Page 1
What is Health?
? Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well being.
? Health increases productivity and ensures longevity.
Ways to Ensure Good Health
? Balanced diet
? Personal hygiene
? Exercise
? Awareness about prevention and control of diseases
? Proper waste disposal and control of vectors
? Vaccination
Why do Diseases Occur?
? Genetic reasons - Innate deficiencies and inheritable defects
? Infections
? Sedentary life style - Junk food, consumption of alcohols/drugs, lack
of exercise
Pathogenic Diseases
? Pathogens are the parasites that enter the human body through
various means, then multiply, and interfere with normal vital activities.
Bacterial Diseases
? Typhoid
? Pathogen - ?Salmonella typhi
? Spreads through - Contaminated food and water
? Site of infection - Small intestine
? Symptoms - High fever, stomach pain, headache, loss of
appetite, constipation, and intestinal perforations in severe cases
? Confirmatory test - Widal test
? Pneumonia
? Pathogens - ?Streptococcus pneumoniae ? and ?Haemophilus
influenzae
Page 2
What is Health?
? Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well being.
? Health increases productivity and ensures longevity.
Ways to Ensure Good Health
? Balanced diet
? Personal hygiene
? Exercise
? Awareness about prevention and control of diseases
? Proper waste disposal and control of vectors
? Vaccination
Why do Diseases Occur?
? Genetic reasons - Innate deficiencies and inheritable defects
? Infections
? Sedentary life style - Junk food, consumption of alcohols/drugs, lack
of exercise
Pathogenic Diseases
? Pathogens are the parasites that enter the human body through
various means, then multiply, and interfere with normal vital activities.
Bacterial Diseases
? Typhoid
? Pathogen - ?Salmonella typhi
? Spreads through - Contaminated food and water
? Site of infection - Small intestine
? Symptoms - High fever, stomach pain, headache, loss of
appetite, constipation, and intestinal perforations in severe cases
? Confirmatory test - Widal test
? Pneumonia
? Pathogens - ?Streptococcus pneumoniae ? and ?Haemophilus
influenzae
? Spreads through - Droplets/aerosols released from infected
person, sharing of glasses or utensils
? Site of infection - Alveoli (gets filled with fluid, difficulty in
breathing)
? Symptoms - Fever, chills, cough, headache, lips and nails
become grey in severe cases
Viral Diseases
? Common cold
? Pathogen - Rhino viruses
? Site of infection - Nose and respiratory passage
? Spreads through - Droplets released from coughing or sneezing,
or contaminated objects
? Symptoms - Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat,
cough, headache, tiredness
Protozoan Diseases
? Malaria
? Pathogen - ?Plasmodium ?sps. ( ?P.vivax, P. falciparum, P. malaria ?)
? Vector - Female ?Anopheles ? mosquito
? Symptoms - High grade fever, chills
? Amoebiasis
? Pathogen - ?Entamoeba histolytica
? Vector - Housefly
? Site of infection - Large intestine
? Symptoms - Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with
mucous, and blood clots
Fungal Diseases
? Ringworms
? Pathogens - Genera ?Microsporum ?, ?Trichophyton ?, and
Epidermophyton
? Spreads through - Towels, clothes, comb (Fungus is acquired
from soil)
Page 3
What is Health?
? Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well being.
? Health increases productivity and ensures longevity.
Ways to Ensure Good Health
? Balanced diet
? Personal hygiene
? Exercise
? Awareness about prevention and control of diseases
? Proper waste disposal and control of vectors
? Vaccination
Why do Diseases Occur?
? Genetic reasons - Innate deficiencies and inheritable defects
? Infections
? Sedentary life style - Junk food, consumption of alcohols/drugs, lack
of exercise
Pathogenic Diseases
? Pathogens are the parasites that enter the human body through
various means, then multiply, and interfere with normal vital activities.
