NCERT Textbook: जैव-विविधता एवं संरक्षण | भूगोल (Geography) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

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tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vè;k;
Ik HkwvkÑfrd IkzfØ;kvksa fo'ks"kdj vIk{k;
vkSj fofHkUu tyok;qoh; {ks=kksa esa vIk{k;
vkfn osQ fo"k; esa Ikgys gh Ik<+ pqosQ gSaA ;fn vkIkdks
Lej.k ugha gS] rks laf{kIr lkj osQ fy, vè;k; 6 esa fp=k
6-2 ns[ksaA ;g vIk{k; Ikzkokj (Weathering mantle)
ouLIkfr fofoèkrk dk vkèkkj gS] vr% bls tSo&fofoèkrk
dk vkèkkj ekuk x;k gSA lkSj mQtkZ vkSj ty gh
vIk{k; esa fofoèkrk vkSj blosQ Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik mRiUu
tSo&fofoèkrk dk eq[; dkj.k gSA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z
ugha fd os {ks=k] tgk¡ mQtkZ o ty dh mIkyCèkrk
vfèkd gS] ogha tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh O;kIkd Lrj Ikj gSA
Ik`Foh Ikj fdlh Ikztkfr dh vkSlr vk;q 10 ls 40
yk[k o"kZ gksus dk vuqeku gSA ,slk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd
yxHkx 99 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡] tks dHkh Ik`Foh Ikj jgrh
Fkh] vkt yqIr gks pqdh gSaA Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
tSlh ugha gSA tSo&fofoèkrk m".k dfVcaèkh; Ikzns'kksa esa
vfèkd gksrh gSA tSls&tSls ge èkzqoh; Ikzns'kksa dh rjIkQ
c<+rs gSa] Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk rks de gksrh tkrh gS]
ysfdu thoèkkfj;ksa dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh tkrh gSA
TkSo fofoèkrk nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS] (Bio)
^ck;ks* dk vFkZ gS& tho rFkk MkboflZVh (Diversity) dk
vFkZ gS& fofoèkrkA lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa fdlh fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd
{ks=k esa Ikk, tkus okys thoksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh fofoèkrk
dks tSo&fofoèkrk dgrs gSaA bldk lacaèk IkkSèkksa osQ Ikzdkj]
Ikzkf.k;ksa rFkk lw{e thok.kqvksa ls gSA mudh vkuqoaf'kdh vkSj
muosQ }kjk fufeZr Ikkfjra=k ls gSA ;g Ik`Foh Ikj Ikk, tkus
okys thoèkkfj;ksa dh ifjorZu'khyrk] ,d gh Ikztkfr rFkk
fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu'khyrk rFkk fofHkUu Ikkfjra=kksa
esa fofoèkrk ls lacafèkr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk ltho laIknk gSA
;g fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kksZa osQ bfrgkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dks rhu Lrjksa Ikj le>k tk ldrk gS&
(i) vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk (Genetic diversity)]
(ii) Ikztkrh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
rFkk (iii) Ikkfjra=kh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Ecosystem
diversity)A
vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk
(Genetic biodiversity)
thou fuekZ.k osQ fy, thu (Gene) ,d ewyHkwr
bdkbZ gSA fdlh Ikztkfr esa thu dh fofoèkrk gh
vk
vkt tks tSo&fofoèkrk ge ns[krs gSa] og 2-5 ls 3-5
vjc o"kksZa osQ fodkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA ekuo thou osQ
IkzkjaHk gksus ls Ikgys] Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk fdlh
Hkh vU; dky ls vfèkd FkhA ekuo osQ vkus ls
tSo&fofoèkrk esa rsth ls deh vkus yxh] D;ksafd
fdlh ,d ;k vU; Ikztkfr dk vko';drk ls
vfèkd mIkHkksx gksus osQ dkj.k] og yqIr gksus yxhA
vuqeku osQ vuqlkj] lalkj esa oqQy Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k 20 yk[k ls 10 djksM+ rd gS] ysfdu ,d
djksM+ gh bldk lgh vuqeku gSA u;h Ikztkfr;ksa dh
[kkst yxkrkj tkjh gS vkSj muesa ls vfèkdka'k dk
oxhZdj.k Hkh ugha gqvk gSA (,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj
nf{k.k vesfjdk dh rk”ks Ikkuh dh yxHkx 40
Ikzfr'kr eNfy;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ugha gqvk)A m".k
dfVcaèkh; ouksa esa tSo&fofoèkrk dh vfèkdrk gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls vkSj vosQys thoèkkjh osQ
n`f"Vdks.k ls tSo&fofoèkrk lrr~ fodkl dk ra=k gSA
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tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vè;k;
Ik HkwvkÑfrd IkzfØ;kvksa fo'ks"kdj vIk{k;
vkSj fofHkUu tyok;qoh; {ks=kksa esa vIk{k;
vkfn osQ fo"k; esa Ikgys gh Ik<+ pqosQ gSaA ;fn vkIkdks
Lej.k ugha gS] rks laf{kIr lkj osQ fy, vè;k; 6 esa fp=k
6-2 ns[ksaA ;g vIk{k; Ikzkokj (Weathering mantle)
ouLIkfr fofoèkrk dk vkèkkj gS] vr% bls tSo&fofoèkrk
dk vkèkkj ekuk x;k gSA lkSj mQtkZ vkSj ty gh
vIk{k; esa fofoèkrk vkSj blosQ Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik mRiUu
tSo&fofoèkrk dk eq[; dkj.k gSA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z
ugha fd os {ks=k] tgk¡ mQtkZ o ty dh mIkyCèkrk
vfèkd gS] ogha tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh O;kIkd Lrj Ikj gSA
Ik`Foh Ikj fdlh Ikztkfr dh vkSlr vk;q 10 ls 40
yk[k o"kZ gksus dk vuqeku gSA ,slk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd
yxHkx 99 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡] tks dHkh Ik`Foh Ikj jgrh
Fkh] vkt yqIr gks pqdh gSaA Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
tSlh ugha gSA tSo&fofoèkrk m".k dfVcaèkh; Ikzns'kksa esa
vfèkd gksrh gSA tSls&tSls ge èkzqoh; Ikzns'kksa dh rjIkQ
c<+rs gSa] Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk rks de gksrh tkrh gS]
ysfdu thoèkkfj;ksa dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh tkrh gSA
TkSo fofoèkrk nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS] (Bio)
^ck;ks* dk vFkZ gS& tho rFkk MkboflZVh (Diversity) dk
vFkZ gS& fofoèkrkA lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa fdlh fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd
{ks=k esa Ikk, tkus okys thoksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh fofoèkrk
dks tSo&fofoèkrk dgrs gSaA bldk lacaèk IkkSèkksa osQ Ikzdkj]
Ikzkf.k;ksa rFkk lw{e thok.kqvksa ls gSA mudh vkuqoaf'kdh vkSj
muosQ }kjk fufeZr Ikkfjra=k ls gSA ;g Ik`Foh Ikj Ikk, tkus
okys thoèkkfj;ksa dh ifjorZu'khyrk] ,d gh Ikztkfr rFkk
fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu'khyrk rFkk fofHkUu Ikkfjra=kksa
esa fofoèkrk ls lacafèkr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk ltho laIknk gSA
;g fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kksZa osQ bfrgkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dks rhu Lrjksa Ikj le>k tk ldrk gS&
(i) vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk (Genetic diversity)]
(ii) Ikztkrh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
rFkk (iii) Ikkfjra=kh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Ecosystem
diversity)A
vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk
(Genetic biodiversity)
thou fuekZ.k osQ fy, thu (Gene) ,d ewyHkwr
bdkbZ gSA fdlh Ikztkfr esa thu dh fofoèkrk gh
