Kurukshetra Magazine June 2024 - 2 | Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily, Weekly & Monthly - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


Vital Role of 
Tribal Art in 
Safeguarding 
Cultural 
Identity
* Amarendra Kishore
he tribal artwork, woven intricately 
into the fabric of artistic expression, 
stands as a testament to the diverse 
cultural tapestry of the nation. Over 
time, it has undergone a gradual 
evolution, journeying alongside classical forms. These 
artistic traditions are deeply rooted within distinct 
social communities, each imbued with its own unique 
cultural essence. These expressions primarily manifest 
as visual art forms, such as paintings, depicting the 
intricacies of daily life, traditions, and cultural heritage 
specific to their respective communities. The art of 
tribal communities often incorporate elements like local 
festivals, divine beings, and flights of fancy into their 
portrayal. 
This infusion lends them a regional charm and a 
touch of mysticism, which are indispensable to Indian 
T
artistic tradition. Since the word ‘culture’ refers to the 
beliefs, customs, traditions, various sounds of nature 
along with birds and animals each including arts, and 
religious behaviours of a specific group of people. 
It includes the ways of life that includes integrity, 
traditions, and shared experiences of a community. 
Culture spreads from one generation to another within 
a community through socialisation and interaction. It 
shapes the identity of individuals and communities, 
influencing their perspectives, beliefs, and behaviour. 
Importantly, culture which is a pure genetics of 
orientation, expression, creation of life and livelihood. 
So, indigenous culture is dynamic and can evolve over 
time in response to internal and external influences 
such as migration, technological advancements, and 
globalisation. Therefore, it is important to consider 
whether the folk art of indigenous communities 
* The author is a Delhi based development journalist.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural diversity of tribal India are the most ancient 
and unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance and rationality, since Indian tribes 
express their unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like geographia, socio-historic 
transition, transformation and transcreation shape the style of their artistic approach. This 
art is a precious gem in our rich civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by talented 
indigenous artisans all over the country.
Page 2


Vital Role of 
Tribal Art in 
Safeguarding 
Cultural 
Identity
* Amarendra Kishore
he tribal artwork, woven intricately 
into the fabric of artistic expression, 
stands as a testament to the diverse 
cultural tapestry of the nation. Over 
time, it has undergone a gradual 
evolution, journeying alongside classical forms. These 
artistic traditions are deeply rooted within distinct 
social communities, each imbued with its own unique 
cultural essence. These expressions primarily manifest 
as visual art forms, such as paintings, depicting the 
intricacies of daily life, traditions, and cultural heritage 
specific to their respective communities. The art of 
tribal communities often incorporate elements like local 
festivals, divine beings, and flights of fancy into their 
portrayal. 
This infusion lends them a regional charm and a 
touch of mysticism, which are indispensable to Indian 
T
artistic tradition. Since the word ‘culture’ refers to the 
beliefs, customs, traditions, various sounds of nature 
along with birds and animals each including arts, and 
religious behaviours of a specific group of people. 
It includes the ways of life that includes integrity, 
traditions, and shared experiences of a community. 
Culture spreads from one generation to another within 
a community through socialisation and interaction. It 
shapes the identity of individuals and communities, 
influencing their perspectives, beliefs, and behaviour. 
Importantly, culture which is a pure genetics of 
orientation, expression, creation of life and livelihood. 
So, indigenous culture is dynamic and can evolve over 
time in response to internal and external influences 
such as migration, technological advancements, and 
globalisation. Therefore, it is important to consider 
whether the folk art of indigenous communities 
* The author is a Delhi based development journalist.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural diversity of tribal India are the most ancient 
and unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance and rationality, since Indian tribes 
express their unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like geographia, socio-historic 
transition, transformation and transcreation shape the style of their artistic approach. This 
art is a precious gem in our rich civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by talented 
indigenous artisans all over the country.
20 Kurukshetra       June  2024
contributes to enriching the values of the country and 
its culture?  Only then can the direction to preserve 
culture be determined.
Tribal creation, undoubtedly, serves as a vibrant 
repository of modern cultural heritage. So, the 
indigenous creation represents the beliefs, customs, 
and traditions of many more indigenous communities. 
It weaves together the rich tapestry of religious beliefs, 
rituals, and tales from indigenous communities, 
reflecting their deep bond with nature and the mystical 
realms beyond. In the special context of India, the 
colourful paintings among Gond of Madhya Pradesh 
and Santal of Jharkhand embody the essence of local 
sentiments; the Muria dance in Bastar of Chhattisgarh 
reflects the spirituality of life, resonating with thoughts 
and feelings. Pithora paintings among the tribes of 
Rathwa, Bhilals, and Nayka of Gujarat and Madhya 
Pradesh are another fine examples of Indian tribal art. 
The Dhokra brass sculptures of Odisha drive up into 
ancient tales, while terracotta Bankura pottery of West 
Bengal is indeed the simplest medium for expressing 
emotions. The Bhimbetka cave paintings eloquently 
capture the essence of primitive human connection 
to nature, expressing a profound reverence for the 
bounties of the natural world with an unparalleled 
depth and breadth of emotion. Upon arrival here, one 
can palpably sense how rivers once flowed amidst the 
mountains, or how years ago, the relentless waves of 
the sea carved these very rocks. Shapes in the soil took 
form under the caress of the winds. Within them, caves 
were formed, where primordial humans indulged in 
the art of painting. This artwork stands as a poignant 
testament to the exquisite emotions of those illustrious 
ancestors.
Originating from Odisha, tribal paintings were once 
a simple household adornment, but have now changed 
into a commercial art form, adorning raw silk fabric 
with scenes from daily life. Similarly, Indigo Dabu fabric 
prints of Rajasthan offer a variety of expressions, and 
indigenous Bonda jewellery of Odisha carries the soulful 
essence of an ancestral legacy. Every creation has its 
own interpretation, whether it hails from the north-
eastern states or the Kathiawar in Gujarat treasured by 
various and versatile communities of tribal India.
Indian tribal art is influenced by both colourful 
nature and the vivid creatures mentioned in their 
folktales and songs. It is mostly about customs, religious 
symbols, everyday life, and social issues. The traditions, 
values, and rituals passed down through generations 
help keep their communities strong and stable. By 
sticking together and sharing their experiences, they 
are able to face challenges and stay true to themselves. 
