NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 - Money and Credit

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Q1: How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things?
Ans: The use of money facilitates easier exchange by serving as a universally accepted medium of exchange. Unlike barter systems where goods or services directly exchange for other goods or services, money allows transactions to occur smoothly. This means people can buy goods and services without needing to find a direct match in terms of what they have to offer in return. Money also simplifies pricing, valuation, and accounting in economic transactions.

Q2: Can you think of some examples of goods/services being exchanged or wages being paid through barter?
Ans: In barter systems, goods and services are exchanged directly without the use of money. Examples include a farmer exchanging a portion of their crops for a craftsman's tools, or a carpenter building furniture in exchange for a baker's bread. Wages could be paid in barter by offering goods or services in return for labor, such as a painter receiving food from a restaurant owner in exchange for painting the owner's house.

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Q1. M. Salim wants to withdraw Rs 20,000 in cash for making payments. How would he write a cheque to withdraw money?
Ans: M. Salim would write a cheque addressed to himself or "Bearer" for Rs 20,000. The cheque would specify the amount to be withdrawn and would need to be signed by Salim. Upon presenting this cheque at his bank, Salim would receive Rs 20,000 in cash.

Q2. Tick the correct answer. After the transaction between Salim and Prem, 

(i) Salim’s balance in his bank account increases, and Prem’s balance increases. 

(ii) Salim’s balance in his bank account decreases and Prem’s balance increases. 

(iii) Salim’s balance in his bank account increases and Prem’s balance decreases.
Ans. (ii) is correct.

When Salim writes a cheque to Prem, Salim's bank account balance decreases by the amount of the cheque (Rs 20,000 in this case). Simultaneously, Prem's balance increases by the same amount once he deposits the cheque into his own bank account. This is a basic principle of double-entry accounting where one account decreases (Salim's) and another increases (Prem's) by the same amount for the transaction to be balanced.

Q3. Why are demand deposits considered as money?
Ans: Demand deposits are considered as money because they are funds held in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand through various means such as cheques, debit cards, or electronic transfers. 

Demand deposits are highly liquid and widely accepted as a medium of exchange, making them functionally equivalent to cash in many transactions. Therefore, they are included in broader definitions of the money supply and are considered a crucial component of the monetary system.

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Q1. Fill the following table:

Ans:   

Q2. Supposing Salim continues to get orders from traders. What would be his position after 6 years?
Ans: If Salim continues to receive orders from traders and manages his finances prudently, his business position after 6 years could potentially be strong. With consistent orders, he could expand operations, diversify products, and strengthen market presence. However, this also depends on how effectively he manages risks such as market fluctuations, repayment of existing loans, and operational challenges.

Q3. What are the reasons that make Swapna’s situation so risky? Discuss factors – pesticides; role of moneylenders; climate.
Ans: Swapna's situation is fraught with risks due to several factors:

• Pesticides: Dependence on pesticides involves risks such as their effectiveness, environmental impact, and costs. Ineffective pesticides can lead to crop failures, impacting her income and ability to repay loans.

• Role of Moneylenders: Borrowing from moneylenders often involves high interest rates and strict repayment terms. This increases financial pressure on Swapna, especially if her crop yields are low due to external factors like climate.

• Climate: Climate variability and unpredictability affect agricultural outcomes. Adverse weather conditions such as droughts or floods can lead to crop failures, directly impacting Swapna's income and ability to repay loans.

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Q1: Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending?
Ans: Lenders ask for collateral while lending to secure their loan against potential default by borrowers. This reduces the lender's risk and allows them to offer loans at lower interest rates compared to unsecured loans. Collateral serves as a form of guarantee or assurance for the lender that they can recover their funds if the borrower fails to repay the loan.

Q2: Given that a large number of people in our country are poor, does it in any way affect their capacity to borrow?
Ans: Yes, the large number of people in the country who are poor can significantly affect their capacity to borrow. Poverty often correlates with limited access to formal financial institutions, lack of credit history, and insufficient collateral. This makes it challenging for poor individuals to qualify for loans from traditional lenders. As a result, they may resort to informal sources of credit which often come with higher interest rates and less favorable terms.