vk
vkt tks tSo&fofoèkrk ge ns[krs gSa] og 2-5 ls 3-5
vjc o"kksZa osQ fodkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA ekuo thou osQ
IkzkjaHk gksus ls Ikgys] Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk fdlh
Hkh vU; dky ls vfèkd FkhA ekuo osQ vkus ls
tSo&fofoèkrk esa rsth ls deh vkus yxh] D;ksafd
fdlh ,d ;k vU; Ikztkfr dk vko';drk ls
vfèkd mIkHkksx gksus osQ dkj.k] og yqIr gksus yxhA
vuqeku osQ vuqlkj] lalkj esa oqQy Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k 20 yk[k ls 10 djksM+ rd gS] ysfdu ,d
djksM+ gh bldk lgh vuqeku gSA u;h Ikztkfr;ksa dh
[kkst yxkrkj tkjh gS vkSj muesa ls vfèkdka'k dk
oxhZdj.k Hkh ugha gqvk gSA (,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj
nf{k.k vesfjdk dh rk”ks Ikkuh dh yxHkx 40
Ikzfr'kr eNfy;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ugha gqvk)A m".k
dfVcaèkh; ouksa esa tSo&fofoèkrk dh vfèkdrk gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls vkSj vosQys thoèkkjh osQ
n`f"Vdks.k ls tSo&fofoèkrk lrr~ fodkl dk ra=k gSA
145
tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vkuqoaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk gSA leku HkkSfrd y{k.kksa okys
thoksa osQ lewg dks Ikztkfr dgrs gSaA ekuo vkuqokaf'kd
:Ik ls ^gksekslsfIk;u* (Homosapiens) Ikztkfr ls
lacafèkr gS] ftlesa dn] jax vkSj vyx fn[kkoV tSls
'kkjhfjd y{k.kksa esa dkIkQh fHkUurk gSA bldk dkj.k
vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk gSA fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa osQ fodkl
o IkQyus&IkwQyus osQ fy, vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk vR;fèkd
vfuok;Z gSA
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
;g Ikztkfr;ksa dh vusd:irk dks crkrh gSA ;g fdlh
fuèkkZfjr {ks=k esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh la[;k ls lacafèkr gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk] mudh le`f¼] Ikzdkj rFkk cgqyrk
ls vk¡dh tk ldrh gSA oqQN {ks=kksa esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj oqQN esa deA ftu {ks=kksa esa
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk vfèkd gksrh gS] mUgsa fofoèkrk osQ
^gkWV&LIkkWV* (Hot spots) dgrs gSaA (fp=k 16-1)
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk (Ecosystem diversity)
vkIkus fIkNys vè;k; esa Ikkfjra=kksa osQ Ikzdkjksa esa O;kIkd
fHkUurk vkSj IkzR;sd Ikzdkj osQ Ikkfjra=kksa esa gksus okys
Ikkkfjra=kh; IkzfØ;k,¡ rFkk vkokl LFkkuksa dh fHkUurk gh
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk cukrs gSaA Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk dk
Ikjhlheu djuk eqf'dy vkSj tfVy gS] D;ksafd leqnk;ksa
(Ikztkfr;ksa dk lewg) vkSj Ikkfjra=k dh lhek,¡ fuf'pr
ugha gSaA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dk egRo (Importance of
biodiversity)
tSo&fofoèkrk us ekuo laLÑfr osQ fodkl esa cgqr
;ksxnku fn;k gS vkSj blh Ikzdkj] ekuo leqnk;ksa us Hkh
vkuqoaf'kd] Ikztkrh; o IkkfjfLFkfrd Lrjksa Ikj IkzkÑfrd
fofoèkrk dks cuk, j[kus esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
tSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrd (Ecological)] vkfFkZd
(Economic) vkSj oSKkfud (Scientific) Hkwwfedk,¡
izeq[k gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrdh; Hkwfedk
(Ecological role of biodiversity)
Ikkfjra=k esa fofHkUu Ikztkfr;k¡ dksbZ u dksbZ fØ;k djrh
gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa dksbZ Hkh Ikztkfr fcuk dkj.k u rks
fodflr gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh cuh jg ldrh gSA
vFkkZr~] IkzR;sd tho vIkuh ”k:jr Ikwjk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
nwljs thoksa osQ IkuIkus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA D;k vkIk
crk ldrs gSa fd ekuo] Ikkfjra=kksa osQ cus jgus esa D;k
;ksxnku nsrk gS\ tho o Ikztkfr;k¡ mQtkZ xzg.k dj
mldk laxzg.k djrh gSa] dkcZfud IknkFkZ mRIkUu ,oa
fo?kfVr djrh gSa vkSj Ikkfjra=k esa ty o Ikks"kd rRRoksa
osQ pØ dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA blosQ
vfrfjDr Ikztkfr;k¡ ok;qeaMyh; xSl dks fLFkj djrh gSa
vkSj tyok;q dks fu;af=kr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
;s Ikkfjra=kh fØ;k,¡ ekuo thou osQ fy, egÙoIkw.kZ
fØ;k,¡ gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh vfèkd fofoèkrk gksxh
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ IkzfrowQy fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh jgus dh laHkkouk
vkSj mudh mRIkkndrk Hkh mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh {kfr ls ra=k osQ cus jgus dh {kerk Hkh
de gks tk,xhA vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk okyh
Ikztkfr;ksa dh rjg vfèkd tSo&fofoèkrk okys Ikkfjra=k esa
Ik;kZoj.k osQ cnykoksa dks lgu djus dh vfèkd
l{kerk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ftl Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh
Ikzdkj dh Ikztkfr;k¡ gksaxh] og Ikkfjra=k mruk gh vfèkd
LFkk;h gksxkA
bafnjk xk¡/h us'kuy ikoZQ esa (vUukeykbZ if'peh
?kkV) ?kkl Hkwfe ,oa m".k dfVca/h; 'kksyk ou &
ikfjra=kh; fofo/rk dk ,d mnkgj.k
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tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vè;k;
Ik HkwvkÑfrd IkzfØ;kvksa fo'ks"kdj vIk{k;
vkSj fofHkUu tyok;qoh; {ks=kksa esa vIk{k;
vkfn osQ fo"k; esa Ikgys gh Ik<+ pqosQ gSaA ;fn vkIkdks
Lej.k ugha gS] rks laf{kIr lkj osQ fy, vè;k; 6 esa fp=k
6-2 ns[ksaA ;g vIk{k; Ikzkokj (Weathering mantle)
ouLIkfr fofoèkrk dk vkèkkj gS] vr% bls tSo&fofoèkrk
dk vkèkkj ekuk x;k gSA lkSj mQtkZ vkSj ty gh
vIk{k; esa fofoèkrk vkSj blosQ Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik mRiUu
tSo&fofoèkrk dk eq[; dkj.k gSA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z
ugha fd os {ks=k] tgk¡ mQtkZ o ty dh mIkyCèkrk
vfèkd gS] ogha tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh O;kIkd Lrj Ikj gSA
Ik`Foh Ikj fdlh Ikztkfr dh vkSlr vk;q 10 ls 40
yk[k o"kZ gksus dk vuqeku gSA ,slk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd
yxHkx 99 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡] tks dHkh Ik`Foh Ikj jgrh
Fkh] vkt yqIr gks pqdh gSaA Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
tSlh ugha gSA tSo&fofoèkrk m".k dfVcaèkh; Ikzns'kksa esa
vfèkd gksrh gSA tSls&tSls ge èkzqoh; Ikzns'kksa dh rjIkQ
c<+rs gSa] Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk rks de gksrh tkrh gS]
ysfdu thoèkkfj;ksa dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh tkrh gSA
TkSo fofoèkrk nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS] (Bio)
^ck;ks* dk vFkZ gS& tho rFkk MkboflZVh (Diversity) dk
vFkZ gS& fofoèkrkA lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa fdlh fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd
