Space Travel NCERT Solutions | Communicative English for Class 10 PDF Download
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Ans:
C.2. Read the article:
4 Women Astronauts Talk About Space Exploration
By Julie Bain
Peggy Whitson
Age: 48
Astronaut since: 1996
Space time: Two six-month tours on the International Space Station, in 2002 and 2007-2008
Imagine being in a confined space for six months with no easy means of escape and only a cosmonaut or two to keep you company. Peggy Whitson did it-twice, the second time as the first woman commander. The former Iowa farm girl racked up 377 days in space on two of her missions, more than any other U.S. astronaut. Her space walks totaled to nearly 40 hours, more than any other woman astronaut. She's now a walking laboratory for the long-term effects of zero gravity (zero-g) on the human body. And hers, by the way, is ripped like an Olympic athlete's.
Getting used to zero-g: "Fitness is a lot more important than strength. So is your ability to think in 3-D and intuit how to move objects in a different way than on earth. The second time I went to the station, it felt like coming home. I adapted and got comfortable much quicker."
The best zero-g side effect: “It's a nice plus that without the effects of gravity, everything is lifted while you're up there, so you look younger!"
Staying in shape: "With no gravity for resistance, muscles and bones deteriorate quickly up there, so every day we do an hour of cardio on a specially designed cycle or treadmill and an hour of resistance training. You need strength for space walks, as every motion works against the pressure of the space suits we wear, and it's very fatiguing. Exercising always made me feel more positive and upbeat afterward too."
Poetic moment: "As we orbited every 90 minutes, the view of the earth's curvature was incredible. You could see the layers of atmosphere extend beyond the surface to meet with the blackness of space beyond. It seemed impossibly thin, yet it carried all the shades of blue: closest to the planet a glowing blue, like sunlit water over white sand, extending to the deepest blue-purple mixture that holds the blackness at bay."
Returning to gravity: "At first, being back on earth is not pleasant. My agility and quick motions, like playing basketball and the timing to dribble and do a layup, were severely hindered. But I had my physical fitness assessment about a month after my return, and I'm back to preflight norm, which I'm really happy about."
Inspiration: "Exploration is a very important part of who we are, and if we want to literally expand our horizons, we have to keep doing it. Construction of the International Space Station shows we can expand those horizons culturally as well."
Pamela Melroy
Age: 47
Astronaut since: 1995
Space time: Three shuttle missions, in 2000, 2002, and 2007
After Pam Melroy flew the shuttle into a tricky backflip within 600 feet of the space station to photograph the belly of the craft for damage, thereafter, she performed the pinpoint-precision feat of docking it with the station. The retired Air Force test pilot (and combat veteran) and her crew came on board to shouts and hugs from Whitson and her crew. It was a historic moment: the first time two women were in charge of two spacecrafts at the same time.
Melroy's mettle as commander was tested when, during deployment of a solar wing at the station, a guide wire snapped, tearing the wing and keeping it from providing full power. The world watched as fellow astronaut Scott Parazynski, MD, rode a boom for an hour and a half to reach the damaged area. He then performed a kind of delicate surgery for seven hours to cut the snagged wire and fix the torn parts. It worked.
On managing a crisis: "The night before the space walk to repair the solar wing, we were all gathered to go over the final list of issues. The whole crew was giving their input, and everyone was firing on all cylinders. I realized I didn't need to say anything. I kind of floated away and observed them. They were doing what they were supposed to do, pulling together, without needing to be guided in any way. That was the best moment for me."
On gender: "Twenty-five years ago, it would have been almost impossible to imagine that two women would be commanding two spacecrafts at the same time. But Peggy and I just try to relax and have fun with it. The most important part for us is that we're good friends and we really enjoyed working together."
What she misses most: "The physical sensation of zero-g. It's magic. I do occasionally dream about it. It happens a lot within the first week or two of landing, and it can be profoundly disorienting, especially when you wake up and you're not sure where you are, in gravity or not. It is fun to go back and visit, though."
The value of the space station: "The immediate payoff is in industrial and medical applications from the sheer act of sending humans into this extremely hostile environment. The medium outcomes are working with other countries on long-term, complicated technological projects. We'll need that to go to Mars and the moon. Then the long-term payoff is the science of understanding how the human body operates in space and other developments that we may not understand or value till later."
Sunita Williams
Age: 43
Astronaut since: 1998
Space time: Six months on the space station in 2006-2007, including more than 29 hours of space walks
With her 195 days in space, Sunita Williams broke Shannon Lucid's previous endurance record-until Peggy Whitson broke both the women's records in 2008.
