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Biological Classification of Living Organisms


  • Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological characters.
  • Linnaeus later classified all living organisms into two kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia.
  • Whittaker proposed an elaborate five-kingdom classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.Whittaker Five - Kingdom Classification
    Whittaker Five - Kingdom Classification
  • The five-kingdom classification's main criteria were cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships [evolutionary development and diversification of a species].

Table: Two Kingdom Classification

Introduction of Biological Classification | Additional Study Material for NEET


Five Kingdom Classification
At present, the biological classification includes:

  1. Kingdom Monera
  2. Kingdom Protista
  3. Kingdom Fungi
  4. Kingdom Plantae
  5. Kingdom Animalia

Viruses, Viroids and Lichens are not included in the above classifcation.


 Criteria For the Classification of Organisms Into Five-Kingdom

  1. Cell structure (if the organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic).
  2. If the organisms are unicellular or multicellular.
  3. Presence or absence of a cell wall.
  4. Mode of nutrition (autotrophic or heterotrophic) and reproduction.
  5. Phylogenetic relationship.

Five KingdomFive Kingdom

  • In the five-kingdom classification, bacteria are included in Kingdom Monera.
  • Kingdom Protista includes all single-celled eukaryotes such as Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime-moulds and Protozoans.
  • Members of Kingdom Fungi show a great diversity in structures and habitat. Most fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition.
  • The Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms. Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in this group.
  • The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the Kingdom Animalia.
  • Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five-kingdom system of classification.


Solved Examples


Ques 1: Which one of the following is not a eukaryotic organism?
(A) Paramecium caudatum
(B) E. coli
(C) Euglena viridis
(D) Amoeba proteus

Ans: (B)

Sol: E. coli is a prokaryotic celled gram-negative bacterium.

E. coliE. coli

Ques 2: In Eubacteria, a cellular component that resembles eukaryotic cells is:
(A) Plasma membrane
(B) Nucleus
(C) Ribosome
(D) Cell wall
Ans:
(A)
Sol: 
Eubacteria are prokaryotic, but they are enclosed by plasma membrane like eukaryotic cells.


Ques 3: Organisms called Methanogens are most abundant in a:

(A) Sulphur rock
(B) Cattle yard
(C) Polluted stream
(D) Hot spring
Ans:
(B)

Sol: Methanogens are archaebacteria abundant in cattle yard and paddy fields.Introduction of Biological Classification | Additional Study Material for NEET


Ques 4: Trinomial nomenclature of classification was proposed by:
(A) Linneaus
(B) Huxley and Strickland        
(C) John-Ray
(D) Theophrastus

Ans: (B)

Sol: 

  • Linnaeus is considered the father of taxonomy and was first to use the binomial nomenclature for organisms.  
  • The scientific name of an organism having three words is referred to as trinomial
  • It usually mentions intraspecific/subspecific epithets after the generic name and specific epithet. 
  • The names of intraspecific epithets are guided by the same rules, like that of specific epithets. For example, the trinomial name of mustard is Brassica oleracea capitata.
  • Here Brassica is the generic name followed by specific epithet (oleracea) and the name of the variety (capitata). 
  • The trinomial nomenclature was proposed by Huxley and Strickland.


Ques 5: Most of the Botanical Names are drawn from the following language:
(A) German    
(B) Greek
(C) Latin
(D) Spanish

Ans: (C)

Sol: In Europe, before the middle of the 18th century, the lingua franca was Latin. In the universities, the education was in Latin. All the scientific publications were in Latin.

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FAQs on Introduction of Biological Classification - Additional Study Material for NEET

1. What is biological classification and why is it important?
Ans. Biological classification is the process of organizing and categorizing living organisms based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It is important because it helps in understanding the diversity of life, identifying and naming new species, and studying the evolutionary history of organisms.
2. How are living organisms classified into different groups?
Ans. Living organisms are classified into different groups based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships. The hierarchical system of classification includes categories such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Organisms with similar characteristics are grouped together at higher taxonomic levels, while those with more specific similarities are grouped together at lower taxonomic levels.
3. What are the main criteria used for biological classification?
Ans. The main criteria used for biological classification are morphological features, anatomical structures, genetic information, and evolutionary relationships. These criteria help in determining the similarities and differences between organisms and enable scientists to assign them to appropriate taxonomic groups.
4. What is the significance of binomial nomenclature in biological classification?
Ans. Binomial nomenclature is a system of naming species in which each species is given a unique two-part scientific name. The first part represents the genus, while the second part represents the species. This system helps in avoiding confusion and ensures that each species has a distinct name. It also allows scientists from different regions and languages to communicate effectively about specific organisms.
5. How does biological classification help in studying the evolutionary history of organisms?
Ans. Biological classification provides valuable information about the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. By examining the similarities and differences in their characteristics, scientists can trace the evolutionary history and understand the patterns of descent and branching in the tree of life. This helps in unraveling the evolutionary processes and uncovering the common ancestry of different species.
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