{ks=k esa Ikk, tkus okys thoksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh fofoèkrk
dks tSo&fofoèkrk dgrs gSaA bldk lacaèk IkkSèkksa osQ Ikzdkj]
Ikzkf.k;ksa rFkk lw{e thok.kqvksa ls gSA mudh vkuqoaf'kdh vkSj
muosQ }kjk fufeZr Ikkfjra=k ls gSA ;g Ik`Foh Ikj Ikk, tkus
okys thoèkkfj;ksa dh ifjorZu'khyrk] ,d gh Ikztkfr rFkk
fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu'khyrk rFkk fofHkUu Ikkfjra=kksa
esa fofoèkrk ls lacafèkr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk ltho laIknk gSA
;g fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kksZa osQ bfrgkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dks rhu Lrjksa Ikj le>k tk ldrk gS&
(i) vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk (Genetic diversity)]
(ii) Ikztkrh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
rFkk (iii) Ikkfjra=kh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Ecosystem
diversity)A
vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk
(Genetic biodiversity)
thou fuekZ.k osQ fy, thu (Gene) ,d ewyHkwr
bdkbZ gSA fdlh Ikztkfr esa thu dh fofoèkrk gh
vk
vkt tks tSo&fofoèkrk ge ns[krs gSa] og 2-5 ls 3-5
vjc o"kksZa osQ fodkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA ekuo thou osQ
IkzkjaHk gksus ls Ikgys] Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk fdlh
Hkh vU; dky ls vfèkd FkhA ekuo osQ vkus ls
tSo&fofoèkrk esa rsth ls deh vkus yxh] D;ksafd
fdlh ,d ;k vU; Ikztkfr dk vko';drk ls
vfèkd mIkHkksx gksus osQ dkj.k] og yqIr gksus yxhA
vuqeku osQ vuqlkj] lalkj esa oqQy Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k 20 yk[k ls 10 djksM+ rd gS] ysfdu ,d
djksM+ gh bldk lgh vuqeku gSA u;h Ikztkfr;ksa dh
[kkst yxkrkj tkjh gS vkSj muesa ls vfèkdka'k dk
oxhZdj.k Hkh ugha gqvk gSA (,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj
nf{k.k vesfjdk dh rk”ks Ikkuh dh yxHkx 40
Ikzfr'kr eNfy;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ugha gqvk)A m".k
dfVcaèkh; ouksa esa tSo&fofoèkrk dh vfèkdrk gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls vkSj vosQys thoèkkjh osQ
n`f"Vdks.k ls tSo&fofoèkrk lrr~ fodkl dk ra=k gSA
145
tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vkuqoaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk gSA leku HkkSfrd y{k.kksa okys
thoksa osQ lewg dks Ikztkfr dgrs gSaA ekuo vkuqokaf'kd
:Ik ls ^gksekslsfIk;u* (Homosapiens) Ikztkfr ls
lacafèkr gS] ftlesa dn] jax vkSj vyx fn[kkoV tSls
'kkjhfjd y{k.kksa esa dkIkQh fHkUurk gSA bldk dkj.k
vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk gSA fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa osQ fodkl
o IkQyus&IkwQyus osQ fy, vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk vR;fèkd
vfuok;Z gSA
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
;g Ikztkfr;ksa dh vusd:irk dks crkrh gSA ;g fdlh
fuèkkZfjr {ks=k esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh la[;k ls lacafèkr gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk] mudh le`f¼] Ikzdkj rFkk cgqyrk
ls vk¡dh tk ldrh gSA oqQN {ks=kksa esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj oqQN esa deA ftu {ks=kksa esa
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk vfèkd gksrh gS] mUgsa fofoèkrk osQ
^gkWV&LIkkWV* (Hot spots) dgrs gSaA (fp=k 16-1)
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk (Ecosystem diversity)
vkIkus fIkNys vè;k; esa Ikkfjra=kksa osQ Ikzdkjksa esa O;kIkd
fHkUurk vkSj IkzR;sd Ikzdkj osQ Ikkfjra=kksa esa gksus okys
Ikkkfjra=kh; IkzfØ;k,¡ rFkk vkokl LFkkuksa dh fHkUurk gh
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk cukrs gSaA Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk dk
Ikjhlheu djuk eqf'dy vkSj tfVy gS] D;ksafd leqnk;ksa
(Ikztkfr;ksa dk lewg) vkSj Ikkfjra=k dh lhek,¡ fuf'pr
ugha gSaA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dk egRo (Importance of
biodiversity)
tSo&fofoèkrk us ekuo laLÑfr osQ fodkl esa cgqr
;ksxnku fn;k gS vkSj blh Ikzdkj] ekuo leqnk;ksa us Hkh
vkuqoaf'kd] Ikztkrh; o IkkfjfLFkfrd Lrjksa Ikj IkzkÑfrd
fofoèkrk dks cuk, j[kus esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
tSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrd (Ecological)] vkfFkZd
(Economic) vkSj oSKkfud (Scientific) Hkwwfedk,¡
izeq[k gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrdh; Hkwfedk
(Ecological role of biodiversity)
Ikkfjra=k esa fofHkUu Ikztkfr;k¡ dksbZ u dksbZ fØ;k djrh
gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa dksbZ Hkh Ikztkfr fcuk dkj.k u rks
fodflr gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh cuh jg ldrh gSA
vFkkZr~] IkzR;sd tho vIkuh ”k:jr Ikwjk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
nwljs thoksa osQ IkuIkus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA D;k vkIk
crk ldrs gSa fd ekuo] Ikkfjra=kksa osQ cus jgus esa D;k
;ksxnku nsrk gS\ tho o Ikztkfr;k¡ mQtkZ xzg.k dj
mldk laxzg.k djrh gSa] dkcZfud IknkFkZ mRIkUu ,oa
fo?kfVr djrh gSa vkSj Ikkfjra=k esa ty o Ikks"kd rRRoksa
osQ pØ dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA blosQ
vfrfjDr Ikztkfr;k¡ ok;qeaMyh; xSl dks fLFkj djrh gSa
vkSj tyok;q dks fu;af=kr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
;s Ikkfjra=kh fØ;k,¡ ekuo thou osQ fy, egÙoIkw.kZ
fØ;k,¡ gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh vfèkd fofoèkrk gksxh
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ IkzfrowQy fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh jgus dh laHkkouk
vkSj mudh mRIkkndrk Hkh mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh {kfr ls ra=k osQ cus jgus dh {kerk Hkh
de gks tk,xhA vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk okyh
Ikztkfr;ksa dh rjg vfèkd tSo&fofoèkrk okys Ikkfjra=k esa
Ik;kZoj.k osQ cnykoksa dks lgu djus dh vfèkd
l{kerk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ftl Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh
Ikzdkj dh Ikztkfr;k¡ gksaxh] og Ikkfjra=k mruk gh vfèkd
LFkk;h gksxkA
bafnjk xk¡/h us'kuy ikoZQ esa (vUukeykbZ if'peh
?kkV) ?kkl Hkwfe ,oa m".k dfVca/h; 'kksyk ou &
ikfjra=kh; fofo/rk dk ,d mnkgj.k
146
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
tSo&fofoèkrk dh vkfFkZd Hkwfedk (Ecological
role of biodiversity)
lHkh euq";ksa osQ fy, nSfud thou esa tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
egRoIkw.kZ lalkèku gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dk ,d egRoIkw.kZ
Hkkx ^IkQlyksa dh fofoèkrk* (Crop diversity) gS] ftls
Ñf"k tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dks
lalkèkuksa osQ mu HkaMkjksa osQ :Ik esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk
gS] ftudh mIk;ksfxrk HkksT; IknkFkZ] vkS"kfèk;k¡ vkSj lkSan;Z
