Physical Geography
Size and Location.
| Mineral Resources in India |
MINERAL | OCCURRENCE |
1. Iron ore | Orissa, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Karnataka-Chikmangalur, Bellary, Kudremukh, Madhya Pradesh Dalli-Rajhara, Bailadila |
2. Manganese ore | Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa |
3. Chromite ore | Orissa, Maharashtra, M.P, Karnataka |
4. Gold | Karnataka-Kolar, Andhra Pradesh, Bihhar |
5. Silver | Karnataka-Kolar, Rajasthan-Zawar Mines |
6. Copper ore | Bihar-Singhbum-Rajasthan,-Kethri. |
7. Lead and Zinc | Rajasthan-Zawar Mines. |
8. Bauxite | Plateau Region of Bihar, M.P. Coastal tracts of Gujarat, Kerala |
9. Mica | Bihar-Koderma district |
10. Dolomite | Orissa, M.P., |
11. Steatite | Rajasthan |
12. Limestone | Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh |
13. Magnesite | Tamil Nadu, Salem district, U.P., Almora district |
14. Kyanite | Bihar-Singbhum distirct |
15. Sillim anite | Meghalaya-Khasi Plateau |
16. Graphite | Andhra Pradesh-Peddanakonda, Orissa-Babupali |
17. Apatite | Bihar, A.P. |
18. Gypsum | Rajasthan-Jodhpur district |
19. Salt (Common salt) | Coastal areas of Gujarat, Maharashtra |
20. Coal | W.B.-Bakura, Purulia, Burdwan Bihar-Dhanbad, Ramgarh, Bokaro, Orissa-Sambalpur, Talcher |
21. Assam Oil | Assam-Digboi, Gujarat-Ankleshwar, Arabian Sea-Bombay High |
Significance of Location.
AGENTS OF EROSION AND ASSOCIATED LANDFORMS | |||
Agent | Processes | Landforms |
|
1. Water (Fluvial action)
| TRACTION, ABRPA-SION, ATTRITION, SUSPENSION, SOLUTION | Youth Stage | : Rapids, Waterfalls, P&T holes, Plunge pools, Gorges, Canyons, Cataracts, River Capture. |
Mature stage | : Meanders, River Cliffs and Slip off Slopes, Interlocking spurs | ||
Old stage | : Braided stream, Levees, ox-bow lakes, Delta, Flood Plain | ||
2. Ice (Glacial action)
| ABRASION, SUSPENSION, PLUCKING | Highland | : Corrie, Aretes, Pyramidal Peaks, Bergs chrund Crevasses, U-Shaped Valleys, Hanging Valleys, Rock Basins, Rock step, Moraines (Lateral, Medial, Ground, Recessional Terminal) |
Lowland Glaction | : Roche Mounteonnee, Crag and Tail, Boulder clay or Glacial till, Erratics, Drumlins, Eskers, Outwash Plains, Termi nal Moraincs, Kames, Kettle Lakes | ||
3. Wind (Aeolian action) | DEFLATION, ABRASION, ATTRITION | Erosional | : Rock pedestals or Mushroom Rocks, Zeugen, Yardangs, Mesas, Buttes, Inselberg, Ventifacts or Drickanter, Deflation Hollows, Pediment. |
4. Waves (Marine action) | CORROSION, ATTRITION, HYDRAULIC, ACTION, SOLUTION | Depositional Erosional | : Dunes (Barchans, Seifs), Loess, Bajada. : Capes, Bays, Cliffs, Wave Cut platforms, cave Arch and stump, Geos and Gloups, Blow Hole |
5. Underground water (Karst action) | SOLUTION | Depositional | : Beaches, spits and Bars, Marine dunes and Dune Belts. : Limestone pavements Grikes, Clints, Swallow Holes, Doline, Uvala, Poljie, Stalactites, Stalagmites, Pillar,Coombes. |
Fold Mountains
Some Famous Lines | |
1. DURAND LINE | : The line of demarcation drawn in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand defining the boundary between India (now Pakistan) and Afghanistan. Afghanistan has refused to recognize the line. |
2. HINDENBURG LINE | : It was the dividing line between Germany and Poland. Scene of jubilation in Dec 1989 when the Berlin Wall was demolished. |
3. HOT LINE | : A telecommunication line established since 1963 between Kremlin (Moscow) and White House (Washington D.C. USA) to avoid misunderstanding. Rawalpindi and New Delhi have been linked up by Hot line. |
4. MANNERHEIM LINE | : Line of fortification on Russo-Finnish border drawn up by Gen. Mannerhim. |