Williams, a naval aviator and test pilot who grew up in the Boston area, also "ran" the Boston Marathon from the station treadmill, with an unofficial time of 4 hours and 24 minutes (during which the International Space Station orbited the earth about three times).
On being a rookie: "Yes, it's unusual to stay in space for six months on a first flight. And yes, it's a little shift that you're going to be locked in a can with a couple of guys. But I embraced the idea. I mean, I prepared for almost eight years! All the training was definitely beneficial for living up there. And with my Navy background, I'd gone on deployments before, so I wasn't worried about leaving home for six months. The cosmonauts were very professional, and we all had mutual respect and understanding."
Flying versus walking: "I learned after about a week how to fly gracefully without going too fast or jerking around. I had a hard time remembering how to walk. I prefer flying!"
Daily exercise: "The treadmill harness is a little uncomfortable and takes some getting used to. I really like running outside and having the wind blow on you, even if it's hot and humid like in Houston. But I got into a routine. If you're healthy, your body can adapt to anything."
Her haircut: "Long hair can be troublesome in space. It sticks to everything, and I didn't want to have my hair floating all around the space station. So I decided to cut it as we were preparing to dock. "
I've had some friends who've had cancer and had to go through chemo. I know how traumatic that is, so I thought the least I could do was donate my hair. A friend's 12-year-old daughter had given her own hair to Locks of Love. So I put my hair in a plastic bag, sent it home on the space shuttle, and asked that someone give it to her. She donated it for me."
Tranquil view: "When you have that perspective of being far away and looking back at the planet, you don't see the hustle and bustle or the borders. You see a very peaceful place. Gandhi tried to instill the feeling of oneness in all of us. Seeing our planet from space, you understand that."
Barbara Morgan
Age: 56
Astronaut since: 1985
Space time: One shuttle mission in 2007
Biology teacher Barbara Morgan waited a long time for her shuttle mission: 21 years. Originally chosen as a backup for the NASA Teacher in Space Program in the 1980s, she trained with Christa McAuliffe before the tragic Challenger accident in 1986. Afterward, Morgan returned to teaching elementary school in Idaho but remained hopeful that, as NASA's Teacher in Space Designee, she'd get to fulfill McAuliffe's mission someday. Finally, in August of 2007, she blasted off in the shuttle Endeavour for a 13-day mission, even operating the space station's robotic arms during space walks. Although a worrisome puncture in the heat shield diverted some of the crew's attention for a while, Morgan was able to teach lessons via onboard video about life in space. She left NASA in August this year to become an educator at Boise State University in Idaho.
The biggest surprise: "No matter how I was situated the first day, my body felt like it was upside down. That might've been because all your fluids shift up to your head. And what memory do we have of being in that situation? It's like when we're kids, hanging upside down."
Another surprise: "I slept really well, even on the first night. On earth, when my mind is going, it's hard to relax and go to sleep. But I was amazed on orbit because the minute I strapped myself in, I fell asleep right away. The next thing I knew, I was waking up to the alarm."
The power of food: "Food gave us teachable moments to show Newton's laws and properties of liquids. It was fun. My favorite thing to eat was beef Stroganoff. The Russians shared some of their beef and lamb dishes, caviar, and cheeses, and that was very nice."
Gut reactions: "I found that for the first couple of days, I was staying hydrated and I wasn't very hungry. My gastrointestinal system seems to rely on gravity to a certain extent, and it sort of shut down. But the body adjusts."
Bodily functions: "Kids always want to know about the toilet. It looks similar to what we have on earth, but there are bars you put over your thighs to hold yourself down, and it uses fans that pull body waste away. There's a hose with a personal funnel attachment for male or female anatomy. The trick is to keep it tightly sealed so that things don't get away and float around. When we get asked, "How do you go to the bathroom?' the answer is 'Very carefully."
Ans: Please do it on your own.
C.3. Copy and complete the following table with information from the passage :
Ans: Each one of the group members exchanged information about the four astronauts. The inputs were shared among group members of Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4. Their task of completing the table is given below :
C.4. Complete the following sentences with information given in the passage above:
1. Peggy Whitson has been described as a 'walking laboratory' because ………………
2. Peggy feels that returning to earth is not a pleasant experience as ……………………
3. Pam Melroy and her crew members were applauded when ……………………………
4. The historic moment during Pam Melroy's space flight was ……………………………
5. According to Melroy the space station is important because …………………………
6. 'Being a rookie'means ……………………………………………….