Ikzlkèku vkfn cukus esa gSA tSo lalkèkuksa dh ;s IkfjdYIkuk
tSo&fofoèkrk osQ fouk'k osQ fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gSA lkFk
gh ;g lalkèkuksa osQ foHkktu vkSj c¡Vokjs dks ysdj
mRIkUu u;s fooknksa dk Hkh tud gSA [kk| IkQlysa] Ik'kq]
ou lalkèku] eRL; vkSj nok lalkèku vkfn oqQN ,sls
Ikzeq[k vkfFkZd egÙo osQ mRIkkn gSa] tks ekuo dks
tSo&fofoèkrk osQ iQyLo:i mIkyCèk gksrs gSaA
tSo&fofoèkrk dh oSKkfud Hkwfedk
(Scientific role of biodiversity)
tSo&fofoèkrk blfy, egRoIkw.kZ gS] D;ksafd IkzR;sd
Ikztkfr gesa ;g laosQr ns ldrh gS fd thou dk vkjaHk
oSQls gqvk vkSj ;g Hkfo"; esa oSQls fodflr gksxkA
thou oSQls pyrk gS vkSj Ikkfjra=k] ftlesa ge Hkh ,d
Ikztkfr gSa] mls cuk, j[kus esa IkzR;sd Ikztkfr dh D;k
Hkwfedk gS] bUgsa ge tSo&fofoèkrk ls le> ldrs gSaA
ge lHkh dks ;g rF; le>uk pkfg, fd ge Lo;a
ft,¡ vkSj nwljh Ikztkfr;ksa dks Hkh thus nsaA
;g le>uk gekjh uSfrd f”kEesnkjh gS fd gekjs
lkFk lHkh Ikztkfr;ksa dks thfor jgus dk vfèkdkj gSA
vr% dbZ Ikztkfr;ksa dks LosPNk ls foyqIr djuk uSfrd
:Ik ls xyr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dk Lrj vU; thfor
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ lkFk gekjs lacaèk dk ,d vPNk IkSekuk gSA
okLro esa] tSo&fofoèkrk dh voèkkj.kk dbZ ekuo
laLÑfr;ksa dk vfHkUu vax gSA
tSo&fofoèkrk dk ßkl (Loss of biodiversity)
fIkNys oqQN n'kdksa ls] tula[;k o`f¼ osQ dkj.k] IkzkÑfrd
lalkèkuksa dk mIkHkksx vfèkd gksus yxk gSA blls lalkj
osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa Ikztkfr;ksa rFkk muosQ vkokl LFkkuksa
esa rs”kh ls deh gqbZ gSA m".k dfVcaèkh; {ks=k] tks fo'o osQ
oqQy {ks=k dk ek=k ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkx gS] ;gk¡ lalkj dh
rhu pkSFkkbZ tula[;k jgrh gSA bl fo'kky tula[;k
dh ”k:jr dks Ikwjk djus osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dk nksgu
vkSj ouksUewyu vR;fèkd gqvk gSA m".kdfVcaèkh;
o"kkZ okys ouksa esa Ik`Foh dh yxHkx 50 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡
IkkbZ tkrh gSa vkSj IkzkÑfrd vkoklksa dk fouk'k Ikwjs
tSoeaMy osQ fy, gkfudkjd fl¼ gqvk gSA
IkzkÑfrd vkIknk,¡& tSls& HkwoaQIk] ck<+] Tokykeq[kh
mn~xkj] nkokuy] lw[kk vkfn Ik`Foh Ikj IkkbZ tkus okyh
Ikzkf.ktkr vkSj ouLIkfr tkr dks {kfr Ikgq¡pkrs gSa vkSj
Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik lacafèkr IkzHkkfor Ikzns'kksa dh tSo&fofoèkrk
esa cnyko vkrk gSA dhVuk'kd vkSj vU; iznw"kd]
tSls& gkbMªksdkcZu (Hydrocarbon) vkSj fo"kSyh
Hkkjh èkkrq (Toxic heavy metals)] laosnu'khy
vkSj de”kksj Ikztkfr;ksa dks u"V dj nsrs gSaA os Ikztkfr;k¡]
tks LFkkuh; vkokl dh ewy tSo Ikztkfr ugha gSa] ysfdu
ml ra=k esa LFkkfir dh xbZ gSa] mUgsa ^fons'kt Ikztkfr;k¡*
(Exotic species) dgk tkrk gSA ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k
gSa] tc fons'kt Ikztkfr;ksa osQ vkxeu ls Ikkfjra=k esa
IkzkÑfrd ;k ewy tSo leqnk; dks O;kIkd uqdlku
gqvkA fIkNys oqQN n'kdksa osQ nkSjku] oqQN tarqvksa] tSls&
ck?k] phrk] gkFkh] xSaMk] exjePN] fead vkSj Ikf{k;ksa
dk] muosQ lhax] lw¡M+ o [kkyksa osQ fy, fun;ZrkIkwoZd
voSèk f'kdkj fd;k tk jgk gSA blosQ IkQyLo:Ik oqQN
Ikztkfr;k¡ yqIr gksus osQ dxkj Ikj vk xbZ gSaA
IkzkÑfrd lalkèkuksa o Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkk (IUCN) us ladVkIkUu IkkSèkksa o thoksa dh Ikztkfr;ksa
dks muosQ laj{k.k osQ mís'; ls rhu oxksZa esa foHkkftr
fd;k gSA
ladVkIkUu Ikztkfr;k¡ (Endangered species)
blesa os lHkh Ikztkfr;k¡ lfEefyr gSa] ftuosQ yqIr gks
tkus dk [krjk gSA baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj n oaQ”kjos'ku
vkWiQ uspj ,aM uspqjy fjlkslsZ”k (IUCN) fo'o dh
lHkh ladVkIkUUk Ikztkfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa (Red list) jsM
fyLV osQ uke ls lwpuk Ikzdkf'kr djrk gSA
Page 4


tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vè;k;
Ik HkwvkÑfrd IkzfØ;kvksa fo'ks"kdj vIk{k;
vkSj fofHkUu tyok;qoh; {ks=kksa esa vIk{k;
vkfn osQ fo"k; esa Ikgys gh Ik<+ pqosQ gSaA ;fn vkIkdks
Lej.k ugha gS] rks laf{kIr lkj osQ fy, vè;k; 6 esa fp=k
6-2 ns[ksaA ;g vIk{k; Ikzkokj (Weathering mantle)
ouLIkfr fofoèkrk dk vkèkkj gS] vr% bls tSo&fofoèkrk
dk vkèkkj ekuk x;k gSA lkSj mQtkZ vkSj ty gh
vIk{k; esa fofoèkrk vkSj blosQ Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik mRiUu
tSo&fofoèkrk dk eq[; dkj.k gSA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z
ugha fd os {ks=k] tgk¡ mQtkZ o ty dh mIkyCèkrk
vfèkd gS] ogha tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh O;kIkd Lrj Ikj gSA
Ik`Foh Ikj fdlh Ikztkfr dh vkSlr vk;q 10 ls 40
yk[k o"kZ gksus dk vuqeku gSA ,slk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd
yxHkx 99 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡] tks dHkh Ik`Foh Ikj jgrh
Fkh] vkt yqIr gks pqdh gSaA Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
tSlh ugha gSA tSo&fofoèkrk m".k dfVcaèkh; Ikzns'kksa esa
vfèkd gksrh gSA tSls&tSls ge èkzqoh; Ikzns'kksa dh rjIkQ
c<+rs gSa] Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk rks de gksrh tkrh gS]
ysfdu thoèkkfj;ksa dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh tkrh gSA
TkSo fofoèkrk nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS] (Bio)
^ck;ks* dk vFkZ gS& tho rFkk MkboflZVh (Diversity) dk
vFkZ gS& fofoèkrkA lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa fdlh fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd
{ks=k esa Ikk, tkus okys thoksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh fofoèkrk
dks tSo&fofoèkrk dgrs gSaA bldk lacaèk IkkSèkksa osQ Ikzdkj]
Ikzkf.k;ksa rFkk lw{e thok.kqvksa ls gSA mudh vkuqoaf'kdh vkSj
muosQ }kjk fufeZr Ikkfjra=k ls gSA ;g Ik`Foh Ikj Ikk, tkus
okys thoèkkfj;ksa dh ifjorZu'khyrk] ,d gh Ikztkfr rFkk
fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu'khyrk rFkk fofHkUu Ikkfjra=kksa
esa fofoèkrk ls lacafèkr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk ltho laIknk gSA
;g fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kksZa osQ bfrgkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dks rhu Lrjksa Ikj le>k tk ldrk gS&
(i) vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk (Genetic diversity)]
(ii) Ikztkrh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
rFkk (iii) Ikkfjra=kh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Ecosystem
diversity)A
vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk
(Genetic biodiversity)
thou fuekZ.k osQ fy, thu (Gene) ,d ewyHkwr
bdkbZ gSA fdlh Ikztkfr esa thu dh fofoèkrk gh
vk
vkt tks tSo&fofoèkrk ge ns[krs gSa] og 2-5 ls 3-5
vjc o"kksZa osQ fodkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA ekuo thou osQ
IkzkjaHk gksus ls Ikgys] Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk fdlh
Hkh vU; dky ls vfèkd FkhA ekuo osQ vkus ls
