NCERT Textbook - विधुत तथा परिपथ | सामान्य विज्ञानं (General Science) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


116 116 116 116 116 foKku
12 12
12 12
12
fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
g
e fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx vius cgqr ls dk;ks± dks
vklku cukus osQ fy, djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, ge fo|qr~~ dk mi;ksx oqQ,¡ ls iai }kjk
ty ckgj fudkyus  vFkok ”kehu dh lrg ls ty
dks Nr ij j[kh gqbZ Vadh esa igq¡pkus osQ fy, djrs
gSaA vU; dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z gSa] ftuosQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\ muesa ls oqqQN dh lwph
viuh uksVcqd esa fyf[k,A
D;k vkidh lwph esa izdk'k osQ fy, fo|qr~~ dk
mi;ksx lfEefyr gS\ lwjt fNius osQ ckn Hkh fo|qr~
gekjs ?kjksa] lM+dksa] nÝrjksa rFkk iSQfDVª;ksa dks izdkf'kr
djrh gSA ;g jkr esa yxkrkj dke djus esa gekjh
lgk;rk djrh gSA fo|qr~~ gesa fctyh ?kj ls izkIr
gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh fo|qr~ dh vkiwfrZ BIi gks ldrh
gS ;k dbZ LFkkuksa ij vuqiyC/ gks ldrh gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa izdk'k osQ fy, VkWpZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
VkWpZ esa ,d cYc gksrk gSA tc bldk fLop nckrs
gSa] rc ;g izdk'k nsus yxrk gSA VkWpZ dks fo|qr~
dgk¡ ls feyrh gS\
12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
VkWpZ osQ cYc dks fo|qr~~] fo|qr~&lsy ls feyrh gSA
fo|qr~~&lsy dk mi;ksx fo|qr~&Lkzksr osQ :i esa vykeZ
?kM+h] dykbZ ?kM+h] jsfM;ks] oSQejk rFkk vU; ;qfDr;ksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh fo|qr~~&lsy dks
è;kuiwoZd ns[kk gS\ vkius ;g ns[kk gksxk fd blosQ
,d vksj /krq dh Vksih rFkk nwljh vksj /krq dh
fMLd (pfØdk) gksrh gS (fp=k 12-1)A D;k vkius
fo|qr~~&lsy osQ Åij ,d èku fpÉ (+) rFkk ,d
½.k fpÉ (–) ns[kk gS\ fo|qr~&lsy esa èkkrq dh Vksih
èkukRed fljk rFkk èkkrq dh fMLd Í.kkRed fljk
fp=k 12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
dgykrk gSA lHkh fo|qr~&lsyksa esa nks fljs gksrs gSa]
ftuesa ,d /ukRed (VfeZuy) fljk rFkk nwljk
Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
fo|qr~&lsy eas lafpr jklk;fud inkFkks± ls lsy
fo|qr~ mRiUu djrk gSA tc fo|qr~&lsy esa lafpr
jklk;fud&inkFkZ bLrseky dj fy, tkrs gSa rc
fo|qr~~&lsy] fo|qr~ iSnk djuk can dj nsrk gSA rc
vkius fo|qr~&[kaHkksa] fo|qr~&miosaQnzksa rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij bl izdkj dk fpÉ ns[kk gksxkA ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd fo|qr~ dk mi;ksx mfpr :i ls u fd;k tk, rks ;g vR;ar [krjukd gks
ldrh gSA ;fn fo|qr~ rFkk fo|qr~ ;qfDr;ksa dks vlko/kuhiwoZd cjrk tk, rks ;g xaHkhj pksV
vFkok e`R;q rd dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA vr,o vkidks dHkh Hkh fo|qr~ osQ rkjksa rFkk
lkWosQV vkfn ls iz;ksx djus dk iz;Ru ugha djuk pkfg,A ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k, fd lqcká
tfu=k (iksVsZcy tsujsVj) }kjk mRiUu fo|qr~ Hkh bruh gh [krjukd gSA fo|qr~ lacaf/r lHkh
fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, osQoy lkèkkj.k cSVjh dk gh mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
psrkouh
Page 2


116 116 116 116 116 foKku
12 12
12 12
12
fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
g
e fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx vius cgqr ls dk;ks± dks
vklku cukus osQ fy, djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, ge fo|qr~~ dk mi;ksx oqQ,¡ ls iai }kjk
