Interrupt Processing | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) PDF Download
Interrupt Processing
Interrupt processing within a processor is a facility provided to support the operating system. It allows an application program to be suspended, in order that a variety of interrupt conditions can be serviced and later resumed.
Interrupts And Exceptions
An interrupt is generated by a signal from hardware, and it may occur at random times during the execution of a program. An exception is generated from software, and it is provoked by the execution of an instruction. There are two sources of interrupts and two sources of exceptions:
1. Interrupts
• Maskable interrupts:
Received on the processor’s INTR pin. The processor does not recognize a maskable interrupt unless the interrupt enable flag (IF) is set.
• Nonmaskable interrupts:
Received on the processor’s NMI pin. Recognition of such interrupts cannot be prevented.
• Processor-detected exceptions:
Results when the processor encounters an error while attempting to execute an instruction. • Programmed exceptions: These are instructions that generate an exception (e.g., INTO, INT3, INT, and BOUND).
Interrupt Vector Table
Interrupt processing on the x86 uses the interrupt vector table. Every type of interrupt is assigned a number, and this number is used to index into the interrupt vector table. This table contains 256 32-bit interrupt vectors, which is the address (segment and offset) of the interrupt service routine for that interrupt number.
Interrupt Handling
When an interrupt occurs and is recognized by the processor, a sequence of events takes place:
1 If the transfer involves a change of privilege level, then the current stack segment register and the current extended stack pointer (ESP) register are pushed onto the stack.
2 The current value of the EFLAGS register is pushed onto the stack.
3 Both the interrupt (IF) and trap (TF) flags are cleared. This disables INTR interrupts and the trap or single-step feature.
4 The current code segment (CS) pointer and the current instruction pointer (IP or EIP) are pushed onto the stack.
5 If the interrupt is accompanied by an error code, then the error code is pushed onto the stack.
6 The interrupt vector contents are fetched and loaded into the CS and IP or EIP registers. Execution continues from the interrupt service routine.
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FAQs on Interrupt Processing - Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE)
| 1. What is interrupt processing in IT and software? |  |
Ans. Interrupt processing in IT and software refers to the mechanism by which a computer system handles and responds to interrupt signals. These signals are generated by hardware devices or software programs to request attention or notify the CPU about an event that requires immediate action.
| 2. How does interrupt processing work in IT and software? | |
Ans. When an interrupt signal is received, the CPU suspends its current task, saves its state, and transfers control to an interrupt handler routine. The interrupt handler then performs the necessary operations to handle the interrupt, which may include servicing the interrupting device or executing a specific software routine. Once the interrupt is processed, the CPU resumes its previous task.
| 3. What are the benefits of interrupt processing in IT and software? | |
Ans. Interrupt processing provides several benefits in IT and software systems. It allows for efficient multitasking, as the CPU can quickly switch between different tasks based on the priority of interrupts. It also enables real-time responsiveness to events, ensuring that critical tasks are executed promptly. Additionally, interrupt processing helps in reducing CPU idle time and improving overall system performance.
| 4. What are the types of interrupts in IT and software? | |
Ans. There are several types of interrupts in IT and software, including hardware interrupts, software interrupts, and exceptions. Hardware interrupts are generated by external devices such as keyboards, mice, or network cards. Software interrupts are triggered by specific instructions in a program, while exceptions occur due to exceptional conditions like divide-by-zero errors or memory access violations.
| 5. How can interrupt processing be optimized in IT and software systems? | |
Ans. Interrupt processing can be optimized in IT and software systems by carefully managing interrupt priorities. Assigning higher priorities to critical interrupts ensures that they are handled promptly, while lower-priority interrupts can be deferred or given less processing time. Additionally, efficient interrupt handlers and interrupt service routines can be implemented to minimize the overhead and maximize the utilization of system resources.
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