tSo&fofoèkrk esa rsth ls deh vkus yxh] D;ksafd
fdlh ,d ;k vU; Ikztkfr dk vko';drk ls
vfèkd mIkHkksx gksus osQ dkj.k] og yqIr gksus yxhA
vuqeku osQ vuqlkj] lalkj esa oqQy Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k 20 yk[k ls 10 djksM+ rd gS] ysfdu ,d
djksM+ gh bldk lgh vuqeku gSA u;h Ikztkfr;ksa dh
[kkst yxkrkj tkjh gS vkSj muesa ls vfèkdka'k dk
oxhZdj.k Hkh ugha gqvk gSA (,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj
nf{k.k vesfjdk dh rk”ks Ikkuh dh yxHkx 40
Ikzfr'kr eNfy;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ugha gqvk)A m".k
dfVcaèkh; ouksa esa tSo&fofoèkrk dh vfèkdrk gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls vkSj vosQys thoèkkjh osQ
n`f"Vdks.k ls tSo&fofoèkrk lrr~ fodkl dk ra=k gSA
145
tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vkuqoaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk gSA leku HkkSfrd y{k.kksa okys
thoksa osQ lewg dks Ikztkfr dgrs gSaA ekuo vkuqokaf'kd
:Ik ls ^gksekslsfIk;u* (Homosapiens) Ikztkfr ls
lacafèkr gS] ftlesa dn] jax vkSj vyx fn[kkoV tSls
'kkjhfjd y{k.kksa esa dkIkQh fHkUurk gSA bldk dkj.k
vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk gSA fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa osQ fodkl
o IkQyus&IkwQyus osQ fy, vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk vR;fèkd
vfuok;Z gSA
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
;g Ikztkfr;ksa dh vusd:irk dks crkrh gSA ;g fdlh
fuèkkZfjr {ks=k esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh la[;k ls lacafèkr gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk] mudh le`f¼] Ikzdkj rFkk cgqyrk
ls vk¡dh tk ldrh gSA oqQN {ks=kksa esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj oqQN esa deA ftu {ks=kksa esa
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk vfèkd gksrh gS] mUgsa fofoèkrk osQ
^gkWV&LIkkWV* (Hot spots) dgrs gSaA (fp=k 16-1)
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk (Ecosystem diversity)
vkIkus fIkNys vè;k; esa Ikkfjra=kksa osQ Ikzdkjksa esa O;kIkd
fHkUurk vkSj IkzR;sd Ikzdkj osQ Ikkfjra=kksa esa gksus okys
Ikkkfjra=kh; IkzfØ;k,¡ rFkk vkokl LFkkuksa dh fHkUurk gh
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk cukrs gSaA Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk dk
Ikjhlheu djuk eqf'dy vkSj tfVy gS] D;ksafd leqnk;ksa
(Ikztkfr;ksa dk lewg) vkSj Ikkfjra=k dh lhek,¡ fuf'pr
ugha gSaA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dk egRo (Importance of
biodiversity)
tSo&fofoèkrk us ekuo laLÑfr osQ fodkl esa cgqr
;ksxnku fn;k gS vkSj blh Ikzdkj] ekuo leqnk;ksa us Hkh
vkuqoaf'kd] Ikztkrh; o IkkfjfLFkfrd Lrjksa Ikj IkzkÑfrd
fofoèkrk dks cuk, j[kus esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
tSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrd (Ecological)] vkfFkZd
(Economic) vkSj oSKkfud (Scientific) Hkwwfedk,¡
izeq[k gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrdh; Hkwfedk
(Ecological role of biodiversity)
Ikkfjra=k esa fofHkUu Ikztkfr;k¡ dksbZ u dksbZ fØ;k djrh
gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa dksbZ Hkh Ikztkfr fcuk dkj.k u rks
fodflr gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh cuh jg ldrh gSA
vFkkZr~] IkzR;sd tho vIkuh ”k:jr Ikwjk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
nwljs thoksa osQ IkuIkus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA D;k vkIk
crk ldrs gSa fd ekuo] Ikkfjra=kksa osQ cus jgus esa D;k
;ksxnku nsrk gS\ tho o Ikztkfr;k¡ mQtkZ xzg.k dj
mldk laxzg.k djrh gSa] dkcZfud IknkFkZ mRIkUu ,oa
fo?kfVr djrh gSa vkSj Ikkfjra=k esa ty o Ikks"kd rRRoksa
osQ pØ dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA blosQ
vfrfjDr Ikztkfr;k¡ ok;qeaMyh; xSl dks fLFkj djrh gSa
vkSj tyok;q dks fu;af=kr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
;s Ikkfjra=kh fØ;k,¡ ekuo thou osQ fy, egÙoIkw.kZ
fØ;k,¡ gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh vfèkd fofoèkrk gksxh
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ IkzfrowQy fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh jgus dh laHkkouk
vkSj mudh mRIkkndrk Hkh mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh {kfr ls ra=k osQ cus jgus dh {kerk Hkh
de gks tk,xhA vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk okyh
Ikztkfr;ksa dh rjg vfèkd tSo&fofoèkrk okys Ikkfjra=k esa
Ik;kZoj.k osQ cnykoksa dks lgu djus dh vfèkd
l{kerk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ftl Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh
Ikzdkj dh Ikztkfr;k¡ gksaxh] og Ikkfjra=k mruk gh vfèkd
LFkk;h gksxkA
bafnjk xk¡/h us'kuy ikoZQ esa (vUukeykbZ if'peh
?kkV) ?kkl Hkwfe ,oa m".k dfVca/h; 'kksyk ou &
ikfjra=kh; fofo/rk dk ,d mnkgj.k
146
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
tSo&fofoèkrk dh vkfFkZd Hkwfedk (Ecological
role of biodiversity)
lHkh euq";ksa osQ fy, nSfud thou esa tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
egRoIkw.kZ lalkèku gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dk ,d egRoIkw.kZ
Hkkx ^IkQlyksa dh fofoèkrk* (Crop diversity) gS] ftls
Ñf"k tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dks
lalkèkuksa osQ mu HkaMkjksa osQ :Ik esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk
gS] ftudh mIk;ksfxrk HkksT; IknkFkZ] vkS"kfèk;k¡ vkSj lkSan;Z
Ikzlkèku vkfn cukus esa gSA tSo lalkèkuksa dh ;s IkfjdYIkuk
tSo&fofoèkrk osQ fouk'k osQ fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gSA lkFk
gh ;g lalkèkuksa osQ foHkktu vkSj c¡Vokjs dks ysdj
mRIkUu u;s fooknksa dk Hkh tud gSA [kk| IkQlysa] Ik'kq]
ou lalkèku] eRL; vkSj nok lalkèku vkfn oqQN ,sls
Ikzeq[k vkfFkZd egÙo osQ mRIkkn gSa] tks ekuo dks
tSo&fofoèkrk osQ iQyLo:i mIkyCèk gksrs gSaA
tSo&fofoèkrk dh oSKkfud Hkwfedk
(Scientific role of biodiversity)
tSo&fofoèkrk blfy, egRoIkw.kZ gS] D;ksafd IkzR;sd
Ikztkfr gesa ;g laosQr ns ldrh gS fd thou dk vkjaHk
oSQls gqvk vkSj ;g Hkfo"; esa oSQls fodflr gksxkA
thou oSQls pyrk gS vkSj Ikkfjra=k] ftlesa ge Hkh ,d
Ikztkfr gSa] mls cuk, j[kus esa IkzR;sd Ikztkfr dh D;k
Hkwfedk gS] bUgsa ge tSo&fofoèkrk ls le> ldrs gSaA
ge lHkh dks ;g rF; le>uk pkfg, fd ge Lo;a
ft,¡ vkSj nwljh Ikztkfr;ksa dks Hkh thus nsaA
;g le>uk gekjh uSfrd f”kEesnkjh gS fd gekjs
lkFk lHkh Ikztkfr;ksa dks thfor jgus dk vfèkdkj gSA
vr% dbZ Ikztkfr;ksa dks LosPNk ls foyqIr djuk uSfrd
:Ik ls xyr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dk Lrj vU; thfor
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ lkFk gekjs lacaèk dk ,d vPNk IkSekuk gSA
okLro esa] tSo&fofoèkrk dh voèkkj.kk dbZ ekuo
laLÑfr;ksa dk vfHkUu vax gSA
tSo&fofoèkrk dk ßkl (Loss of biodiversity)
fIkNys oqQN n'kdksa ls] tula[;k o`f¼ osQ dkj.k] IkzkÑfrd
