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What is Reproduction?
Reproduction is the process of giving birth to their young ones which are identical to their parents. As we all are aware of, the process of reproduction in humans is sexual reproduction, which involves internal fertilization by sexual intercourse.
How do Humans Reproduce?
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
Humans reproduce sexually. They are viviparous, i.e. giving birth to the young ones. The process of reproduction in humans comprises a number of sequential steps:
- Gametogenesis- production of male (sperm) and female (ovum) gametes
- Insemination- transfer of male gamete to female genital tract
- Fertilization- the fusion of gametes to form a zygote
- Blastocyst development- the continuous mitotic division in zygote
- Implantation- attachment of blastocyst to the endometrium of the uterine wall
- Gestation- embryonic development (9 months in human)
- Parturition- childbirth
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of all those processes, which take place during the development of the fetus.
Sexual Dimorphism in Human Beings
When male and female individuals are differentiated externally, the phenomenon is called sexual dimorphism. Human beings show sexual dimorphism. The characters which distinguish the males and females externally are known as secondary sex characters.
Primary sex organ :
- Essential organs form the gametes.
- In males, the gamete-forming organs are the testes.
- In females, the corresponding organs are ovaries.
- The male gamete is a spermatozoon.
- The female gamete is the ovum.
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Secondary sex organ :
- These organs form the passage for the gametes to help the union of male & female gametes.
- In males, these include the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands & penis etc.
- In females, these organs are the fallopian tube, uterus and vagina, Bartholin gland etc.
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Development of Sex organs:
- During intrauterine life (IUL) testis & ovary develop from the mesoderm.
- They develop in the abdominal cavity.
- At the time of birth, testes descend down into the scrotal sac but ovaries remain in the abdominal cavity.
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FAQs on Introduction to Human Reproduction - Biology for Grade 12
| 1. What is reproduction? |  |
| 2. How do humans reproduce? | |
Ans. Humans reproduce sexually. It involves the union of a sperm cell from the male reproductive system and an egg cell from the female reproductive system. This union, known as fertilization, occurs during sexual intercourse. The fertilized egg then implants itself in the uterus, where it develops into a fetus over a period of approximately nine months.
| 3. What is sexual dimorphism in human beings? | |
Ans. Sexual dimorphism refers to the physical differences between males and females of the same species. In human beings, sexual dimorphism can be observed in various aspects, such as body size, muscle mass, and secondary sexual characteristics like breasts and facial hair. These differences are primarily driven by the variations in sex hormones and genetics.
| 4. What are the primary reproductive organs in human beings? | |
Ans. The primary reproductive organs in human beings are the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The testes produce sperm cells, while the ovaries produce egg cells. These organs are responsible for the production of gametes (sex cells) and the secretion of hormones necessary for reproduction.
| 5. How long does human reproduction take? | |
Ans. Human reproduction, from fertilization to the birth of a baby, takes approximately nine months. This period is divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months. The baby undergoes various stages of development during this time, starting from a fertilized egg to an embryo and finally a fetus.
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