Morning Star Textbook Solutions: Waste Management-II | Geography Class 10 ICSE PDF Download

Choose the correct option

Q1: Dry waste consists of waste that is ________.
(a) biodegradable
(b) non-biodegradable
(c) non-toxic
(d) organic
Ans: (b) 

Q2: Wet waste is the waste that is ________in nature.
(a) recyclable
(b) toxic
(c) organic
(d) non-biodegradable
Ans: (c) 

Q3: ________of waste is the key to effective waste management.
(a) Segregation
(b) Modification
(c) Solidification
(d) Nitrification
Ans: (a) 

Q4: Biodegradable waste can be converted into ________.
(a) soil
(b) humus
(c) rubber
(d) compost
Ans: (d) 

Q5: ________is the cheapest method of waste disposal.
(a) Open dumping
(b) Sanitary landfill
(c) Incineration
(d) Recycling
Ans: (a) 

Q6: ________is a way of disposing waste on land without causing health hazards or public safety.
(a) Dumping
(b) Sanitary landfill
(c) Recycling
(d) Incineration
Ans: (b) 

Q7: ________is an aerobic method of decomposing solid wastes.
(a) Composting
(b) Incineration
(c) Recycling
(d) Dumping
Ans: (a) 

Q8: The organic waste from households undergo ________to form compost.
(a) reduction
(b) burning
(c) decomposition
(d) churning
Ans: (c) 

Q9: Composting rejuvenates poor soils by adding ________.
(a) nutrients
(b) manure
(c) humus
(d) oxygen
Ans: (c) 

Q10: ________process is used for waste disposal by industries and municipalities.
(a) Composting
(b) Incineration
(c) Dumping
(d) Segregation
Ans: (b) 

Q11: Waste can be effectively managed by using three ________of waste management.
(a) S's
(b) R's
(c) C's
(d) M's
Ans: (b)

Q12: Which of the following is Not included in three R's of waste management?
(a) Reduce
(b) Reuse
(c) Recycle
(d) Regenerate
Ans: (d) 

Answer the following questions

Q1(a): What do you mean by segregation of waste? How does it ensure safe waste disposal?
Ans: Segregation of waste refers to categorizing waste into different types such as dry and wet or biodegradable and non-biodegradable. This process minimizes the volume of waste directed to landfills, significantly reducing both air and water pollution. It also simplifies the application of various waste disposal methods such as composting, recycling, and incineration.

Q1(b): What is meant by open dumping of waste? Why is open dumping not considered an environmentally friendly method?
Ans: Open dumping involves disposing of waste materials in open areas, typically far from urban centers. This practice is environmentally harmful because it not only spoils the landscape but also creates breeding grounds for disease-carrying pests like mosquitoes and flies. Additionally, the open dumps emit unpleasant odors and their combustion can pollute the air. Rain can wash harmful substances into nearby water bodies, leading to groundwater contamination.

Q1(c): Give a reason for each of the following:
(i) Vehicles used for transporting waste should be covered.
(ii) Waste segregation is key to waste management.
(iii) Roads from plastic waste are environmentally friendly.
Ans:
(i) Covering vehicles during waste transport prevents waste from scattering and keeps it hidden from public view, thus avoiding exposure to the environment.
(ii) Segregation is essential because it reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills, lessening pollution and facilitating the application of waste disposal processes like composting and recycling.
(iii) Constructing roads from plastic waste addresses the issue of plastic disposal and does so without releasing harmful gases, making it an eco-friendly alternative.

Q1(d): (i) What is a sanitary landfill?
(ii) How is waste disposed of in a sanitary landfill?
Ans:
(i) A sanitary landfill is a method of waste disposal that minimizes public health risks and environmental impact, using designated areas that require restoration.
(ii) The sanitary landfill process involves five phases:

1. Aerobic bacteria deplete oxygen, raising the temperature.
2. Anaerobic conditions form, producing hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
3. Population of bacteria increases alongside the production of methane from decomposing organic matter.
4. Stabilization of methanogenic activity occurs.
5. Organic matter is depleted, restoring aerobic conditions.

Q2(a): What is biodegradable waste? Name two useful products that can be made from biodegradable domestic waste.
Ans: Biodegradable waste is organic material that can be decomposed by living organisms. Examples include stale food and rotten fruits. Useful products from biodegradable waste include compost and biogas.

Q2(b): What service is indirectly done by the rag-pickers for the disposal of waste?

Ans: Rag-pickers contribute to waste management by sorting reusable and recyclable items from garbage. This helps reduce the waste in landfills by recycling materials like metal, glass, rubber, and plastics, thereby easing the waste disposal process.