lalkèkuksa dk mIkHkksx vfèkd gksus yxk gSA blls lalkj
osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa Ikztkfr;ksa rFkk muosQ vkokl LFkkuksa
esa rs”kh ls deh gqbZ gSA m".k dfVcaèkh; {ks=k] tks fo'o osQ
oqQy {ks=k dk ek=k ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkx gS] ;gk¡ lalkj dh
rhu pkSFkkbZ tula[;k jgrh gSA bl fo'kky tula[;k
dh ”k:jr dks Ikwjk djus osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dk nksgu
vkSj ouksUewyu vR;fèkd gqvk gSA m".kdfVcaèkh;
o"kkZ okys ouksa esa Ik`Foh dh yxHkx 50 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡
IkkbZ tkrh gSa vkSj IkzkÑfrd vkoklksa dk fouk'k Ikwjs
tSoeaMy osQ fy, gkfudkjd fl¼ gqvk gSA
IkzkÑfrd vkIknk,¡& tSls& HkwoaQIk] ck<+] Tokykeq[kh
mn~xkj] nkokuy] lw[kk vkfn Ik`Foh Ikj IkkbZ tkus okyh
Ikzkf.ktkr vkSj ouLIkfr tkr dks {kfr Ikgq¡pkrs gSa vkSj
Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik lacafèkr IkzHkkfor Ikzns'kksa dh tSo&fofoèkrk
esa cnyko vkrk gSA dhVuk'kd vkSj vU; iznw"kd]
tSls& gkbMªksdkcZu (Hydrocarbon) vkSj fo"kSyh
Hkkjh èkkrq (Toxic heavy metals)] laosnu'khy
vkSj de”kksj Ikztkfr;ksa dks u"V dj nsrs gSaA os Ikztkfr;k¡]
tks LFkkuh; vkokl dh ewy tSo Ikztkfr ugha gSa] ysfdu
ml ra=k esa LFkkfir dh xbZ gSa] mUgsa ^fons'kt Ikztkfr;k¡*
(Exotic species) dgk tkrk gSA ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k
gSa] tc fons'kt Ikztkfr;ksa osQ vkxeu ls Ikkfjra=k esa
IkzkÑfrd ;k ewy tSo leqnk; dks O;kIkd uqdlku
gqvkA fIkNys oqQN n'kdksa osQ nkSjku] oqQN tarqvksa] tSls&
ck?k] phrk] gkFkh] xSaMk] exjePN] fead vkSj Ikf{k;ksa
dk] muosQ lhax] lw¡M+ o [kkyksa osQ fy, fun;ZrkIkwoZd
voSèk f'kdkj fd;k tk jgk gSA blosQ IkQyLo:Ik oqQN
Ikztkfr;k¡ yqIr gksus osQ dxkj Ikj vk xbZ gSaA
IkzkÑfrd lalkèkuksa o Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkk (IUCN) us ladVkIkUu IkkSèkksa o thoksa dh Ikztkfr;ksa
dks muosQ laj{k.k osQ mís'; ls rhu oxksZa esa foHkkftr
fd;k gSA
ladVkIkUu Ikztkfr;k¡ (Endangered species)
blesa os lHkh Ikztkfr;k¡ lfEefyr gSa] ftuosQ yqIr gks
tkus dk [krjk gSA baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj n oaQ”kjos'ku
vkWiQ uspj ,aM uspqjy fjlkslsZ”k (IUCN) fo'o dh
lHkh ladVkIkUUk Ikztkfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa (Red list) jsM
fyLV osQ uke ls lwpuk Ikzdkf'kr djrk gSA
147
tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
lqHks| Ikztkfr;k¡ (Vulnerable species)
blesa os Ikztkfr;k¡ lfEefyr gSa] ftUgsa ;fn lajf{kr ugha]
fd;k x;k ;k muosQ foyqIr gksus esa lg;ksxh dkjd
;fn tkjh jgs rks fudV Hkfo"; esa muosQ foyqIr gksus
dk [krjk gSA budh la[;k vR;kfèkd de gksus osQ
dkj.k] budk thfor jguk lqfuf'pr ugha gSA
nqyZHk Ikztkfr;k¡ (Rare species)
lalkj esa bu Ikztkfr;ksa dh la[;k cgqr de gSA ;s
Ikztkfr;k¡ oqQN gh LFkkuksa Ikj lhfer gSa ;k cM+s {ks=k esa
foji :i esa fc[kjh gqbZ gSaA
tSo&fofoèkrk dk laj{k.k (Conservation
of biodiversity)
ekuo osQ vfLrRo osQ fy, tSo&fofoèkrk vfr vko';d
gSA thou dk gj :Ik ,d nwljs Ikj bruk fuHkZj gS fd
fdlh ,d Ikztkfr Ikj ladV vkus ls nwljksa esa vlarqyu
dh fLFkfr IkSnk gks tkrh gSA ;fn IkkSèkksa vkSj Ikzkf.k;ksa dh
Ikztkfr;k¡ ladVkIkUu gksrh gSa] rks blls Ik;kZoj.k esa
fxjkoV mRIkUu gksrh gS vkSj vUrrksxRok euq"; dk
vIkuk vfLrRo Hkh [krjs esa IkM+ ldrk gSA
vkt ;g vfr vfuok;Z gS fd ekuo dks Ik;kZoj.k&eS=kh
lacaèkh Ik¼fr;ksa osQ Ikzfr tkx:d fd;k tk, vkSj
fodkl dh ,slh O;kogkfjd xfrfofèk;k¡ vIkukbZ tk,¡]
tks nwljs thoksa osQ lkFk lefUor gksa vkSj lrr~ Ikks"k.kh;
(Sustainable) gksaA bl rF; osQ Ikzfr Hkh tkx:drk
c<+ jgh gS fd laj{k.k rHkh laHko vkSj nh?kZdkfyd
gksxk] tc LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa o IkzR;sd O;fDr dh blesa
Hkkxhnkjh gksxhA blosQ fy, LFkkuh; Lrj Ikj laLFkkxr
lajpukvksa dk fodkl vko';d gSA osQoy Ikztkfr;ksa
dk laj{k.k vkSj vkokl LFkku dh lqj{kk gh vge
leL;k ugha gS] cfYd laj{k.k dh IkzfØ;k dks tkjh
j[kuk Hkh mruk gh ”k:jh gSA
lu~ 1992 esa czkthy osQ fj;ks&Mh&tsusjks (Rio-de-
Janeiro) esa gq, tSo&fofoèkrk osQ lEesyu (Earth
summit) esa fy, x, ladYIkksa dk Hkkjr vU; 155
ns'kksa lfgr gLrk{kjh gSA fo'o laj{k.k dk;Z ;kstuk esa
tSo&fofoèkrk laj{k.k osQ fuEu rjhosQ lq>k, x, gSa%
(i) ladVkIkUu Ikztkfr;ksa osQ laj{k.k osQ fy,
Ikz;kl djus pkfg,A
(ii) Ikztkfr;ksa dks yqIr gksus ls cpkus osQ fy,
mfpr ;kstuk,¡ o Ikzcaèku vIksf{kr gSaaA
tsuosQfj;k lsclfVuh & ,d vR;ar ladVkiUu ?kkl
iztkfr vxfLFk;keykbZ f'k[kj (Hkkjr)
jsM ikaMk & ,d ladVkiUu iztkfr
gecksf'k;k Msdjasl csM& nf{k.k if'peh ?kkV (Hkkjr)
dh ,d nqyZHk iztkfr
Page 5


tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vè;k;
Ik HkwvkÑfrd IkzfØ;kvksa fo'ks"kdj vIk{k;
vkSj fofHkUu tyok;qoh; {ks=kksa esa vIk{k;
vkfn osQ fo"k; esa Ikgys gh Ik<+ pqosQ gSaA ;fn vkIkdks
Lej.k ugha gS] rks laf{kIr lkj osQ fy, vè;k; 6 esa fp=k
6-2 ns[ksaA ;g vIk{k; Ikzkokj (Weathering mantle)
ouLIkfr fofoèkrk dk vkèkkj gS] vr% bls tSo&fofoèkrk
dk vkèkkj ekuk x;k gSA lkSj mQtkZ vkSj ty gh
vIk{k; esa fofoèkrk vkSj blosQ Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik mRiUu
tSo&fofoèkrk dk eq[; dkj.k gSA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z
ugha fd os {ks=k] tgk¡ mQtkZ o ty dh mIkyCèkrk
vfèkd gS] ogha tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh O;kIkd Lrj Ikj gSA
Ik`Foh Ikj fdlh Ikztkfr dh vkSlr vk;q 10 ls 40
yk[k o"kZ gksus dk vuqeku gSA ,slk Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd
yxHkx 99 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡] tks dHkh Ik`Foh Ikj jgrh
Fkh] vkt yqIr gks pqdh gSaA Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
tSlh ugha gSA tSo&fofoèkrk m".k dfVcaèkh; Ikzns'kksa esa
vfèkd gksrh gSA tSls&tSls ge èkzqoh; Ikzns'kksa dh rjIkQ
c<+rs gSa] Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk rks de gksrh tkrh gS]
ysfdu thoèkkfj;ksa dh la[;k vfèkd gksrh tkrh gSA
TkSo fofoèkrk nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS] (Bio)
^ck;ks* dk vFkZ gS& tho rFkk MkboflZVh (Diversity) dk
vFkZ gS& fofoèkrkA lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa fdlh fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd
{ks=k esa Ikk, tkus okys thoksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh fofoèkrk
dks tSo&fofoèkrk dgrs gSaA bldk lacaèk IkkSèkksa osQ Ikzdkj]
Ikzkf.k;ksa rFkk lw{e thok.kqvksa ls gSA mudh vkuqoaf'kdh vkSj
muosQ }kjk fufeZr Ikkfjra=k ls gSA ;g Ik`Foh Ikj Ikk, tkus
okys thoèkkfj;ksa dh ifjorZu'khyrk] ,d gh Ikztkfr rFkk
fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu'khyrk rFkk fofHkUu Ikkfjra=kksa
esa fofoèkrk ls lacafèkr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk ltho laIknk gSA
;g fodkl osQ yk[kksa o"kksZa osQ bfrgkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dks rhu Lrjksa Ikj le>k tk ldrk gS&