Bacterial Diseases
? Typhoid
? Pathogen - ?Salmonella typhi
? Spreads through - Contaminated food and water
? Site of infection - Small intestine
? Symptoms - High fever, stomach pain, headache, loss of
appetite, constipation, and intestinal perforations in severe cases
? Confirmatory test - Widal test
? Pneumonia
? Pathogens - ?Streptococcus pneumoniae ? and ?Haemophilus
influenzae
? Spreads through - Droplets/aerosols released from infected
person, sharing of glasses or utensils
? Site of infection - Alveoli (gets filled with fluid, difficulty in
breathing)
? Symptoms - Fever, chills, cough, headache, lips and nails
become grey in severe cases
Viral Diseases
? Common cold
? Pathogen - Rhino viruses
? Site of infection - Nose and respiratory passage
? Spreads through - Droplets released from coughing or sneezing,
or contaminated objects
? Symptoms - Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat,
cough, headache, tiredness
Protozoan Diseases
? Malaria
? Pathogen - ?Plasmodium ?sps. ( ?P.vivax, P. falciparum, P. malaria ?)
? Vector - Female ?Anopheles ? mosquito
? Symptoms - High grade fever, chills
? Amoebiasis
? Pathogen - ?Entamoeba histolytica
? Vector - Housefly
? Site of infection - Large intestine
? Symptoms - Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with
mucous, and blood clots
Fungal Diseases
? Ringworms
? Pathogens - Genera ?Microsporum ?, ?Trichophyton ?, and
Epidermophyton
? Spreads through - Towels, clothes, comb (Fungus is acquired
from soil)
? Symptoms - Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various body
parts with intense itching
Diseases Caused by Worms
? Ascariasis
? Pathogen - Round worm, ?Ascaris
? Spreads through - Water, vegetables, fruits contaminated by
faeces of infected person
? Symptoms - Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anaemia,
blockage of intestinal passage
? Elephantiasis ? ?(filariasis)
? Pathogen - ?Wuchereria ? ( ?W.malayi ? and ?W.bancrofti ?)
? Spreads through - Bite of female mosquito vector
? Symptom - Chronic inflammation of the organs, usually the
lymphatic vessels of lower limb
Life Cycle of ?Plasmodium
? Plasmodium ? requires two hosts to complete its life cycle.
? When female ?Anopheles ? mosquito bites a healthy human being, it
releases ? Plasmodium ?, which lives in its body as sporozoite (infectious
form).
? The parasites multiply (asexual reproduction) in the liver cells and
finally burst the liver cells. Sporozoites are released in blood.
? Parasites enter RBCs and further multiply (asexual reproduction) here
and finally burst RBCs also.
? Bursting of RBCs is accompanied by release of a toxic substance called
haemozoin (associated with fever and chills).
? In the RBCs, only sporozoites change into gametocytes (sexual stage).
Gametocytes multiply.
? When the diseased person is bitten by a female ?Anopheles ? mosquito,
gametocytes are introduced into the mosquito.
? Gametocytes fertilise and develop inside the intestine of mosquito to
Page 4
What is Health?
? Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well being.
? Health increases productivity and ensures longevity.
Ways to Ensure Good Health
? Balanced diet
? Personal hygiene
? Exercise
? Awareness about prevention and control of diseases
? Proper waste disposal and control of vectors
? Vaccination
Why do Diseases Occur?
? Genetic reasons - Innate deficiencies and inheritable defects
? Infections
? Sedentary life style - Junk food, consumption of alcohols/drugs, lack
of exercise
Pathogenic Diseases
? Pathogens are the parasites that enter the human body through
various means, then multiply, and interfere with normal vital activities.
Bacterial Diseases
? Typhoid
? Pathogen - ?Salmonella typhi
? Spreads through - Contaminated food and water
? Site of infection - Small intestine
? Symptoms - High fever, stomach pain, headache, loss of
appetite, constipation, and intestinal perforations in severe cases
? Confirmatory test - Widal test
? Pneumonia
? Pathogens - ?Streptococcus pneumoniae ? and ?Haemophilus
influenzae
? Spreads through - Droplets/aerosols released from infected
person, sharing of glasses or utensils
? Site of infection - Alveoli (gets filled with fluid, difficulty in
breathing)
? Symptoms - Fever, chills, cough, headache, lips and nails
become grey in severe cases
Viral Diseases
? Common cold
? Pathogen - Rhino viruses
? Site of infection - Nose and respiratory passage
? Spreads through - Droplets released from coughing or sneezing,
or contaminated objects
? Symptoms - Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat,
cough, headache, tiredness
Protozoan Diseases
? Malaria
? Pathogen - ?Plasmodium ?sps. ( ?P.vivax, P. falciparum, P. malaria ?)