Additionally, the nomadic lifestyle finds expression in 
these art forms, further enriching their narrative. Tribal 
art shows what a tribe’s culture is all about. It tells 
the story of their past, what they believe in, and how 
they live. In India, tribal art comes in many different 
styles because each tribe has its own way of doing 
things. Some tribal communities are famous for making 
beautiful beadwork, while others are known for their 
colourful paintings or sculptures.
Tribal folk art has diverse dimensions, with 
numerous forms and expressions, but their oldest art 
form is painting, which has no known history. Be it the 
allure of finely crafted wooden toys or furniture, the 
intricate designs of metalwork, or the delicate weaving 
of colourful fabrics, the genesis and evolution of these 
arts trace back to epochs long past, when humanity 
transitioned into the age of metal. Agriculture had 
taken root, and humanity had begun veiling their forms 
in garments. Thus, while myriad forms of art blossomed 
in subsequent eras, the art of painting stands as a relic 
of antiquity, its primordial essence beyond question 
or dispute. The genesis of their painting remains 
shrouded in mystery, with its unknown inception. 
Despite tireless endeavours, it has only been guessed 
that the art of sketching emerged during humanity’s 
primordial dawn. Thus, cave painting emerges as the 
pristine essence of tribal artistry, for the ancient cave 
paintings unearthed to date grace the very landscapes 
where tribal communities continue to dwell, echoing 
the timeless connection between their art and their 
ancestral homelands.
The cultural diversity, customs, and social traditions 
of India’s tribal regions captivate the entire nation. 
It is a unique world where community, solidarity, and 
harmony reign supreme, awaiting further exploration. 
The adornment is indeed a distinctive feature of tribal 
society, directly connected to nature and its various 
resources, i.e Jal, Zameen and Jangal (water, land and 
forest). This perpetual connection epitomises the 
complete harmony between men and nature. It is 
truly a matter of great sorrow to witness robust efforts 
being made to introduce ‘democratic modernity’ in the 
Page 3


Vital Role of 
Tribal Art in 
Safeguarding 
Cultural 
Identity
* Amarendra Kishore
he tribal artwork, woven intricately 
into the fabric of artistic expression, 
stands as a testament to the diverse 
cultural tapestry of the nation. Over 
time, it has undergone a gradual 
evolution, journeying alongside classical forms. These 
artistic traditions are deeply rooted within distinct 
social communities, each imbued with its own unique 
cultural essence. These expressions primarily manifest 
as visual art forms, such as paintings, depicting the 
intricacies of daily life, traditions, and cultural heritage 
specific to their respective communities. The art of 
tribal communities often incorporate elements like local 
festivals, divine beings, and flights of fancy into their 
portrayal. 
This infusion lends them a regional charm and a 
touch of mysticism, which are indispensable to Indian 
T
artistic tradition. Since the word ‘culture’ refers to the 
beliefs, customs, traditions, various sounds of nature 
along with birds and animals each including arts, and 
religious behaviours of a specific group of people. 
It includes the ways of life that includes integrity, 
traditions, and shared experiences of a community. 
Culture spreads from one generation to another within 
a community through socialisation and interaction. It 
shapes the identity of individuals and communities, 
influencing their perspectives, beliefs, and behaviour. 
Importantly, culture which is a pure genetics of 
orientation, expression, creation of life and livelihood. 
So, indigenous culture is dynamic and can evolve over 
time in response to internal and external influences 
such as migration, technological advancements, and 
globalisation. Therefore, it is important to consider 
whether the folk art of indigenous communities 
* The author is a Delhi based development journalist.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural diversity of tribal India are the most ancient 
and unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance and rationality, since Indian tribes 
express their unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like geographia, socio-historic 
transition, transformation and transcreation shape the style of their artistic approach. This 
art is a precious gem in our rich civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by talented 
indigenous artisans all over the country.
20 Kurukshetra       June  2024
contributes to enriching the values of the country and 
its culture?  Only then can the direction to preserve 
culture be determined.
Tribal creation, undoubtedly, serves as a vibrant 
repository of modern cultural heritage. So, the 
indigenous creation represents the beliefs, customs, 
and traditions of many more indigenous communities. 
It weaves together the rich tapestry of religious beliefs, 
rituals, and tales from indigenous communities, 
reflecting their deep bond with nature and the mystical 
realms beyond. In the special context of India, the 
colourful paintings among Gond of Madhya Pradesh 
and Santal of Jharkhand embody the essence of local 
sentiments; the Muria dance in Bastar of Chhattisgarh 
reflects the spirituality of life, resonating with thoughts 
and feelings. Pithora paintings among the tribes of 
Rathwa, Bhilals, and Nayka of Gujarat and Madhya 
Pradesh are another fine examples of Indian tribal art. 
The Dhokra brass sculptures of Odisha drive up into 
ancient tales, while terracotta Bankura pottery of West 
Bengal is indeed the simplest medium for expressing 
emotions. The Bhimbetka cave paintings eloquently 
capture the essence of primitive human connection 
to nature, expressing a profound reverence for the 
bounties of the natural world with an unparalleled 
depth and breadth of emotion. Upon arrival here, one 
can palpably sense how rivers once flowed amidst the 
mountains, or how years ago, the relentless waves of 
the sea carved these very rocks. Shapes in the soil took 
form under the caress of the winds. Within them, caves 
were formed, where primordial humans indulged in 
the art of painting. This artwork stands as a poignant 
testament to the exquisite emotions of those illustrious 
ancestors.
Originating from Odisha, tribal paintings were once 
a simple household adornment, but have now changed 
into a commercial art form, adorning raw silk fabric 
with scenes from daily life. Similarly, Indigo Dabu fabric 
prints of Rajasthan offer a variety of expressions, and 
indigenous Bonda jewellery of Odisha carries the soulful 
essence of an ancestral legacy. Every creation has its 
own interpretation, whether it hails from the north-
eastern states or the Kathiawar in Gujarat treasured by 
various and versatile communities of tribal India.