(i) vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk (Genetic diversity)]
(ii) Ikztkrh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
rFkk (iii) Ikkfjra=kh; tSo&fofoèkrk (Ecosystem
diversity)A
vkuqokaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk
(Genetic biodiversity)
thou fuekZ.k osQ fy, thu (Gene) ,d ewyHkwr
bdkbZ gSA fdlh Ikztkfr esa thu dh fofoèkrk gh
vk
vkt tks tSo&fofoèkrk ge ns[krs gSa] og 2-5 ls 3-5
vjc o"kksZa osQ fodkl dk Ikfj.kke gSA ekuo thou osQ
IkzkjaHk gksus ls Ikgys] Ik`Foh Ikj tSo&fofoèkrk fdlh
Hkh vU; dky ls vfèkd FkhA ekuo osQ vkus ls
tSo&fofoèkrk esa rsth ls deh vkus yxh] D;ksafd
fdlh ,d ;k vU; Ikztkfr dk vko';drk ls
vfèkd mIkHkksx gksus osQ dkj.k] og yqIr gksus yxhA
vuqeku osQ vuqlkj] lalkj esa oqQy Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k 20 yk[k ls 10 djksM+ rd gS] ysfdu ,d
djksM+ gh bldk lgh vuqeku gSA u;h Ikztkfr;ksa dh
[kkst yxkrkj tkjh gS vkSj muesa ls vfèkdka'k dk
oxhZdj.k Hkh ugha gqvk gSA (,d vuqeku osQ vuqlkj
nf{k.k vesfjdk dh rk”ks Ikkuh dh yxHkx 40
Ikzfr'kr eNfy;ksa dk oxhZdj.k ugha gqvk)A m".k
dfVcaèkh; ouksa esa tSo&fofoèkrk dh vfèkdrk gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls vkSj vosQys thoèkkjh osQ
n`f"Vdks.k ls tSo&fofoèkrk lrr~ fodkl dk ra=k gSA
145
tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
vkuqoaf'kd tSo&fofoèkrk gSA leku HkkSfrd y{k.kksa okys
thoksa osQ lewg dks Ikztkfr dgrs gSaA ekuo vkuqokaf'kd
:Ik ls ^gksekslsfIk;u* (Homosapiens) Ikztkfr ls
lacafèkr gS] ftlesa dn] jax vkSj vyx fn[kkoV tSls
'kkjhfjd y{k.kksa esa dkIkQh fHkUurk gSA bldk dkj.k
vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk gSA fofHkUu Ikztkfr;ksa osQ fodkl
o IkQyus&IkwQyus osQ fy, vkuqokaf'kd fofoèkrk vR;fèkd
vfuok;Z gSA
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk (Species diversity)
;g Ikztkfr;ksa dh vusd:irk dks crkrh gSA ;g fdlh
fuèkkZfjr {ks=k esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh la[;k ls lacafèkr gSA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh fofoèkrk] mudh le`f¼] Ikzdkj rFkk cgqyrk
ls vk¡dh tk ldrh gSA oqQN {ks=kksa esa Ikztkfr;ksa dh
la[;k vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj oqQN esa deA ftu {ks=kksa esa
Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk vfèkd gksrh gS] mUgsa fofoèkrk osQ
^gkWV&LIkkWV* (Hot spots) dgrs gSaA (fp=k 16-1)
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk (Ecosystem diversity)
vkIkus fIkNys vè;k; esa Ikkfjra=kksa osQ Ikzdkjksa esa O;kIkd
fHkUurk vkSj IkzR;sd Ikzdkj osQ Ikkfjra=kksa esa gksus okys
Ikkkfjra=kh; IkzfØ;k,¡ rFkk vkokl LFkkuksa dh fHkUurk gh
Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk cukrs gSaA Ikkfjra=kh; fofoèkrk dk
Ikjhlheu djuk eqf'dy vkSj tfVy gS] D;ksafd leqnk;ksa
(Ikztkfr;ksa dk lewg) vkSj Ikkfjra=k dh lhek,¡ fuf'pr
ugha gSaA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dk egRo (Importance of
biodiversity)
tSo&fofoèkrk us ekuo laLÑfr osQ fodkl esa cgqr
;ksxnku fn;k gS vkSj blh Ikzdkj] ekuo leqnk;ksa us Hkh
vkuqoaf'kd] Ikztkrh; o IkkfjfLFkfrd Lrjksa Ikj IkzkÑfrd
fofoèkrk dks cuk, j[kus esa cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
tSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrd (Ecological)] vkfFkZd
(Economic) vkSj oSKkfud (Scientific) Hkwwfedk,¡
izeq[k gSA
TkSo&fofoèkrk dh IkkfjfLFkfrdh; Hkwfedk
(Ecological role of biodiversity)
Ikkfjra=k esa fofHkUu Ikztkfr;k¡ dksbZ u dksbZ fØ;k djrh
gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa dksbZ Hkh Ikztkfr fcuk dkj.k u rks
fodflr gks ldrh gS vkSj u gh cuh jg ldrh gSA
vFkkZr~] IkzR;sd tho vIkuh ”k:jr Ikwjk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
nwljs thoksa osQ IkuIkus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA D;k vkIk
crk ldrs gSa fd ekuo] Ikkfjra=kksa osQ cus jgus esa D;k
;ksxnku nsrk gS\ tho o Ikztkfr;k¡ mQtkZ xzg.k dj
mldk laxzg.k djrh gSa] dkcZfud IknkFkZ mRIkUu ,oa
fo?kfVr djrh gSa vkSj Ikkfjra=k esa ty o Ikks"kd rRRoksa
osQ pØ dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA blosQ
vfrfjDr Ikztkfr;k¡ ok;qeaMyh; xSl dks fLFkj djrh gSa
vkSj tyok;q dks fu;af=kr djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA
;s Ikkfjra=kh fØ;k,¡ ekuo thou osQ fy, egÙoIkw.kZ
fØ;k,¡ gSaA Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh vfèkd fofoèkrk gksxh
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ IkzfrowQy fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh jgus dh laHkkouk
vkSj mudh mRIkkndrk Hkh mruh gh vfèkd gksxhA
Ikztkfr;ksa dh {kfr ls ra=k osQ cus jgus dh {kerk Hkh
de gks tk,xhA vfèkd vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk okyh
Ikztkfr;ksa dh rjg vfèkd tSo&fofoèkrk okys Ikkfjra=k esa
Ik;kZoj.k osQ cnykoksa dks lgu djus dh vfèkd
l{kerk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ftl Ikkfjra=k esa ftruh
Ikzdkj dh Ikztkfr;k¡ gksaxh] og Ikkfjra=k mruk gh vfèkd
LFkk;h gksxkA
bafnjk xk¡/h us'kuy ikoZQ esa (vUukeykbZ if'peh
?kkV) ?kkl Hkwfe ,oa m".k dfVca/h; 'kksyk ou &
ikfjra=kh; fofo/rk dk ,d mnkgj.k
146
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
tSo&fofoèkrk dh vkfFkZd Hkwfedk (Ecological
role of biodiversity)
lHkh euq";ksa osQ fy, nSfud thou esa tSo&fofoèkrk ,d
egRoIkw.kZ lalkèku gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dk ,d egRoIkw.kZ
Hkkx ^IkQlyksa dh fofoèkrk* (Crop diversity) gS] ftls
Ñf"k tSo&fofoèkrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dks
lalkèkuksa osQ mu HkaMkjksa osQ :Ik esa Hkh le>k tk ldrk
gS] ftudh mIk;ksfxrk HkksT; IknkFkZ] vkS"kfèk;k¡ vkSj lkSan;Z
Ikzlkèku vkfn cukus esa gSA tSo lalkèkuksa dh ;s IkfjdYIkuk
tSo&fofoèkrk osQ fouk'k osQ fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gSA lkFk
gh ;g lalkèkuksa osQ foHkktu vkSj c¡Vokjs dks ysdj
mRIkUu u;s fooknksa dk Hkh tud gSA [kk| IkQlysa] Ik'kq]
ou lalkèku] eRL; vkSj nok lalkèku vkfn oqQN ,sls
Ikzeq[k vkfFkZd egÙo osQ mRIkkn gSa] tks ekuo dks
tSo&fofoèkrk osQ iQyLo:i mIkyCèk gksrs gSaA
tSo&fofoèkrk dh oSKkfud Hkwfedk
(Scientific role of biodiversity)
tSo&fofoèkrk blfy, egRoIkw.kZ gS] D;ksafd IkzR;sd
Ikztkfr gesa ;g laosQr ns ldrh gS fd thou dk vkjaHk
oSQls gqvk vkSj ;g Hkfo"; esa oSQls fodflr gksxkA
thou oSQls pyrk gS vkSj Ikkfjra=k] ftlesa ge Hkh ,d
Ikztkfr gSa] mls cuk, j[kus esa IkzR;sd Ikztkfr dh D;k
Hkwfedk gS] bUgsa ge tSo&fofoèkrk ls le> ldrs gSaA
ge lHkh dks ;g rF; le>uk pkfg, fd ge Lo;a
ft,¡ vkSj nwljh Ikztkfr;ksa dks Hkh thus nsaA
;g le>uk gekjh uSfrd f”kEesnkjh gS fd gekjs
lkFk lHkh Ikztkfr;ksa dks thfor jgus dk vfèkdkj gSA
vr% dbZ Ikztkfr;ksa dks LosPNk ls foyqIr djuk uSfrd
:Ik ls xyr gSA tSo&fofoèkrk dk Lrj vU; thfor