7. Sunita Williams donated her hair because…………………………...
8. Sunita Williams broke the record of………………………………….
9. Barbara had to wait for her turn to go into space because…………….
10. Morgan's work on the space shuttle was to…………………………..
Ans:
1. she was sufficiently equipped for describing the long-term effects of zero gravity (zero-g).
2. her agility and quick motions were severely checked.
3. they came on board after they docked the aircraft with the International Space Station.
4. that it was the first time two women were incharge of two spacecrafts at the same time.
5. of the sheer act of sending humans into an extremely hostile environment in space.
6. an untrained recruit
7. she knew the trauma of cancer patients to fight the disease
8. Shannon Lucid’s previous endurance of space time.
9. in the tragic fall of Challenger in 1986, Morgan returned to Idaho to resume her teaching career. In August 2007, she blasted off in the shuttle for a 13-day mission as a full time astronaut.
10. operate the space station’s robotic arms and teach lessons via on board video about the life on space.
C.5. In your groups find out about the famous Indian astronauts and their achievements. Is there any woman astronaut in India ? Report your findings to the rest of the class.
Ans: The Groups A, B and C found out information about the famous Indian astronauts that is given below :
- Rakesh Sharma (Indian)
- Kalpana Chawla (India born, U.S.A. Citizen)
- Sunita Williams (India born, U.S.A. Citizen)
1. Rakesh Sharma
Rakesh was the first Indian and 138th person to travel in space. Sharma joined the Indian Air Force and progressed rapidly through the ranks. Sharma, then a Squadron Leader and pilot with the Indian Air Force, embarked on a historic mission in, 1984 as part of a joint space programme between the Indian Space Research Organisation and the Soviet Intercosmos space programme. He spent eight days in space aboard the Salyut 7 space station. Launched along with two Soviet cosmonauts aboard Soyuz T-ll on the 2 April 1984, was 35-year-old Sharma. During the flight, Sharma conducted multi- spectral photography of northern India in anticipation of the construction of hydroelectric power stations in the Himalayas. In a famous conversation, he was asked by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi how India looked from space, to which he replied, Saare Jahan Se Achcha, (a reference to an iconic Urdu poem used in India’s freedom struggle, usually referred to as ‘Saare Jahaan se achcha Hindustan hamara,’ ‘our land of Hindustan, is the best of the entire world’).
He was conferred with the honour of Hero of Soviet Union upon his return from space. The Government of India conferred its highest gallantry award (during peace time), the Ashoka Chakra on him and the other two Russian members of his mission. Sharma and his backup, Wing Commander Ravish Malhotra, also prepared an elaborate series of zero-gravity Yoga exercises which the former had practised aboard the Salyut 7. Retiring with the rank of Wing Commander, Rakesh Sharma joined Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) as a test pilot at its Nashik Division. He was later based at the National Flight Test Center (NFTC) in Bangalore and worked on the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft program, among others.
2. Kalpana Chawla
Kalpana Chawla was the first Indian woman to travel into space and also the first Indian to perish in space. She graduated from Tagore School at Karnal, India in 1976 and was conferred the Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College, India, 1982. She did her Master of Science Degree in aerospace engineering from University of Texas, 1984 ; and Doctorate of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from University of Colorad, 1988. Her space flight experience on STS-107 COLUMBIA was the 16-day flight that was a dedicated Science and Research Mission. But STS-107 mission ended abruptly on February 1, 2003 when space shuttle Columbia and the crew perished during entry, 16 minutes prior to scheduled landing. Daughter of India, the famous astronaut and scientist, Kalpana dedicated her whole life to scientific and astronomic research. She finally laid her life as supreme sacrifice on the path of human service during the journey of the Space Shuttle ‘COLUMBIA’. Kalpana was selected as an astronaut in 1994. She had the highest number of hours, logged in space. She was honored with several posthumous awards like Congressional Space Medal of Honor NASA Space Flight Medal, NASA Distinguished Service Medal etc.
India’s Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced on February 5, 2003 that the meteorological series of satellites, “METSAT”, will be renamed “KALPANA”.
3. Sunita Williams
Deepak Pandya who is Sunita Williams’ father is a famous neuroanatomist. Williams’ roots on her father’s side go back to Gujarat in India. She has been to India to visit her father on April 11,2007. She surpassed the record of 188 days and 4 hours set by Shannon Lucid in 1996.