? Vector - Female ?Anopheles ? mosquito
? Symptoms - High grade fever, chills
? Amoebiasis
? Pathogen - ?Entamoeba histolytica
? Vector - Housefly
? Site of infection - Large intestine
? Symptoms - Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with
mucous, and blood clots
Fungal Diseases
? Ringworms
? Pathogens - Genera ?Microsporum ?, ?Trichophyton ?, and
Epidermophyton
? Spreads through - Towels, clothes, comb (Fungus is acquired
from soil)
? Symptoms - Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various body
parts with intense itching
Diseases Caused by Worms
? Ascariasis
? Pathogen - Round worm, ?Ascaris
? Spreads through - Water, vegetables, fruits contaminated by
faeces of infected person
? Symptoms - Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anaemia,
blockage of intestinal passage
? Elephantiasis ? ?(filariasis)
? Pathogen - ?Wuchereria ? ( ?W.malayi ? and ?W.bancrofti ?)
? Spreads through - Bite of female mosquito vector
? Symptom - Chronic inflammation of the organs, usually the
lymphatic vessels of lower limb
Life Cycle of ?Plasmodium
? Plasmodium ? requires two hosts to complete its life cycle.
? When female ?Anopheles ? mosquito bites a healthy human being, it
releases ? Plasmodium ?, which lives in its body as sporozoite (infectious
form).
? The parasites multiply (asexual reproduction) in the liver cells and
finally burst the liver cells. Sporozoites are released in blood.
? Parasites enter RBCs and further multiply (asexual reproduction) here
and finally burst RBCs also.
? Bursting of RBCs is accompanied by release of a toxic substance called
haemozoin (associated with fever and chills).
? In the RBCs, only sporozoites change into gametocytes (sexual stage).
Gametocytes multiply.
? When the diseased person is bitten by a female ?Anopheles ? mosquito,
gametocytes are introduced into the mosquito.
? Gametocytes fertilise and develop inside the intestine of mosquito to
form sporozoites.
? Sporozoites are stored in the salivary glands of mosquito and are
released into the healthy person who is bitten by this mosquito.
Immunity
What is immunity ??
? The ability of body to fight the diseasecausing organisms is called
immunity.
Types of immunity
? Immunity is of two types - innate immunity and acquired immunity.
? Innate immunity ? - It is present from the time of birth. It is
nonspecific. It consists of 4 kinds of barriers.
Page 5
What is Health?
? Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well being.
? Health increases productivity and ensures longevity.
Ways to Ensure Good Health
? Balanced diet
? Personal hygiene
? Exercise
? Awareness about prevention and control of diseases
? Proper waste disposal and control of vectors
? Vaccination
Why do Diseases Occur?
? Genetic reasons - Innate deficiencies and inheritable defects
? Infections
? Sedentary life style - Junk food, consumption of alcohols/drugs, lack
of exercise
Pathogenic Diseases
? Pathogens are the parasites that enter the human body through
various means, then multiply, and interfere with normal vital activities.
Bacterial Diseases
? Typhoid
? Pathogen - ?Salmonella typhi
? Spreads through - Contaminated food and water
? Site of infection - Small intestine
? Symptoms - High fever, stomach pain, headache, loss of
appetite, constipation, and intestinal perforations in severe cases
? Confirmatory test - Widal test
? Pneumonia
? Pathogens - ?Streptococcus pneumoniae ? and ?Haemophilus
influenzae
? Spreads through - Droplets/aerosols released from infected
person, sharing of glasses or utensils
? Site of infection - Alveoli (gets filled with fluid, difficulty in
breathing)
? Symptoms - Fever, chills, cough, headache, lips and nails
become grey in severe cases
Viral Diseases
? Common cold
? Pathogen - Rhino viruses
? Site of infection - Nose and respiratory passage
? Spreads through - Droplets released from coughing or sneezing,
or contaminated objects
? Symptoms - Nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat,
cough, headache, tiredness
Protozoan Diseases
? Malaria
? Pathogen - ?Plasmodium ?sps. ( ?P.vivax, P. falciparum, P. malaria ?)