Indian tribal art is influenced by both colourful 
nature and the vivid creatures mentioned in their 
folktales and songs. It is mostly about customs, religious 
symbols, everyday life, and social issues. The traditions, 
values, and rituals passed down through generations 
help keep their communities strong and stable. By 
sticking together and sharing their experiences, they 
are able to face challenges and stay true to themselves. 
Additionally, the nomadic lifestyle finds expression in 
these art forms, further enriching their narrative. Tribal 
art shows what a tribe’s culture is all about. It tells 
the story of their past, what they believe in, and how 
they live. In India, tribal art comes in many different 
styles because each tribe has its own way of doing 
things. Some tribal communities are famous for making 
beautiful beadwork, while others are known for their 
colourful paintings or sculptures.
Tribal folk art has diverse dimensions, with 
numerous forms and expressions, but their oldest art 
form is painting, which has no known history. Be it the 
allure of finely crafted wooden toys or furniture, the 
intricate designs of metalwork, or the delicate weaving 
of colourful fabrics, the genesis and evolution of these 
arts trace back to epochs long past, when humanity 
transitioned into the age of metal. Agriculture had 
taken root, and humanity had begun veiling their forms 
in garments. Thus, while myriad forms of art blossomed 
in subsequent eras, the art of painting stands as a relic 
of antiquity, its primordial essence beyond question 
or dispute. The genesis of their painting remains 
shrouded in mystery, with its unknown inception. 
Despite tireless endeavours, it has only been guessed 
that the art of sketching emerged during humanity’s 
primordial dawn. Thus, cave painting emerges as the 
pristine essence of tribal artistry, for the ancient cave 
paintings unearthed to date grace the very landscapes 
where tribal communities continue to dwell, echoing 
the timeless connection between their art and their 
ancestral homelands.
The cultural diversity, customs, and social traditions 
of India’s tribal regions captivate the entire nation. 
It is a unique world where community, solidarity, and 
harmony reign supreme, awaiting further exploration. 
The adornment is indeed a distinctive feature of tribal 
society, directly connected to nature and its various 
resources, i.e Jal, Zameen and Jangal (water, land and 
forest). This perpetual connection epitomises the 
complete harmony between men and nature. It is 
truly a matter of great sorrow to witness robust efforts 
being made to introduce ‘democratic modernity’ in the 
21 Kurukshetra       June  2024
name of development, even in the remote mountains 
and forests, where human settlements struggle hard 
with the absence of necessities. Most parts of the hilly 
regions are facing numerous challenges, but the vibrant 
presence of tribal folk-art work still surviving strongly. 
We must not forget that the biggest obstacle to folk 
tradition is so called ‘modernity’, which does not bother 
about the mindset and tradition of local folk.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural 
diversity of tribal India are the most ancient and 
unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance 
and rationality, since Indian tribes express their 
unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like 
geographia, socio-historic transition, transformation 
and transcreation shape the style of their artistic 
approach. This art is a precious gem in our rich 
civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by 
talented indigenous artisans all over the country. Being 
close to nature, indigenous people infuse their art with 
a regional touch. Their belief systems inspire them to 
interpret things in their own native ways, reflecting in 
their artwork. Often, ancient myths and spirituality of 
God and Goddess are reimagined in modern contexts. 
Nature is the soul, the life force, and the culture of 
the indigenous world. That’s the reason it plays a vital 
role in the lives of communities that treasure their 
surroundings—the melodic rivers flow, the exuberant 
biodiversity of forests, the sky-scraping mountains that 
touch the azure blue sky, and the verdant landscapes 
all inspire their art and culture. This is evidenced by the 
ancient rock paintings of Rajrappa cave in Hazaribagh 
of Jharkhand and different cave shelters in Kaimur hills 
of Bihar, which inspired primitive human beings to 
showcase their emotions and sentiments towards forest 
and wildlife. The beauty of nature has transformed the 
lives of nomads and hunters into art lovers. Ultimately, 
this has brought people together, successfully fostering 
social unity within them. 
Tribal life and tradition or environment are two 
crucial prerequisites for the evolution and ecological 
development of art. The indigenous communities 
have been incredibly fortunate in both these aspects. 
The adherence to tradition is a cultural trait of tribal 
communities. 
In the context of folk art, the question of cultural 
identity is crucial to the entire world. In the Indian 
context, there is still deep debate and discussion on this 
issue, but it is important to consider what is significant 
in the society that practices folk art, the individual or 
the entire community. The importance of the individual 
lies in selfishness, while acknowledging the importance 
of society is evidence of harmony and solidarity. Indeed, 
it is important to ask whether we are individuals 
or members of a larger community. This question 
reflects what culture means in a society. Are they 
culturally loaded or culturally outraged by tribal ethos? 
Indeed, this ignorance is a clear indication of cultural 
bankruptcy. The presence of cultural values raises the 
question for us: who is connected to whatever cultural 
wealth there is—the common people or the elite class? 
Without understanding this, we cannot preserve any 
culture or align ourselves with cultural values. However, 
tribal communities do not require such questions. They 
do not debate on such issues. The main cause is that 
every individual in these communal groups lives their 
life by incorporating cultural norms into their habits.
The creativity of indigenous communes, especially 
tribal artwork, is rooted in centuries of tradition. Their 
art holds its own vast significance as a tradition, which 
is not just about its survival but also about its increasing 
popularity over time. Actually, discussions, exhibitions, 
and critiques of their artistic imaginations are happening 
among various cultural groups in the country, and reviews 
of the unique features of their art have begun. Although 
there is concern about intellectual conflicts arising from 
dialogues, indigenous cultural dominance, self-assertion, 
or cultural appropriation seem to establish their identity 
successfully apart from the realm of various cultural 
expressions and above all exploration. For example, the 
renowned Gond artwork of Maikal Hills of Madhya Pradesh 
or Warli painting in the Sahyadri Range of Maharashtra are 
controversy-free folk art that is a priceless treasure- trove 
of diversity and inclusivity, which the government and 
society have wholeheartedly embraced. The government 
has given this art as much recognition as the highly 
acclaimed Madhubani folk art. Consequently, this art and 
its associated artists are gaining widespread recognition. 
Just as Santal artwork once received international acclaim, 
recognition has been established.  