ty ckgj fudkyus  vFkok ”kehu dh lrg ls ty
dks Nr ij j[kh gqbZ Vadh esa igq¡pkus osQ fy, djrs
gSaA vU; dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z gSa] ftuosQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\ muesa ls oqqQN dh lwph
viuh uksVcqd esa fyf[k,A
D;k vkidh lwph esa izdk'k osQ fy, fo|qr~~ dk
mi;ksx lfEefyr gS\ lwjt fNius osQ ckn Hkh fo|qr~
gekjs ?kjksa] lM+dksa] nÝrjksa rFkk iSQfDVª;ksa dks izdkf'kr
djrh gSA ;g jkr esa yxkrkj dke djus esa gekjh
lgk;rk djrh gSA fo|qr~~ gesa fctyh ?kj ls izkIr
gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh fo|qr~ dh vkiwfrZ BIi gks ldrh
gS ;k dbZ LFkkuksa ij vuqiyC/ gks ldrh gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa izdk'k osQ fy, VkWpZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
VkWpZ esa ,d cYc gksrk gSA tc bldk fLop nckrs
gSa] rc ;g izdk'k nsus yxrk gSA VkWpZ dks fo|qr~
dgk¡ ls feyrh gS\
12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
VkWpZ osQ cYc dks fo|qr~~] fo|qr~&lsy ls feyrh gSA
fo|qr~~&lsy dk mi;ksx fo|qr~&Lkzksr osQ :i esa vykeZ
?kM+h] dykbZ ?kM+h] jsfM;ks] oSQejk rFkk vU; ;qfDr;ksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh fo|qr~~&lsy dks
è;kuiwoZd ns[kk gS\ vkius ;g ns[kk gksxk fd blosQ
,d vksj /krq dh Vksih rFkk nwljh vksj /krq dh
fMLd (pfØdk) gksrh gS (fp=k 12-1)A D;k vkius
fo|qr~~&lsy osQ Åij ,d èku fpÉ (+) rFkk ,d
½.k fpÉ (–) ns[kk gS\ fo|qr~&lsy esa èkkrq dh Vksih
èkukRed fljk rFkk èkkrq dh fMLd Í.kkRed fljk
fp=k 12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
dgykrk gSA lHkh fo|qr~&lsyksa esa nks fljs gksrs gSa]
ftuesa ,d /ukRed (VfeZuy) fljk rFkk nwljk
Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
fo|qr~&lsy eas lafpr jklk;fud inkFkks± ls lsy
fo|qr~ mRiUu djrk gSA tc fo|qr~&lsy esa lafpr
jklk;fud&inkFkZ bLrseky dj fy, tkrs gSa rc
fo|qr~~&lsy] fo|qr~ iSnk djuk can dj nsrk gSA rc
vkius fo|qr~&[kaHkksa] fo|qr~&miosaQnzksa rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij bl izdkj dk fpÉ ns[kk gksxkA ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd fo|qr~ dk mi;ksx mfpr :i ls u fd;k tk, rks ;g vR;ar [krjukd gks
ldrh gSA ;fn fo|qr~ rFkk fo|qr~ ;qfDr;ksa dks vlko/kuhiwoZd cjrk tk, rks ;g xaHkhj pksV
vFkok e`R;q rd dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA vr,o vkidks dHkh Hkh fo|qr~ osQ rkjksa rFkk
lkWosQV vkfn ls iz;ksx djus dk iz;Ru ugha djuk pkfg,A ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k, fd lqcká
tfu=k (iksVsZcy tsujsVj) }kjk mRiUu fo|qr~ Hkh bruh gh [krjukd gSA fo|qr~ lacaf/r lHkh
fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, osQoy lkèkkj.k cSVjh dk gh mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
psrkouh
117 117 117 117 117 fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
ml fo|qr~&lsy dks ,d u, fo|qr~&lsy ls cnyuk
iM+rk gSA
VkWpZ osQ cYc esa dk¡p dk ,d ckgjh vkoj.k]
èkkrq dh lrg ij fpidk gksrk gS [(fp=k 12-2 (a)]A
cYc osQ dk¡p osQ vkoj.k osQ vanj D;k gksrk gS\
fØ;kdyki 1
,d VkWpZ yhft, rFkk blosQ cYc osQ Hkhrj nsf[k,A
vki vius vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls bl cYc dks
VkWpZ ls ckgj Hkh fudky ldrs gSaA vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
D;k vki dk¡p osQ cYc osQ eè; ,d iryk rkj
ns[krs gSa [fp=k 12-2 (b)]\ vc VkWpZ dk fLop nckb,
rFkk nsf[k, fd cYc dk dkSu&lk Hkkx nhIr gSA
izdk'k mRlftZr djus okys irys rkj dks cYc
dk rarq dgrs gSaA ;g rarq nks eksVs rkjksa osQ chp yxk