Q3: Fill in the blanks choosing the correct option from the brackets:

While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means __________ (low/high) interest rate, ______________(easy/ tough) conditions for repayment, ___________(less/more) collateral and documentation requirements.

Ans. "While taking a loan, borrowers look for easy terms of credit. This means (low) interest rate, (easy) conditions for repayment, (less) collateral and documentation requirements."

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Q1. What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit? 
Ans.  Formal sources of credit, such as banks and cooperatives, are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). They follow set rules, offer lower interest rates, and provide loans to a variety of sectors. Informal sources, like moneylenders, traders, and friends, operate without regulation, can charge high interest rates, and have fewer requirements, making them accessible but costly for borrowers.

Q2. Why should credit at reasonable rates be available for all? 
Ans. Credit at reasonable rates enables people to borrow affordably for essential needs like farming, business, and personal expenses. This supports economic growth by allowing investments that can increase income. High-interest rates from informal lenders can lead to excessive debt, leaving borrowers with less income and trapped in financial difficulties.

Q3. Should there be a supervisor, such as the Reserve Bank of India, that looks into the loan activities of informal lenders? Why would its task be quite difficult? 
Ans. Yes, a supervisor like the RBI should oversee informal lenders to prevent exploitation through high interest rates or unfair practices. However, this task is difficult because informal lenders are diverse, widespread, and lack regulation. Monitoring them would require significant effort and resources, and imposing rules could face resistance.

Q4. Why do you think that the share of formal sector credit is higher for the richer households compared to the poorer households?
Ans. Richer households have better access to formal sector credit because they can provide collateral, have lower perceived risk, and understand banking procedures. This makes it easier for them to secure loans at lower interest rates. Poorer households often lack these advantages, face higher barriers to formal credit, and thus rely more on expensive informal loans.

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Q1: In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.
Ans:

• In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. This is also known as a debt trap.
• Taking credit involves an interest rate on a loan and if this is not paid back, then the borrower is forced to give up his collateral or asset used as the guarantee, to the lender.
• Thus, in situations with high risks, if the risks affect a borrower badly, then he ends up losing more than he would have without the loan.

Q2: How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.
Ans:

• Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange.
  
  Double Coincidence
• Double coincidence of wants implies a situation where two parties agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities., i.e., what one party desires to sell is exactly what the other party wishes to buy.
• Money does away with this tedious and complex situation by acting as a medium of exchange that can be used for one and all commodities.
  Example: If an ice-cream vendor wants a bicycle, but the bicycle manufacturer wants clothes, and not ice-creams, then the vendor can use the money to obtain a bicycle.
• He does need to adhere to the bicycle man’s needs because money acts as the common medium of exchange. Similarly, the bicycle manufacturer can then use the money to buy clothes.

Q3: How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?
Ans:

• A bank mediates between those who have surplus money and those who need money by allowing both to open accounts with it.
• Banks only keep about 15% of cash reserves to provide to people who come to withdraw money on a daily basis.
• Those with surplus money are encouraged to invest with the bank and are paid a certain rate of interest for the same.
• Those who need loans are required to pay interest on their loans. The difference between payment to lenders and receipt from borrowers comprises the bank’s earnings.

Q4: Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
Ans:

• A ten rupee note has “Reserve Bank of India” written at the top, along with a statement “guaranteed by the central government”, following it. 
• It is a promissory note and can only be issued by the Reserve Bank of India which supervises all money-related functions in the formal sector, in India. 

• The statement on the ten rupee bank note relates to this idea that the RBI is the central organ in the working of money-related activities.

Q5: Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Ans: We need to expand formal sources of credit in India:

• To reduce dependence on informal sources of credit because the latter charge high interest rates and do not benefit the borrower much.
• The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. In contrast, there is no organization that supervises the functioning of the informal source of loans or the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
• After taking loans from informal lenders sometimes, leads the borrowers to a debt trap because of the high interest rates.
• In India, the formal sector sources of credit are still only about half of the total credit needs of the rural people. 
• Thus, it is necessary for the formal sources of credit to expand their lending, especially in rural areas, so that the dependency on the formal sources of credit is increased, which would benefit the development of the country on a wider scale.
  