Now the situation is such that indigenous folk art 
in India has presented issues through painting and 
other forms of artwork, which have strengthened our 
understanding of creations. It has also encouraged 
us to reconsider our cultural values and prejudices. It 
Page 4


Vital Role of 
Tribal Art in 
Safeguarding 
Cultural 
Identity
* Amarendra Kishore
he tribal artwork, woven intricately 
into the fabric of artistic expression, 
stands as a testament to the diverse 
cultural tapestry of the nation. Over 
time, it has undergone a gradual 
evolution, journeying alongside classical forms. These 
artistic traditions are deeply rooted within distinct 
social communities, each imbued with its own unique 
cultural essence. These expressions primarily manifest 
as visual art forms, such as paintings, depicting the 
intricacies of daily life, traditions, and cultural heritage 
specific to their respective communities. The art of 
tribal communities often incorporate elements like local 
festivals, divine beings, and flights of fancy into their 
portrayal. 
This infusion lends them a regional charm and a 
touch of mysticism, which are indispensable to Indian 
T
artistic tradition. Since the word ‘culture’ refers to the 
beliefs, customs, traditions, various sounds of nature 
along with birds and animals each including arts, and 
religious behaviours of a specific group of people. 
It includes the ways of life that includes integrity, 
traditions, and shared experiences of a community. 
Culture spreads from one generation to another within 
a community through socialisation and interaction. It 
shapes the identity of individuals and communities, 
influencing their perspectives, beliefs, and behaviour. 
Importantly, culture which is a pure genetics of 
orientation, expression, creation of life and livelihood. 
So, indigenous culture is dynamic and can evolve over 
time in response to internal and external influences 
such as migration, technological advancements, and 
globalisation. Therefore, it is important to consider 
whether the folk art of indigenous communities 
* The author is a Delhi based development journalist.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural diversity of tribal India are the most ancient 
and unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance and rationality, since Indian tribes 
express their unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like geographia, socio-historic 
transition, transformation and transcreation shape the style of their artistic approach. This 
art is a precious gem in our rich civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by talented 
indigenous artisans all over the country.
20 Kurukshetra       June  2024
contributes to enriching the values of the country and 
its culture?  Only then can the direction to preserve 
culture be determined.
Tribal creation, undoubtedly, serves as a vibrant 
repository of modern cultural heritage. So, the 
indigenous creation represents the beliefs, customs, 
and traditions of many more indigenous communities. 
It weaves together the rich tapestry of religious beliefs, 
rituals, and tales from indigenous communities, 
reflecting their deep bond with nature and the mystical 
realms beyond. In the special context of India, the 
colourful paintings among Gond of Madhya Pradesh 
and Santal of Jharkhand embody the essence of local 
sentiments; the Muria dance in Bastar of Chhattisgarh 
reflects the spirituality of life, resonating with thoughts 
and feelings. Pithora paintings among the tribes of 
Rathwa, Bhilals, and Nayka of Gujarat and Madhya 
Pradesh are another fine examples of Indian tribal art. 
The Dhokra brass sculptures of Odisha drive up into 
ancient tales, while terracotta Bankura pottery of West 
Bengal is indeed the simplest medium for expressing 
emotions. The Bhimbetka cave paintings eloquently 
capture the essence of primitive human connection 
to nature, expressing a profound reverence for the 
bounties of the natural world with an unparalleled 
depth and breadth of emotion. Upon arrival here, one 
can palpably sense how rivers once flowed amidst the 
mountains, or how years ago, the relentless waves of 
the sea carved these very rocks. Shapes in the soil took 
form under the caress of the winds. Within them, caves 
were formed, where primordial humans indulged in 
the art of painting. This artwork stands as a poignant 
testament to the exquisite emotions of those illustrious 
ancestors.
Originating from Odisha, tribal paintings were once 
a simple household adornment, but have now changed 
into a commercial art form, adorning raw silk fabric 
with scenes from daily life. Similarly, Indigo Dabu fabric 
prints of Rajasthan offer a variety of expressions, and 
indigenous Bonda jewellery of Odisha carries the soulful 
essence of an ancestral legacy. Every creation has its 
own interpretation, whether it hails from the north-
eastern states or the Kathiawar in Gujarat treasured by 
various and versatile communities of tribal India.
Indian tribal art is influenced by both colourful 
nature and the vivid creatures mentioned in their 
folktales and songs. It is mostly about customs, religious 
symbols, everyday life, and social issues. The traditions, 
values, and rituals passed down through generations 
help keep their communities strong and stable. By 
sticking together and sharing their experiences, they 
are able to face challenges and stay true to themselves. 
Additionally, the nomadic lifestyle finds expression in 
these art forms, further enriching their narrative. Tribal 
art shows what a tribe’s culture is all about. It tells 
the story of their past, what they believe in, and how 
they live. In India, tribal art comes in many different 
styles because each tribe has its own way of doing 
things. Some tribal communities are famous for making 
beautiful beadwork, while others are known for their 
colourful paintings or sculptures.
Tribal folk art has diverse dimensions, with 
numerous forms and expressions, but their oldest art 
form is painting, which has no known history. Be it the 
allure of finely crafted wooden toys or furniture, the 
intricate designs of metalwork, or the delicate weaving 
of colourful fabrics, the genesis and evolution of these 
arts trace back to epochs long past, when humanity 
transitioned into the age of metal. Agriculture had 
taken root, and humanity had begun veiling their forms 
in garments. Thus, while myriad forms of art blossomed 
in subsequent eras, the art of painting stands as a relic 
of antiquity, its primordial essence beyond question 
or dispute. The genesis of their painting remains 
shrouded in mystery, with its unknown inception. 
Despite tireless endeavours, it has only been guessed 
that the art of sketching emerged during humanity’s 
primordial dawn. Thus, cave painting emerges as the 
pristine essence of tribal artistry, for the ancient cave 
paintings unearthed to date grace the very landscapes 
where tribal communities continue to dwell, echoing 
the timeless connection between their art and their 
ancestral homelands.
The cultural diversity, customs, and social traditions 
of India’s tribal regions captivate the entire nation. 