Ikztkfr;ksa osQ lkFk gekjs lacaèk dk ,d vPNk IkSekuk gSA
okLro esa] tSo&fofoèkrk dh voèkkj.kk dbZ ekuo
laLÑfr;ksa dk vfHkUu vax gSA
tSo&fofoèkrk dk ßkl (Loss of biodiversity)
fIkNys oqQN n'kdksa ls] tula[;k o`f¼ osQ dkj.k] IkzkÑfrd
lalkèkuksa dk mIkHkksx vfèkd gksus yxk gSA blls lalkj
osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa Ikztkfr;ksa rFkk muosQ vkokl LFkkuksa
esa rs”kh ls deh gqbZ gSA m".k dfVcaèkh; {ks=k] tks fo'o osQ
oqQy {ks=k dk ek=k ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkx gS] ;gk¡ lalkj dh
rhu pkSFkkbZ tula[;k jgrh gSA bl fo'kky tula[;k
dh ”k:jr dks Ikwjk djus osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dk nksgu
vkSj ouksUewyu vR;fèkd gqvk gSA m".kdfVcaèkh;
o"kkZ okys ouksa esa Ik`Foh dh yxHkx 50 Ikzfr'kr Ikztkfr;k¡
IkkbZ tkrh gSa vkSj IkzkÑfrd vkoklksa dk fouk'k Ikwjs
tSoeaMy osQ fy, gkfudkjd fl¼ gqvk gSA
IkzkÑfrd vkIknk,¡& tSls& HkwoaQIk] ck<+] Tokykeq[kh
mn~xkj] nkokuy] lw[kk vkfn Ik`Foh Ikj IkkbZ tkus okyh
Ikzkf.ktkr vkSj ouLIkfr tkr dks {kfr Ikgq¡pkrs gSa vkSj
Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik lacafèkr IkzHkkfor Ikzns'kksa dh tSo&fofoèkrk
esa cnyko vkrk gSA dhVuk'kd vkSj vU; iznw"kd]
tSls& gkbMªksdkcZu (Hydrocarbon) vkSj fo"kSyh
Hkkjh èkkrq (Toxic heavy metals)] laosnu'khy
vkSj de”kksj Ikztkfr;ksa dks u"V dj nsrs gSaA os Ikztkfr;k¡]
tks LFkkuh; vkokl dh ewy tSo Ikztkfr ugha gSa] ysfdu
ml ra=k esa LFkkfir dh xbZ gSa] mUgsa ^fons'kt Ikztkfr;k¡*
(Exotic species) dgk tkrk gSA ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k
gSa] tc fons'kt Ikztkfr;ksa osQ vkxeu ls Ikkfjra=k esa
IkzkÑfrd ;k ewy tSo leqnk; dks O;kIkd uqdlku
gqvkA fIkNys oqQN n'kdksa osQ nkSjku] oqQN tarqvksa] tSls&
ck?k] phrk] gkFkh] xSaMk] exjePN] fead vkSj Ikf{k;ksa
dk] muosQ lhax] lw¡M+ o [kkyksa osQ fy, fun;ZrkIkwoZd
voSèk f'kdkj fd;k tk jgk gSA blosQ IkQyLo:Ik oqQN
Ikztkfr;k¡ yqIr gksus osQ dxkj Ikj vk xbZ gSaA
IkzkÑfrd lalkèkuksa o Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh varjkZ"Vªh;
laLFkk (IUCN) us ladVkIkUu IkkSèkksa o thoksa dh Ikztkfr;ksa
dks muosQ laj{k.k osQ mís'; ls rhu oxksZa esa foHkkftr
fd;k gSA
ladVkIkUu Ikztkfr;k¡ (Endangered species)
blesa os lHkh Ikztkfr;k¡ lfEefyr gSa] ftuosQ yqIr gks
tkus dk [krjk gSA baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u iQkWj n oaQ”kjos'ku
vkWiQ uspj ,aM uspqjy fjlkslsZ”k (IUCN) fo'o dh
lHkh ladVkIkUUk Ikztkfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa (Red list) jsM
fyLV osQ uke ls lwpuk Ikzdkf'kr djrk gSA
147
tSo&fofoèkrk ,oa laj{k.k
lqHks| Ikztkfr;k¡ (Vulnerable species)
blesa os Ikztkfr;k¡ lfEefyr gSa] ftUgsa ;fn lajf{kr ugha]
fd;k x;k ;k muosQ foyqIr gksus esa lg;ksxh dkjd
;fn tkjh jgs rks fudV Hkfo"; esa muosQ foyqIr gksus
dk [krjk gSA budh la[;k vR;kfèkd de gksus osQ
dkj.k] budk thfor jguk lqfuf'pr ugha gSA
nqyZHk Ikztkfr;k¡ (Rare species)
lalkj esa bu Ikztkfr;ksa dh la[;k cgqr de gSA ;s
Ikztkfr;k¡ oqQN gh LFkkuksa Ikj lhfer gSa ;k cM+s {ks=k esa
foji :i esa fc[kjh gqbZ gSaA
tSo&fofoèkrk dk laj{k.k (Conservation
of biodiversity)
ekuo osQ vfLrRo osQ fy, tSo&fofoèkrk vfr vko';d
gSA thou dk gj :Ik ,d nwljs Ikj bruk fuHkZj gS fd
fdlh ,d Ikztkfr Ikj ladV vkus ls nwljksa esa vlarqyu
dh fLFkfr IkSnk gks tkrh gSA ;fn IkkSèkksa vkSj Ikzkf.k;ksa dh
Ikztkfr;k¡ ladVkIkUu gksrh gSa] rks blls Ik;kZoj.k esa
fxjkoV mRIkUu gksrh gS vkSj vUrrksxRok euq"; dk
vIkuk vfLrRo Hkh [krjs esa IkM+ ldrk gSA
vkt ;g vfr vfuok;Z gS fd ekuo dks Ik;kZoj.k&eS=kh
lacaèkh Ik¼fr;ksa osQ Ikzfr tkx:d fd;k tk, vkSj
fodkl dh ,slh O;kogkfjd xfrfofèk;k¡ vIkukbZ tk,¡]
tks nwljs thoksa osQ lkFk lefUor gksa vkSj lrr~ Ikks"k.kh;
(Sustainable) gksaA bl rF; osQ Ikzfr Hkh tkx:drk
c<+ jgh gS fd laj{k.k rHkh laHko vkSj nh?kZdkfyd
gksxk] tc LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa o IkzR;sd O;fDr dh blesa
Hkkxhnkjh gksxhA blosQ fy, LFkkuh; Lrj Ikj laLFkkxr
lajpukvksa dk fodkl vko';d gSA osQoy Ikztkfr;ksa
dk laj{k.k vkSj vkokl LFkku dh lqj{kk gh vge
leL;k ugha gS] cfYd laj{k.k dh IkzfØ;k dks tkjh
j[kuk Hkh mruk gh ”k:jh gSA
lu~ 1992 esa czkthy osQ fj;ks&Mh&tsusjks (Rio-de-
Janeiro) esa gq, tSo&fofoèkrk osQ lEesyu (Earth
summit) esa fy, x, ladYIkksa dk Hkkjr vU; 155
ns'kksa lfgr gLrk{kjh gSA fo'o laj{k.k dk;Z ;kstuk esa
tSo&fofoèkrk laj{k.k osQ fuEu rjhosQ lq>k, x, gSa%
(i) ladVkIkUu Ikztkfr;ksa osQ laj{k.k osQ fy,
Ikz;kl djus pkfg,A
(ii) Ikztkfr;ksa dks yqIr gksus ls cpkus osQ fy,
mfpr ;kstuk,¡ o Ikzcaèku vIksf{kr gSaaA
tsuosQfj;k lsclfVuh & ,d vR;ar ladVkiUu ?kkl
iztkfr vxfLFk;keykbZ f'k[kj (Hkkjr)
jsM ikaMk & ,d ladVkiUu iztkfr
gecksf'k;k Msdjasl csM& nf{k.k if'peh ?kkV (Hkkjr)
dh ,d nqyZHk iztkfr
148
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
(iii) [kk|kUuksa dh fdLesa] pkjs lacaèkh IkkSèkksa dh
fdLesa] bekjrh ydM+h osQ IksM+] Ik'kqèku] tarq
o mudh oU; Ikztkfr;ksa dh fdLeksa dks
lajf{kr djuk pkfg,A
(iv) IkzR;sd ns'k dks oU; thoksa osQ vkokl dks
fpfÉr dj mudh lqj{kk dks lqfuf'pr djuk
pkfg,A
(v) Ikztkfr;ksa osQ Ikyus&c<+us rFkk fodflr gksus
osQ LFkku lqjf{kr o lajf{kr gksaA
(vi) oU; thoksa o IkkSèkksa dk varjkZ"Vªh; O;kIkkj]
fu;eksa osQ vuq:Ik gksA
Hkkjr ljdkj us IkzkÑfrd lhekvksa osQ Hkhrj fofHkUu
Ikzdkj dh Ikztkfr;ksa dks cpkus] lajf{kr djus vkSj foLrkj
djus osQ fy,] oU; tho lqj{kk vfèkfu;e 1972 (Wild
life protection act, 1972)] ikfjr fd;k gS] ftlosQ
varxZr us'kuy IkkdZ (National parks)] i'kqfogkj
(Sanctuaries) LFkkfIkr fd;s x, rFkk thoeaMy vkjf{kr
{ks=k (Biosphere reserves) ?kksf"kr fd;s x,A bu
lajf{kr {ks=kksa dk foLrkjIkwoZd o.kZu ^Hkkjr% HkkSfrd Ik;kZoj.k*
(,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 2006) IkqLrd esa fd;k x;k gSA
og ns'k] tks m".k dfVcaèkh; {ks=k esa fLFkr gSa] muesa
lalkj dh lokZfèkd Ikztkrh; fofoèkrk IkkbZ tkrh gSA mUgsa
^egk fofoèkrk osaQnz* (Mega diversity centres)
dgk tkrk gSA bu ns'kksa dh la[;k 12 gS vkSj muosQ uke
gSa % eSfDldks] dksyafc;k] bDosMksj] Iks:] czk”khy] ”kk;js]
esMkxkLdj] phu] Hkkjr] eysf'k;k] baMksusf'k;k vkSj
vkLVªsfy;kA bu ns'kksa esa le`¼ egk&fofoèkrk osQ osaQnz
fLFkr gSaA (fp=k 16-1) ,sls {ks=k] tks vfèkd ladV esa
gSa] muesa lalkèkuksa dks mIkyCèk djkus osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh;
laj{k.k la?k (IUCN) us tSo&fofoèkrk gkWV&LIkkWV (Hot
spots) {ks=k osQ :Ik esa fuèkkZfjr fd;k gSA gkWV&LIkkWV
mudh ouLIkfr osQ vkèkkj Ikj IkfjHkkf"kr fd;s x, gSaA
IkknIk egRoIkw.kZ gS] D;ksafd ;s gh fdlh Ikkfjra=k dh
IkzkFkfed mRIkkndrk dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA ;g Hkh ns[kk
x;k gS fd ”;knkrj gkWV&LIkkWV esa jgus okys iztkfr
Hkkstu] tykus osQ fy, ydM+h] Ñf"k Hkwfe vkSj bekjrh
fp=k 16-1% IkkfjfLFkfrd gkWV&LIkkWV (Ecological 'hotspots' in the world)