???? ?? "????? ??????" ????? ?? ????? ????
? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????
z ????????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????
??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
???? ?? ???:
z ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? 1939 ??? "????????" ???? ?????? ???????? (Gate Operation Schedule )
?? ????????
??????? ??????? ?? ??????:
z ?????????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??
????? ???? “????????? ??? ??? ?????????” ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? “???? ????????” ?? ??????
z ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????
?? ?????? ????? ?????
z ????? ??????:
? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??-?????
? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????
? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????
z ????:
? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??-??? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????
???????????? ????
z ???? 123 ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
? ?? ???? ?? ????? 365.85 ???? ?? ????? 53.66 ???? ????
z ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ?????? ???? ?? ????? 999 ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????
???
z ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? (Periyar River) ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????
?? ?? ????? ????
??????? ???? z ????????? ??? 244 ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????
z ???? ‘???? ?? ????????’ (Lifeline of Kerala) ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???
?? ????
? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????
z ????????? ??? ??????? ??? (Western Ghat) ?? ??????? ????????? (Sivagiri Hill) ??? ?????? ??? ?? ‘????????? ????????
?????’ (Periyar National Park) ??? ???? ???? ????
z ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????- ??????????, ?????????, ?????????, ????????????? ????
????? ???????? ??? ?????????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? (Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project- ERCP) ??
???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????
z ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? 90% ???? ????? ?????
????? ????? ???? ??????
z ERCP ?? ???????? ???? ???? 40,000 ???? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
?????????:
z ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? 342.52 ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????
?? 10.4% ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? 1.16% ?? ????? ??
1.72% ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????
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Document Description: Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
The notes and questions for Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics
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Introduction of Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in English is available as part of our Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
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Additional Information about Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC Preparation
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