Q2(c): State three steps that should be taken by municipal authorities for the safe disposal of solid waste.
Ans: The municipal authorities should take the following steps for safe solid waste disposal:

1. Organize house-to-house collection of municipal solid waste.
2. Ensure biomedical and industrial waste is not mixed with municipal solid waste, with clear segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste.
3. Prevent stray animals from accessing waste disposal facilities.

Q2(d): What is composting? Give two advantages of using compost.
Ans: Composting is an aerobic method of decomposing organic waste, where microorganisms break down solid waste into a nutrient-rich material called compost. Advantages of using compost include:

1. It enhances soil nutrients and improves water retention capacity in soil.
2. It helps suppress plant diseases.

Q3(a): What are the three R's of waste management?
Ans: The three R's of waste management are:

1. Reducing waste
2. Reusing waste
3. Recycling waste

Q3(b): Explain how reusing waste can reduce the burden of waste disposal.
Ans: Reusing waste helps diminish waste generation and can improve community well-being. By passing on useful discarded items to those in need, we extend their life cycle, thus reducing the demand for new products that require natural resources for manufacturing. For instance, donating old shoes to those in need prevents waste and promotes resourcefulness.

Q3(c): Give a reason for each of the following:
(i) Recycling of waste to produce paper can reduce deforestation.
(ii) Sugarcane waste can be recycled into useful products.
(iii) We should avoid using polythene carry bags.
Ans:
(i) Recycling paper from waste reduces the need for trees, as materials like bagasse from sugarcane can replace wood pulp in paper production.
(ii) Sugarcane waste, like bagasse, can be repurposed to make paper pulp and packaging materials, decreasing the reliance on trees for these products.
(iii) Polythene bags should be avoided because they are non-biodegradable and harmful to the environment. Their production and disposal release harmful substances, making them a significant pollutant.

Q3(d): What is meant by recycling waste effectively? Give one example.
Ans: Effective recycling refers to the process of converting waste into reusable products until they can no longer be recycled. For example, utilizing bagasse from sugarcane to produce paper pulp not only saves trees but also represents a sustainable recycling process.

Thinking Skills

Q1: How can segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable reduce the quantity of waste and can be utilized for generating sustainable energy?
Ans: Segregation enables targeted waste management. Separating biodegradable from non-biodegradable waste minimizes landfill waste and enhances environmental protection. The segregated waste can be processed as follows:

1. Composting — Converts biodegradable waste into nutrient-rich compost, which diverts organic matter from landfills and enriches soil.
2. Waste-to-energy conversion — Non-biodegradable waste can be transformed into energy through incineration or gasification, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
3. Anaerobic decomposition — Organic waste can generate biogas, a renewable energy source for heating and electricity.
4. Efficient waste management — Segregation streamlines recycling and disposal, facilitating resource recovery from non-biodegradable waste.

Q2: Bio-fuels should be developed on a large scale as an alternative to fossil fuels and to reduce the generation of waste. State your views.
Ans: Developing biofuels as a large-scale alternative to fossil fuels can provide several benefits:

1. Climate Change Mitigation — Biofuels release fewer emissions, helping to lower greenhouse gas impacts.
2. Waste Reduction — Converting organic waste into biofuel mitigates waste accumulation and promotes a circular economy.
3. Energy Independence — Biofuels reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels and enhance energy security.
4. Rural Development and Job Creation — Biofuel production promotes agricultural activities and creates jobs within the biomass supply chain.
5. Technological Advancements — Investing in biofuel technology fosters innovation for sustainable production processes.

Q3: Find out recent innovations by which waste has been used to form useful products.
Ans: Innovations utilizing waste in useful product creation include:

1. Waste-to-Energy — Advanced technologies convert waste into renewable energy, reducing accumulation.
2. Upcycling — Transforming waste into valuable items, such as building materials or clothing.
3. Circular Economy — Businesses adopt models where waste from one process becomes a resource for another.
4. Bioplastics — Development of biodegradable plastics from organic waste as an alternative to conventional plastics.
5. Carbon Capture and Utilization — Innovations that capture carbon emissions for use in producing construction materials.

Q4: What are eco bricks? Make a list of items that you can make using eco bricks.
Ans: Eco bricks are building blocks created by tightly packing plastic waste into plastic bottles, offering an eco-friendly solution for managing plastic waste.
Items that can be made from eco bricks include:

1. Furniture — Chairs, benches, tables, and shelves.
2. Garden and landscaping structures — Garden walls, raised beds, planters, and decorative elements.
3. Pavements and pathways — Durable pavements and pathways for outdoor use.
4. Partition walls — Interior dividers in buildings.
5. Playgrounds and recreational structures — Slides, climbing walls, and seating in parks.
6. Art installations — Creative projects that promote environmental awareness.