It is a unique world where community, solidarity, and 
harmony reign supreme, awaiting further exploration. 
The adornment is indeed a distinctive feature of tribal 
society, directly connected to nature and its various 
resources, i.e Jal, Zameen and Jangal (water, land and 
forest). This perpetual connection epitomises the 
complete harmony between men and nature. It is 
truly a matter of great sorrow to witness robust efforts 
being made to introduce ‘democratic modernity’ in the 
21 Kurukshetra       June  2024
name of development, even in the remote mountains 
and forests, where human settlements struggle hard 
with the absence of necessities. Most parts of the hilly 
regions are facing numerous challenges, but the vibrant 
presence of tribal folk-art work still surviving strongly. 
We must not forget that the biggest obstacle to folk 
tradition is so called ‘modernity’, which does not bother 
about the mindset and tradition of local folk.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural 
diversity of tribal India are the most ancient and 
unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance 
and rationality, since Indian tribes express their 
unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like 
geographia, socio-historic transition, transformation 
and transcreation shape the style of their artistic 
approach. This art is a precious gem in our rich 
civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by 
talented indigenous artisans all over the country. Being 
close to nature, indigenous people infuse their art with 
a regional touch. Their belief systems inspire them to 
interpret things in their own native ways, reflecting in 
their artwork. Often, ancient myths and spirituality of 
God and Goddess are reimagined in modern contexts. 
Nature is the soul, the life force, and the culture of 
the indigenous world. That’s the reason it plays a vital 
role in the lives of communities that treasure their 
surroundings—the melodic rivers flow, the exuberant 
biodiversity of forests, the sky-scraping mountains that 
touch the azure blue sky, and the verdant landscapes 
all inspire their art and culture. This is evidenced by the 
ancient rock paintings of Rajrappa cave in Hazaribagh 
of Jharkhand and different cave shelters in Kaimur hills 
of Bihar, which inspired primitive human beings to 
showcase their emotions and sentiments towards forest 
and wildlife. The beauty of nature has transformed the 
lives of nomads and hunters into art lovers. Ultimately, 
this has brought people together, successfully fostering 
social unity within them. 
Tribal life and tradition or environment are two 
crucial prerequisites for the evolution and ecological 
development of art. The indigenous communities 
have been incredibly fortunate in both these aspects. 
The adherence to tradition is a cultural trait of tribal 
communities. 
In the context of folk art, the question of cultural 
identity is crucial to the entire world. In the Indian 
context, there is still deep debate and discussion on this 
issue, but it is important to consider what is significant 
in the society that practices folk art, the individual or 
the entire community. The importance of the individual 
lies in selfishness, while acknowledging the importance 
of society is evidence of harmony and solidarity. Indeed, 
it is important to ask whether we are individuals 
or members of a larger community. This question 
reflects what culture means in a society. Are they 
culturally loaded or culturally outraged by tribal ethos? 
Indeed, this ignorance is a clear indication of cultural 
bankruptcy. The presence of cultural values raises the 
question for us: who is connected to whatever cultural 
wealth there is—the common people or the elite class? 
Without understanding this, we cannot preserve any 
culture or align ourselves with cultural values. However, 
tribal communities do not require such questions. They 
do not debate on such issues. The main cause is that 
every individual in these communal groups lives their 
life by incorporating cultural norms into their habits.
The creativity of indigenous communes, especially 
tribal artwork, is rooted in centuries of tradition. Their 
art holds its own vast significance as a tradition, which 
is not just about its survival but also about its increasing 
popularity over time. Actually, discussions, exhibitions, 
and critiques of their artistic imaginations are happening 
among various cultural groups in the country, and reviews 
of the unique features of their art have begun. Although 
there is concern about intellectual conflicts arising from 
dialogues, indigenous cultural dominance, self-assertion, 
or cultural appropriation seem to establish their identity 
successfully apart from the realm of various cultural 
expressions and above all exploration. For example, the 
renowned Gond artwork of Maikal Hills of Madhya Pradesh 
or Warli painting in the Sahyadri Range of Maharashtra are 
controversy-free folk art that is a priceless treasure- trove 
of diversity and inclusivity, which the government and 
society have wholeheartedly embraced. The government 
has given this art as much recognition as the highly 
acclaimed Madhubani folk art. Consequently, this art and 
its associated artists are gaining widespread recognition. 
Just as Santal artwork once received international acclaim, 
recognition has been established.  
Now the situation is such that indigenous folk art 
in India has presented issues through painting and 
other forms of artwork, which have strengthened our 
understanding of creations. It has also encouraged 
us to reconsider our cultural values and prejudices. It 
22 Kurukshetra       June  2024
Visual ingenuity is not 
uncommon for the 
Pardhans of the Gond 
tribe of Madhya Pradesh.
They smear mud paste 
on the floors, doors and 
walls of their homes and 
then paint motifs on them 
with a brush fashioned 
out of bamboo, using 
colours made from mud 
of different hues found in 
their environment.
Painted freehand, these 
two-dimensional paintings 
reflect the artist's 
perception of life whereas 
the absent 'depth' factor, 
emphasizes simplicity.
is heartening that the nation has accepted the entire 
spectrum of sentiments and harmonious, virtuous 
engagements of tribal communities, creating a favourable 
atmosphere within tribal art. The nation’s ethos reflects 
the sentiment of individuality and attachment that 
people feel towards a particular culture or group. Due 
to the increasing global recognition of folk arts, there is 
a growing curiosity to learn about indigenous customs, 
traditions, beliefs, values, language, and other aspects 
which define the unique ways of life of any group. It 
is important to note that cultural identity determines 
how individuals perceive themselves and their place in 
the world, and in this experience, the assimilation of 
positivity strengthens national unity.  
The essence of this declaration is that amidst 
the indigenous populations of this very country, 
folk art flourishes, exuding its intrinsic charm. Its 
fundamental nature, born centuries ago, still resonates 
to a considerable extent in its original form today, 
constituting an incomparable facet of India’s identity. 
The culture of the indigenous species, their diversity, 
and vibrancy, imbued with unadulterated authenticity, 
captivate the innermost recesses of the global psyche.  