Q6: What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Ans:

• SHGs basic idea is to provide a financial resources for the poor through organising the rural poor, especially women, into small Self Help Groups. 

Self Help GroupThere are some main objectives of SHGs, which are as following:

• It organises the rural poor, especially women, into small Self Help Groups.
• It collects the saving of the members.
• It provides loans without collateral.
• It provides timely loans for various purposes.
• It provides loans at a reasonable rate of interest and on easy terms.
• It also provides a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as education, health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.
  

Q7: What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Ans: The Banks might not be willing to lend certain borrowers due to the following reasons:

• Banks require proper and legal documents and collateral as security against loans.
• The borrowers who have not repaid previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further.
• For those entrepreneurs, who are going to invest in a business with high risks, the banks might not be willing to lend money.
• One of the main objectives of a bank is to earn more profits after meeting a number of expenses. 
• For this purpose, it has to adopt a judicious loan and investment policies that ensure fair and stable return on the funds.

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Q8: In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?
Ans: The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functions of banks in various ways:

RBI Functioning

• RBI holds part of the cash reserve of commercial banks. 
• RBI mainly ensures that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive.
• The commercial banks have to submit information to RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, and at what interest rate, etc.
• RBI observes that the Banks are not only providing loans to profitable businesses but also to traders and small cultivators, small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc.
  

Q9: Analyse the role of credit for development.
Ans:

• Credit plays a crucial role in a country’s development. By sanctioning loans to developing industries and trade, banks provide them with the necessary aid for improvement. 
• This leads to increased production, employment, and profits. However, caution must be exercised in the case of high risks so that losses do not occur.
• This advantage of loans also needs to be manipulated and kept under an administrative hold because loans from the informal sector include high interest rates that may be more harmful than good.
• For this reason, it is important that the formal sector gives out more loans so that borrowers are not duped by moneylenders, and can ultimately contribute to national development.

Q10: Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Ans: It would be Manav’s decision to borrow money from the bank or the moneylender on the basis of the following terms of credit:

• Depending on the suitable rate of interest
• Requirements availability of collateral and documentation required by the banker.
• Mode of repayment.
• Depending on these factors and of course, easier terms of repayment.

Q11: In India, about 80 percent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation.
(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?
(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
(c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavorable for the small farmer.
(d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Ans:
(a) 

• Banks require proper documentation and collateral as security against providing loans. 
• But there is the situation where small farmers lack in providing such documentation and collateral and even fail to repay the loan in time due to crop failure. 
• Therefore, the banks would not prefer to lend money to small farmers.

(b) Apart from banks, the small farmers can borrow from local money lenders, agricultural traders, big landlords, cooperatives, SHGs, etc.

(c) Example

• Gopal is a small farmer, who borrowed money from a local moneylender at a high interest rate of 3 percent to grow rice. 
• But the crop was hit by drought resulting in failure. 
• As a result, Gopal had to sell a part of his land to repay the loan.

(d) The small farmers can get cheap credit from different sources like Banks, Agricultural Cooperatives, and SHGs.

Q12: Fill in the blanks
(i) Majority of the credit needs of the __________households are met from informal sources.
(ii) __________costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.
(iii) __________issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.

(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on __________.
(v) __________is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Ans:
(i) Majority of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources.
(ii) High costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.
(iii) Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
(v) Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.

Q13: Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) In a SHG, most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by:
(a) Bank
(b) Members
(c) Non-government organisation
Ans: (i) (b)

In a Self-Help Group (SHG), most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by the members of the group. Members collectively manage the group's finances and make decisions about savings, loans, and other activities. 

(ii) Formal sources of credit do not include
(a) Banks
(b) Cooperatives
(c) Employers
Ans: (ii) (c)

Formal sources of credit typically include banks and cooperatives, while employers are not considered a formal source of credit.

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