5. McMOHAN LINE | : The line demarcating the boundary between India and Tibet (now China) on the North-Eastern border. China does not recognise the boundary line and demand certain areas on the Indian side of the McMohan line. |
6. MAGINOT LINE | : A line of fortification constructed by France to protect her border from German attack. |
7. ODER NEISSE LINE | : The line defining the boundary between East Germany and Poland drawn up after the World War II. Germany has now accepted the inviolability of this line. |
8. PLIMSOLL LINE | : Line marked on the hull of the ship to avoid overcrowding. |
9. RADCLIFFE LINE | : Named after Sir Cyril Radcliffe, chairman of the Boundary Commission for India and Pakistan who demarcated the boundary between India and Pakistan on 15th August 1947. |
10. SIEGFRIED LINE | : Line of fortification in France. German border drawn up by Pre-World War II Germany. |
11. 38th PARALLEL | : Line dividing North Korea and South Korea. |
12. 17th PARALLEL | : Line demarcating the boundary between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. These two countries have now united. |
13. 24th PARALLEL | : Pakistan calims that the 24th Parallel should be the line of demarcation between India and Pakistan. India rejected the claim. The Kutch Tribunal awarded about 300 sq. miles to Palinstan including Chhad Bet. |
14. PALK STRAIT | : Boundary line between India and Sri Lanka. |
15. 29th PARALLEL | : Boundary line between USA and Canada. |
Fault Mountains
Faulting: Faulting owes its origin to tension i.e. when forces act horizontally in opposite directions away from a given plane or a point.
Crop | Where produced |
Cardamom | Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu |
Cashewnut | Kerala, Andhra Pradesh |
Castor seed | Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh |
Chillies | Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa |
Cloves | Kerala |
Cocoa | Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu |
Ginger | Kerala, Meghalaya |
Lac | Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh |
Pepper | Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu |
Poppy | Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab |
Ragi | Karnataka, Tamil Nadu |
Saffron | Jammu & Kashmir |
Temperate | Jammu & Kashmir, |
fruits | Himachal Pradesh |
Principal Peaks | ||
Mountain | Range | Country |
Mount Everest | Himalayas | Nepal |
K-2 (Godwin Austin) | Karakoram | India |
Kanchen- junga | Himalayas | Nepal-India |
Dhaulagiri I | Himalayas | Nepal |
Nanga Parbat | Himalayas | India |
Annapurna I | Himalayas | Nepal |
Nanda Devi | Himalayas | India |
Kamet | Himalayas | India |
Dome Mountains
Rocks
Igneous Rock Bodies
Sedimentary Rocks
Name of disease | Crop | Causative organism | Borne by |
Bacterial blight | Rice | Bacteria | Seed |
Blast | Rice | Fungi | Air |
Black arm | Cotton | Bacteria | Seed |
Brown leaf spot | Rice | Fungi | Seed |
Bunchy top | Banana | Virus | Plant part |
Ergot | Bajra | Fungi | — |
Green ear | Bajra | Fungi | Soil |
Khaira | Rice | Zine deficiency | — |
Malformation | Mango | Mite | Plant part |
Mosaic | Potato | Virus | Plant part |
Red rot | Sugarcane | Fungi | Seed |
Root knot | Tomato | Nematode | Soil |
Rust | Wheat | Fungi | Air |
Rust | Coffee | Fungi | Air |
Smut | Bajra | Fungi | Soil |
Tikka | Groundnut | Fungi | Soil |
Whiptail | Cauliflower | Molyobdenum deficiency | — |
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks:
Organically formed sedimentary rocks:
Chemically formed sedimentary rocks:
Metamorphic Rocks