These natural wonders bring immense joy, pleasure, 
ecstasy, and grandeur to the people who inhabit the 
remote corners of this country. Indeed, the diverse arts 
of more than 500 tribal communities (some of them were 
not familiar with art of sketches) are intricately woven 
with their folklore, stories, idioms, and expressions. 
Each artwork assumes its own tale, rooted in history, 
tradition, and unique cultural perspectives. Before the 
influence of the market, handicrafts were born from a 
fusion of emotions and soul, creating invaluable and 
unique masterpieces. These creations, stemming from 
deep within the mind and soul, remained untouched 
by commercial interests. In the bygone era, handicrafts 
served as a representation of society, bolstering its 
strong identity before the supreme power of the state. 
In many Indian tribal communities, people live and grow 
together, sharing everything they have. This closeness 
helps their artwork and culture thrive.
In the indigenous communities, skills are often 
developed and nurtured at the community level. 
Members support each other in learning and mastering 
various crafts, arts, and traditional practices. Through 
collective effort and sharing of knowledge, individuals 
within the community refine their skills, pass down 
techniques to future generations, and collectively 
contribute to the preservation and evolution of their 
cultural heritage. This community-based approach not 
only enhances individual abilities but also strengthens 
the bonds within the community, fostering a sense of 
pride and identity in their shared traditions and craft 
skills. In the realm of artistic evolution, the spirit of 
communal unity bestows upon society a profound 
positivity, serving as the bedrock of cultural resilience. 
Delving into the fabric of tribal communities reveals not 
merely individual sentiments, but a collective vision 
Gond Artwork of Maikal Hills, Madhya Pradesh
Page 5


Vital Role of 
Tribal Art in 
Safeguarding 
Cultural 
Identity
* Amarendra Kishore
he tribal artwork, woven intricately 
into the fabric of artistic expression, 
stands as a testament to the diverse 
cultural tapestry of the nation. Over 
time, it has undergone a gradual 
evolution, journeying alongside classical forms. These 
artistic traditions are deeply rooted within distinct 
social communities, each imbued with its own unique 
cultural essence. These expressions primarily manifest 
as visual art forms, such as paintings, depicting the 
intricacies of daily life, traditions, and cultural heritage 
specific to their respective communities. The art of 
tribal communities often incorporate elements like local 
festivals, divine beings, and flights of fancy into their 
portrayal. 
This infusion lends them a regional charm and a 
touch of mysticism, which are indispensable to Indian 
T
artistic tradition. Since the word ‘culture’ refers to the 
beliefs, customs, traditions, various sounds of nature 
along with birds and animals each including arts, and 
religious behaviours of a specific group of people. 
It includes the ways of life that includes integrity, 
traditions, and shared experiences of a community. 
Culture spreads from one generation to another within 
a community through socialisation and interaction. It 
shapes the identity of individuals and communities, 
influencing their perspectives, beliefs, and behaviour. 
Importantly, culture which is a pure genetics of 
orientation, expression, creation of life and livelihood. 
So, indigenous culture is dynamic and can evolve over 
time in response to internal and external influences 
such as migration, technological advancements, and 
globalisation. Therefore, it is important to consider 
whether the folk art of indigenous communities 
* The author is a Delhi based development journalist.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural diversity of tribal India are the most ancient 
and unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance and rationality, since Indian tribes 
express their unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like geographia, socio-historic 
transition, transformation and transcreation shape the style of their artistic approach. This 
art is a precious gem in our rich civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by talented 
indigenous artisans all over the country.
20 Kurukshetra       June  2024
contributes to enriching the values of the country and 
its culture?  Only then can the direction to preserve 
culture be determined.
Tribal creation, undoubtedly, serves as a vibrant 
repository of modern cultural heritage. So, the 
indigenous creation represents the beliefs, customs, 
and traditions of many more indigenous communities. 
It weaves together the rich tapestry of religious beliefs, 
rituals, and tales from indigenous communities, 
reflecting their deep bond with nature and the mystical 
realms beyond. In the special context of India, the 
colourful paintings among Gond of Madhya Pradesh 
and Santal of Jharkhand embody the essence of local 
sentiments; the Muria dance in Bastar of Chhattisgarh 
reflects the spirituality of life, resonating with thoughts 
and feelings. Pithora paintings among the tribes of 
Rathwa, Bhilals, and Nayka of Gujarat and Madhya 
Pradesh are another fine examples of Indian tribal art. 
The Dhokra brass sculptures of Odisha drive up into 
ancient tales, while terracotta Bankura pottery of West 
Bengal is indeed the simplest medium for expressing 
emotions. The Bhimbetka cave paintings eloquently 
capture the essence of primitive human connection 
to nature, expressing a profound reverence for the 
bounties of the natural world with an unparalleled 
depth and breadth of emotion. Upon arrival here, one 
can palpably sense how rivers once flowed amidst the 
mountains, or how years ago, the relentless waves of 
the sea carved these very rocks. Shapes in the soil took 
form under the caress of the winds. Within them, caves 
were formed, where primordial humans indulged in 
the art of painting. This artwork stands as a poignant 
testament to the exquisite emotions of those illustrious 
ancestors.
Originating from Odisha, tribal paintings were once 
a simple household adornment, but have now changed 
into a commercial art form, adorning raw silk fabric 
with scenes from daily life. Similarly, Indigo Dabu fabric 
prints of Rajasthan offer a variety of expressions, and 
indigenous Bonda jewellery of Odisha carries the soulful 
essence of an ancestral legacy. Every creation has its 
own interpretation, whether it hails from the north-
eastern states or the Kathiawar in Gujarat treasured by 
various and versatile communities of tribal India.
Indian tribal art is influenced by both colourful 
nature and the vivid creatures mentioned in their 
folktales and songs. It is mostly about customs, religious 
symbols, everyday life, and social issues. The traditions, 
values, and rituals passed down through generations 
help keep their communities strong and stable. By 
sticking together and sharing their experiences, they 
are able to face challenges and stay true to themselves. 
Additionally, the nomadic lifestyle finds expression in 
these art forms, further enriching their narrative. Tribal 
art shows what a tribe’s culture is all about. It tells 
the story of their past, what they believe in, and how 
they live. In India, tribal art comes in many different 
styles because each tribe has its own way of doing 
things. Some tribal communities are famous for making 
beautiful beadwork, while others are known for their 
colourful paintings or sculptures.