gksrk gS ftls fp=k 12-2 (b) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;s
eksVs rkj rarq dks vkèkkj iznku djrs gaSA bu eksVs rkjksa
esa ls ,d eksVk rkj cYc dh lrg ij /krq osQ <k¡ps
ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gS [fp=k 12-2 (b)]A nwljk eksVk
rkj vk/kj oasQnz ij èkkrq dh uksd ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
cYc osQ vkèkkj ij /krq dk <k¡pk rFkk /krq dh
uksd] cYc osQ nks VfeZuy gaSA ;s nksuksa VfeZuy bl
izdkj yxk, tkrs gSa fd ;s ,d&nwljs dks u Nq,¡A
?kjksa esa mi;ksx gksus okys fo|qr~&cYcksa dh Hkh ,slh
gh lajpuk gksrh gSA bl izdkj fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
fo|qr~&cYc nksuksa esa gh nks&nks VfeZuy gksrs gSaA buesa
;s nks VfeZuy D;ksa gksrs gSa\
12-2 fo|qr~&lsy ls tqM+k gqvk cYc
vkb,] fo|qr~&lsy dk mi;ksx djosQ ,d cYc
dks tykus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ,slk ge fdl izdkj
djrs gSa\
fØ;kdyki 2
fofHkUu jaxksa osQ IykfLVd dk vkoj.k p<+s fo|qr~~&rkj
osQ pkj VqdM+s yhft,A izR;sd rkj osQ VqdM+s osQ nksuksa
fljksa ls IykfLVd vkoj.k dks gVk nhft,A bl
izdkj nksuksa fljksa ij /krq dk rkj vukofjr gks
tk,xkA rkj osQ vukofjr Hkkxksa dks fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
cYc ls fp=k 12-3 rFkk 12-4 esa n'kkZ, x, vuqlkj
tksM+ nhft,A
fp=k 12-2 (a) VkWpZ dk cYc vkSj (b) mldk Hkhrjh n`';
fp=k&12-3 nks rkjksa ls tqM+h fo|qr~&lsy
rarq
psrkouh %     fo|qr~&lsy osQ nks VfeZuyksa ls tqM+s rkjksa
dks fLop rFkk cYc tSlh ;qfDr dks chp esa tksM+s
fcuk vkil esa dnkfi u feyk,¡A ;fn vki ,slk
djsaxs] rks fo|qr~&lsy osQ jklk;fud&inkFkZ cM+h rs”kh
ls [kpZ gks tk,¡xs vkSj lsy dk;Z djuk can dj nsxkA
(a)
(b)
VfeZuy
Page 3


116 116 116 116 116 foKku
12 12
12 12
12
fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
g
e fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx vius cgqr ls dk;ks± dks
vklku cukus osQ fy, djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, ge fo|qr~~ dk mi;ksx oqQ,¡ ls iai }kjk
ty ckgj fudkyus  vFkok ”kehu dh lrg ls ty
dks Nr ij j[kh gqbZ Vadh esa igq¡pkus osQ fy, djrs
gSaA vU; dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z gSa] ftuosQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\ muesa ls oqqQN dh lwph
viuh uksVcqd esa fyf[k,A
D;k vkidh lwph esa izdk'k osQ fy, fo|qr~~ dk
mi;ksx lfEefyr gS\ lwjt fNius osQ ckn Hkh fo|qr~
gekjs ?kjksa] lM+dksa] nÝrjksa rFkk iSQfDVª;ksa dks izdkf'kr
djrh gSA ;g jkr esa yxkrkj dke djus esa gekjh
lgk;rk djrh gSA fo|qr~~ gesa fctyh ?kj ls izkIr
gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh fo|qr~ dh vkiwfrZ BIi gks ldrh
gS ;k dbZ LFkkuksa ij vuqiyC/ gks ldrh gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa izdk'k osQ fy, VkWpZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
VkWpZ esa ,d cYc gksrk gSA tc bldk fLop nckrs
gSa] rc ;g izdk'k nsus yxrk gSA VkWpZ dks fo|qr~
dgk¡ ls feyrh gS\
12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
VkWpZ osQ cYc dks fo|qr~~] fo|qr~&lsy ls feyrh gSA
fo|qr~~&lsy dk mi;ksx fo|qr~&Lkzksr osQ :i esa vykeZ
?kM+h] dykbZ ?kM+h] jsfM;ks] oSQejk rFkk vU; ;qfDr;ksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh fo|qr~~&lsy dks
è;kuiwoZd ns[kk gS\ vkius ;g ns[kk gksxk fd blosQ
,d vksj /krq dh Vksih rFkk nwljh vksj /krq dh
fMLd (pfØdk) gksrh gS (fp=k 12-1)A D;k vkius
fo|qr~~&lsy osQ Åij ,d èku fpÉ (+) rFkk ,d
½.k fpÉ (–) ns[kk gS\ fo|qr~&lsy esa èkkrq dh Vksih
èkukRed fljk rFkk èkkrq dh fMLd Í.kkRed fljk