? Vector - Female ?Anopheles ? mosquito
? Symptoms - High grade fever, chills
? Amoebiasis
? Pathogen - ?Entamoeba histolytica
? Vector - Housefly
? Site of infection - Large intestine
? Symptoms - Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with
mucous, and blood clots
Fungal Diseases
? Ringworms
? Pathogens - Genera ?Microsporum ?, ?Trichophyton ?, and
Epidermophyton
? Spreads through - Towels, clothes, comb (Fungus is acquired
from soil)
? Symptoms - Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various body
parts with intense itching
Diseases Caused by Worms
? Ascariasis
? Pathogen - Round worm, ?Ascaris
? Spreads through - Water, vegetables, fruits contaminated by
faeces of infected person
? Symptoms - Internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anaemia,
blockage of intestinal passage
? Elephantiasis ? ?(filariasis)
? Pathogen - ?Wuchereria ? ( ?W.malayi ? and ?W.bancrofti ?)
? Spreads through - Bite of female mosquito vector
? Symptom - Chronic inflammation of the organs, usually the
lymphatic vessels of lower limb
Life Cycle of ?Plasmodium
? Plasmodium ? requires two hosts to complete its life cycle.
? When female ?Anopheles ? mosquito bites a healthy human being, it
releases ? Plasmodium ?, which lives in its body as sporozoite (infectious
form).
? The parasites multiply (asexual reproduction) in the liver cells and
finally burst the liver cells. Sporozoites are released in blood.
? Parasites enter RBCs and further multiply (asexual reproduction) here
and finally burst RBCs also.
? Bursting of RBCs is accompanied by release of a toxic substance called
haemozoin (associated with fever and chills).
? In the RBCs, only sporozoites change into gametocytes (sexual stage).
Gametocytes multiply.
? When the diseased person is bitten by a female ?Anopheles ? mosquito,
gametocytes are introduced into the mosquito.
? Gametocytes fertilise and develop inside the intestine of mosquito to
form sporozoites.
? Sporozoites are stored in the salivary glands of mosquito and are
released into the healthy person who is bitten by this mosquito.
Immunity
What is immunity ??
? The ability of body to fight the diseasecausing organisms is called
immunity.
Types of immunity
? Immunity is of two types - innate immunity and acquired immunity.
? Innate immunity ? - It is present from the time of birth. It is
nonspecific. It consists of 4 kinds of barriers.
? Physical barriers - Skin and mucus coating of respiratory,
gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract prevent entry of microbes
into body.
? Physiological barriers - Acid in stomach, saliva in mouth, tears
from eyes
? Cellular barriers - Blood has leukocytes such as polymorpho
nuclear leukocytes, monocytes, etc. and tissue has macrophages
which phagocytose the microbes.
? Cytokine barriers - Special proteins called interferons are
secreted by virusinfected cells that prevent the further spread
of viral infection.
? Acquired immunity ?- It is acquired, which means that it is produced
in response to an encounter with a pathogen based on memory. It is
pathogen specific.
? When a pathogen for the first time infects a person, low intensity
immune response is generated (primary response).
? When the same pathogen attacks again, intensified immune
response in generated, thereby preventing the occurrence of
disease (secondary response).
? Acquired immunity involves two types of cells - Blymphocytes
and T lymphocytes.
? Blymphocytes - Secrete proteins called antibodies in response
to pathogens ?Antibodies ? are specialized proteins with 4 peptide
chains (2 light and 2 heavy), hence denoted as H ? 2 ? L ? 2 ? . IgA IgM,
IgE, etc. are examples of some of the antibodies. They generate
humoral immune response ? (found in blood).
? Tlymphocytes - They help Bcells to produce antibodies. They
generate ?cell mediated immune response ?. This response
helps the body to differentiate between ‘self’ and ‘nonself’ as
occurs in case of graft rejection.
Difference between active immunity and passive immunity
? Active Immunity
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