Tribal folk art has diverse dimensions, with 
numerous forms and expressions, but their oldest art 
form is painting, which has no known history. Be it the 
allure of finely crafted wooden toys or furniture, the 
intricate designs of metalwork, or the delicate weaving 
of colourful fabrics, the genesis and evolution of these 
arts trace back to epochs long past, when humanity 
transitioned into the age of metal. Agriculture had 
taken root, and humanity had begun veiling their forms 
in garments. Thus, while myriad forms of art blossomed 
in subsequent eras, the art of painting stands as a relic 
of antiquity, its primordial essence beyond question 
or dispute. The genesis of their painting remains 
shrouded in mystery, with its unknown inception. 
Despite tireless endeavours, it has only been guessed 
that the art of sketching emerged during humanity’s 
primordial dawn. Thus, cave painting emerges as the 
pristine essence of tribal artistry, for the ancient cave 
paintings unearthed to date grace the very landscapes 
where tribal communities continue to dwell, echoing 
the timeless connection between their art and their 
ancestral homelands.
The cultural diversity, customs, and social traditions 
of India’s tribal regions captivate the entire nation. 
It is a unique world where community, solidarity, and 
harmony reign supreme, awaiting further exploration. 
The adornment is indeed a distinctive feature of tribal 
society, directly connected to nature and its various 
resources, i.e Jal, Zameen and Jangal (water, land and 
forest). This perpetual connection epitomises the 
complete harmony between men and nature. It is 
truly a matter of great sorrow to witness robust efforts 
being made to introduce ‘democratic modernity’ in the 
21 Kurukshetra       June  2024
name of development, even in the remote mountains 
and forests, where human settlements struggle hard 
with the absence of necessities. Most parts of the hilly 
regions are facing numerous challenges, but the vibrant 
presence of tribal folk-art work still surviving strongly. 
We must not forget that the biggest obstacle to folk 
tradition is so called ‘modernity’, which does not bother 
about the mindset and tradition of local folk.
It is significant that the tradition and cultural 
diversity of tribal India are the most ancient and 
unparalleled in the world, with its own relevance 
and rationality, since Indian tribes express their 
unique artistry in beautiful ways, so factors like 
geographia, socio-historic transition, transformation 
and transcreation shape the style of their artistic 
approach. This art is a precious gem in our rich 
civilisation, brought to life with vibrant colours by 
talented indigenous artisans all over the country. Being 
close to nature, indigenous people infuse their art with 
a regional touch. Their belief systems inspire them to 
interpret things in their own native ways, reflecting in 
their artwork. Often, ancient myths and spirituality of 
God and Goddess are reimagined in modern contexts. 
Nature is the soul, the life force, and the culture of 
the indigenous world. That’s the reason it plays a vital 
role in the lives of communities that treasure their 
surroundings—the melodic rivers flow, the exuberant 
biodiversity of forests, the sky-scraping mountains that 
touch the azure blue sky, and the verdant landscapes 
all inspire their art and culture. This is evidenced by the 
ancient rock paintings of Rajrappa cave in Hazaribagh 
of Jharkhand and different cave shelters in Kaimur hills 
of Bihar, which inspired primitive human beings to 
showcase their emotions and sentiments towards forest 
and wildlife. The beauty of nature has transformed the 
lives of nomads and hunters into art lovers. Ultimately, 
this has brought people together, successfully fostering 
social unity within them. 
Tribal life and tradition or environment are two 
crucial prerequisites for the evolution and ecological 
development of art. The indigenous communities 
have been incredibly fortunate in both these aspects. 
The adherence to tradition is a cultural trait of tribal 
communities. 
In the context of folk art, the question of cultural 
identity is crucial to the entire world. In the Indian 
context, there is still deep debate and discussion on this 
issue, but it is important to consider what is significant 
in the society that practices folk art, the individual or 
the entire community. The importance of the individual 
lies in selfishness, while acknowledging the importance 
of society is evidence of harmony and solidarity. Indeed, 
it is important to ask whether we are individuals 
or members of a larger community. This question 
reflects what culture means in a society. Are they 
culturally loaded or culturally outraged by tribal ethos? 
Indeed, this ignorance is a clear indication of cultural 
bankruptcy. The presence of cultural values raises the 
question for us: who is connected to whatever cultural 
wealth there is—the common people or the elite class? 
Without understanding this, we cannot preserve any 
culture or align ourselves with cultural values. However, 
tribal communities do not require such questions. They 
do not debate on such issues. The main cause is that 
every individual in these communal groups lives their 
life by incorporating cultural norms into their habits.
The creativity of indigenous communes, especially 
tribal artwork, is rooted in centuries of tradition. Their 
art holds its own vast significance as a tradition, which 
is not just about its survival but also about its increasing 
popularity over time. Actually, discussions, exhibitions, 
and critiques of their artistic imaginations are happening 
among various cultural groups in the country, and reviews 
of the unique features of their art have begun. Although 
there is concern about intellectual conflicts arising from 
dialogues, indigenous cultural dominance, self-assertion, 
or cultural appropriation seem to establish their identity 
successfully apart from the realm of various cultural 
expressions and above all exploration. For example, the 
renowned Gond artwork of Maikal Hills of Madhya Pradesh 
or Warli painting in the Sahyadri Range of Maharashtra are 
controversy-free folk art that is a priceless treasure- trove 
of diversity and inclusivity, which the government and 
society have wholeheartedly embraced. The government 
has given this art as much recognition as the highly 
acclaimed Madhubani folk art. Consequently, this art and 
its associated artists are gaining widespread recognition. 
Just as Santal artwork once received international acclaim, 
recognition has been established.  
Now the situation is such that indigenous folk art 
in India has presented issues through painting and 
other forms of artwork, which have strengthened our 
understanding of creations. It has also encouraged 
us to reconsider our cultural values and prejudices. It 
22 Kurukshetra       June  2024
Visual ingenuity is not 
uncommon for the 
Pardhans of the Gond 
tribe of Madhya Pradesh.