Selected by NASA in June 1998, Williams began her training in August 1998. Her Astronaut Candidate training included orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training and ground school. It was all to prepare for T-38 flight training, as well as learning water and wilderness survival techniques.
She surpassed Kathryn Thornton, who had three spacewalks, as the woman with the most spacewalks. Peggy Whitson later surpassed her for woman with the most spacewalks. Following a period of training and evaluation, Williams worked in Moscow with the Russian Space Agency on the Russian contribution to the ISS, and with the first expedition crew sent to the ISS. Following the return on Expedition 1, Williams worked within the Robotics branch on the ISS Robotic Arm and the related Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator. She was a crewmember on the NEEMO 2 mission, living underwater in the Aquarius habitat for nine days in May 2002.
As of 2008, Williams served as NASA’s Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office. She was assigned as a backup crew member for Expedition 30 to the International Space Station to be flown in 2011 and was to be the Commander of Expedition 32, a six-month mission scheduled to begin in the spring of 2012.
Like many astronauts, Williams is a licensed amateur radio operator, having passed the technician class license exam in 2001. She was issued the call sign KD5PLB by the Federal Communications Commission on August 13, 2001. She used one of the two amateur radio stations aboard the ISS when she talked with school children.
In September 2007, Sunita Williams visited India. She went to the Sabarmati Ashram, the ashram set up by Mahatma Gandhi in 1915, and her ancestral village Jhulasan in Gujarat. She was awarded the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vishwa Pratibha Award by the World Gujarati Society. She is the first person of Indian origin who is not an Indian citizen to be presented the award. She also visited her cousin’s home on her nephew’s birthday. On October 4, 2007.
She has the following awards and honors to her credit :
- Navy Commendation Medals (twice)
- Navy and Marine Corps Achievements Medal
- NASA Space Plight Medal
- Humanitarian Service Medal
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vishwa Pratibha Award
C.6. You are very impressed by the achievements of the women astronauts and decide to give a speech on how Indian girls should also make a mark in this field. Write the speech. The following points may help you make your speech interesting :
– Start with a suitable salutation (Good Morning )
– Think of an impressive introduction (a quote/a humorous story/questions, etc.)
– List out the points that appealed to you in the article
– List out the reasons why there are hardly any women in the Indian space programmes
– Think of ways in which this can be changed
– Think of an interesting conclusion
Ans: The following inputs will help you write the speech :
Good Morning friends
Stepping in space may not be your dream. But do you ever wonder how does it feel to be in zero gravity ? Secondly, when other women can go into space, why can’t you? You, too, can make a mark like them.
Men and women from America and Russia have been flying in space since 1961. They have proved that humans can live and work successfully in space even for months at a stretch. Inspired by them ; Peggy Whitson, Pamela Melroy, Sunita Williams, Barbara Morgan have also set new records. With her 195 days in space, Sunita broke Shannon Lucid’s previous endurance record-until Peggy Whitson broke both women’s records in 2008.
It is heartening to note that they exhibited exemplary performances while repairing broken satellites, improvising new procedures when things went wrong in space. Even Kalpana Chawla’s indomitable spirit inspires millions of aspiring astronauts. Peggy Whitson is a walking laboratory for the long-term effects of zero gravity. Indian women have made a mark all over the world as engineers, scientists and doctors. But it is amazing that Indian women are nowhere on the list of space achievers. However, many have done marvelously well in fields where men could show their might.
Space flights are expanding. But there are hardly any women in the Indian space programmes. This may be due to the prevailing unfavourable conditions like poor infrastructure, gender-biased society and cultural inhibitions. Sheer dedication, strong academic background, mental and physical fitness and, of course, practical skills do certainly help to reach the final destination.
You know it well that we live in the 21st century where mindsets are changing for the better. Therefore, do not stop just because the task is daunting. It is difficult, but not impossible. There are great names to seek inspiration from ie, Kalpana Chawla and Sunita Williams. They have made India proud with their unflagging spirit and wonderful work done. Their achievements can certainly inspire you as well.
So, young girls, gear up for the space mission. Be, pilot astronauts or astronaut researchers. It requires your grit and courage to become an astronaut. Your friends have been flying aircraft and fighter bombers. You, too, can be responsible for the crew, the integrity of the space-flight-and its mission.
International Space Station welcomes you all heartily. You must dare to reach the frontiers of space and even beyond. Best of luck to you all!
Thank you very much.
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