They smear mud paste 
on the floors, doors and 
walls of their homes and 
then paint motifs on them 
with a brush fashioned 
out of bamboo, using 
colours made from mud 
of different hues found in 
their environment.
Painted freehand, these 
two-dimensional paintings 
reflect the artist's 
perception of life whereas 
the absent 'depth' factor, 
emphasizes simplicity.
is heartening that the nation has accepted the entire 
spectrum of sentiments and harmonious, virtuous 
engagements of tribal communities, creating a favourable 
atmosphere within tribal art. The nation’s ethos reflects 
the sentiment of individuality and attachment that 
people feel towards a particular culture or group. Due 
to the increasing global recognition of folk arts, there is 
a growing curiosity to learn about indigenous customs, 
traditions, beliefs, values, language, and other aspects 
which define the unique ways of life of any group. It 
is important to note that cultural identity determines 
how individuals perceive themselves and their place in 
the world, and in this experience, the assimilation of 
positivity strengthens national unity.  
The essence of this declaration is that amidst 
the indigenous populations of this very country, 
folk art flourishes, exuding its intrinsic charm. Its 
fundamental nature, born centuries ago, still resonates 
to a considerable extent in its original form today, 
constituting an incomparable facet of India’s identity. 
The culture of the indigenous species, their diversity, 
and vibrancy, imbued with unadulterated authenticity, 
captivate the innermost recesses of the global psyche.  
These natural wonders bring immense joy, pleasure, 
ecstasy, and grandeur to the people who inhabit the 
remote corners of this country. Indeed, the diverse arts 
of more than 500 tribal communities (some of them were 
not familiar with art of sketches) are intricately woven 
with their folklore, stories, idioms, and expressions. 
Each artwork assumes its own tale, rooted in history, 
tradition, and unique cultural perspectives. Before the 
influence of the market, handicrafts were born from a 
fusion of emotions and soul, creating invaluable and 
unique masterpieces. These creations, stemming from 
deep within the mind and soul, remained untouched 
by commercial interests. In the bygone era, handicrafts 
served as a representation of society, bolstering its 
strong identity before the supreme power of the state. 
In many Indian tribal communities, people live and grow 
together, sharing everything they have. This closeness 
helps their artwork and culture thrive.
In the indigenous communities, skills are often 
developed and nurtured at the community level. 
Members support each other in learning and mastering 
various crafts, arts, and traditional practices. Through 
collective effort and sharing of knowledge, individuals 
within the community refine their skills, pass down 
techniques to future generations, and collectively 
contribute to the preservation and evolution of their 
cultural heritage. This community-based approach not 
only enhances individual abilities but also strengthens 
the bonds within the community, fostering a sense of 
pride and identity in their shared traditions and craft 
skills. In the realm of artistic evolution, the spirit of 
communal unity bestows upon society a profound 
positivity, serving as the bedrock of cultural resilience. 
Delving into the fabric of tribal communities reveals not 
merely individual sentiments, but a collective vision 
Gond Artwork of Maikal Hills, Madhya Pradesh
23 Kurukshetra       June  2024
through which every challenge is met with shared 
understanding. It is this unity, this cohesive force, that 
not only fortifies the fabric of society but also forms the 
very cornerstone of its unity. In tribal India, art doesn’t 
discriminate.
It is not just for a chosen few; it’s for everyone in 
society. Indigenous communities have made sure their 
creations are for everyone. Their spirit of inclusivity and 
human kinship, no doubt, sets a great example for all 
of us. For tribes, art is like talking without words. It is 
how they share their stories and teach others about 
their culture. Tribal art often shows important moments 
in their past representation, like battles or religious 
celebrations. It also tells us about their beliefs and how 
they live. One prominent example of this is Pattachitra 
art from Odisha. This art was made by the Chitrakar tribe 
of the Kalinga dynasty, existed in the eastern coastal 
region, and is known for its detailed designs and bright 
colours. They use it to tell stories from Hindu myths, and 
sometimes these pictures help during religious rituals.
This matter is extremely important as to why the 
demand for indigenous art is increasing amidst all kinds 
of modernity across the globe. Does its interpretation 
extremely important? Are the selection and use of 
colours something special? Is its subject highly sensitive 
or utilitarian? Does it have any connection with current 
events? Does it appeal to strengthen social harmony? 
Can all aspects of culture be seen through indigenous 
folk art? By analysing these questions, indigenous art 
can be understood very easily. Since the basic motive of 
the analysis of tribal art is to understand the intentions 
behind its manifestations, the question arises whether 
the adornment of the home and personal happiness give 
way to an artist’s creation? However, it is well known 
that community feelings, understanding of solidarity, 
and commitment to harmony are the fundamental 
essence of tribal life. The development of art collectively 
occurs with understanding and consensus. Therefore, 
their art is deeply connected to the sentiments of its 
society in every way. It is noteworthy that the subject 
of tribal art is not centered on the individual. It speaks 
of the community and always pays attention to its 
environment, respecting them.
Keeping away from the Jadopatia painting of 
Jharkhand and some regions in West Bengal, all other 
forms of art, which are connected to tribal society, 
prominently feature humans amidst the jungle and 
wild animals. At this juncture, mention of Jadopatia 
is necessary because it is the only tribal art that fully 
expresses the historic philosophy of the Santal and 
Bhumij tribes. It doesn’t confine itself to nature but also 
tells captivating stories about tribal life, customs, and 
festivals, along with the origin of life, life after death, 
and its myths. In Gond art, the richness and density 
of the forests come to the forefront. The portrayal 
is not centered on individuals but on humans in the 
group, otherwise focusing on trees, mountains, and 
especially the lives of animals in the jungle where the 
artist immerses himself. The Warli painting focuses on 
the concept of maternal nature, placing its elements at 
its centre. This art expresses rural life entirely, depicting 
humans in groups. The particular society is adept at art 
and deeply respects nature and wildlife in their lives. 
The Warli artists use their mud huts as the backdrop 
for their paintings, much like ancient people used cave 
walls as their canvas.
However, in Jadopatia painting, the focus is on 
depicting the deceased person in heaven, showing 
the outcome of their past deeds. Upon seeing this art, 
the family of the deceased feels satisfied. By doing so, 
Pattachitra Art, Odisha