fp=k 12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
dgykrk gSA lHkh fo|qr~&lsyksa esa nks fljs gksrs gSa]
ftuesa ,d /ukRed (VfeZuy) fljk rFkk nwljk
Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
fo|qr~&lsy eas lafpr jklk;fud inkFkks± ls lsy
fo|qr~ mRiUu djrk gSA tc fo|qr~&lsy esa lafpr
jklk;fud&inkFkZ bLrseky dj fy, tkrs gSa rc
fo|qr~~&lsy] fo|qr~ iSnk djuk can dj nsrk gSA rc
vkius fo|qr~&[kaHkksa] fo|qr~&miosaQnzksa rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij bl izdkj dk fpÉ ns[kk gksxkA ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd fo|qr~ dk mi;ksx mfpr :i ls u fd;k tk, rks ;g vR;ar [krjukd gks
ldrh gSA ;fn fo|qr~ rFkk fo|qr~ ;qfDr;ksa dks vlko/kuhiwoZd cjrk tk, rks ;g xaHkhj pksV
vFkok e`R;q rd dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA vr,o vkidks dHkh Hkh fo|qr~ osQ rkjksa rFkk
lkWosQV vkfn ls iz;ksx djus dk iz;Ru ugha djuk pkfg,A ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k, fd lqcká
tfu=k (iksVsZcy tsujsVj) }kjk mRiUu fo|qr~ Hkh bruh gh [krjukd gSA fo|qr~ lacaf/r lHkh
fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, osQoy lkèkkj.k cSVjh dk gh mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
psrkouh
117 117 117 117 117 fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
ml fo|qr~&lsy dks ,d u, fo|qr~&lsy ls cnyuk
iM+rk gSA
VkWpZ osQ cYc esa dk¡p dk ,d ckgjh vkoj.k]
èkkrq dh lrg ij fpidk gksrk gS [(fp=k 12-2 (a)]A
cYc osQ dk¡p osQ vkoj.k osQ vanj D;k gksrk gS\
fØ;kdyki 1
,d VkWpZ yhft, rFkk blosQ cYc osQ Hkhrj nsf[k,A
vki vius vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls bl cYc dks
VkWpZ ls ckgj Hkh fudky ldrs gSaA vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
D;k vki dk¡p osQ cYc osQ eè; ,d iryk rkj
ns[krs gSa [fp=k 12-2 (b)]\ vc VkWpZ dk fLop nckb,
rFkk nsf[k, fd cYc dk dkSu&lk Hkkx nhIr gSA
izdk'k mRlftZr djus okys irys rkj dks cYc
dk rarq dgrs gSaA ;g rarq nks eksVs rkjksa osQ chp yxk
gksrk gS ftls fp=k 12-2 (b) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;s
eksVs rkj rarq dks vkèkkj iznku djrs gaSA bu eksVs rkjksa
esa ls ,d eksVk rkj cYc dh lrg ij /krq osQ <k¡ps
ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gS [fp=k 12-2 (b)]A nwljk eksVk
rkj vk/kj oasQnz ij èkkrq dh uksd ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
cYc osQ vkèkkj ij /krq dk <k¡pk rFkk /krq dh
uksd] cYc osQ nks VfeZuy gaSA ;s nksuksa VfeZuy bl
izdkj yxk, tkrs gSa fd ;s ,d&nwljs dks u Nq,¡A
?kjksa esa mi;ksx gksus okys fo|qr~&cYcksa dh Hkh ,slh
gh lajpuk gksrh gSA bl izdkj fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
fo|qr~&cYc nksuksa esa gh nks&nks VfeZuy gksrs gSaA buesa
;s nks VfeZuy D;ksa gksrs gSa\
12-2 fo|qr~&lsy ls tqM+k gqvk cYc
vkb,] fo|qr~&lsy dk mi;ksx djosQ ,d cYc
dks tykus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ,slk ge fdl izdkj
djrs gSa\
fØ;kdyki 2
fofHkUu jaxksa osQ IykfLVd dk vkoj.k p<+s fo|qr~~&rkj
osQ pkj VqdM+s yhft,A izR;sd rkj osQ VqdM+s osQ nksuksa
fljksa ls IykfLVd vkoj.k dks gVk nhft,A bl
izdkj nksuksa fljksa ij /krq dk rkj vukofjr gks
tk,xkA rkj osQ vukofjr Hkkxksa dks fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
cYc ls fp=k 12-3 rFkk 12-4 esa n'kkZ, x, vuqlkj
tksM+ nhft,A
fp=k 12-2 (a) VkWpZ dk cYc vkSj (b) mldk Hkhrjh n`';
fp=k&12-3 nks rkjksa ls tqM+h fo|qr~&lsy
rarq
psrkouh %     fo|qr~&lsy osQ nks VfeZuyksa ls tqM+s rkjksa
dks fLop rFkk cYc tSlh ;qfDr dks chp esa tksM+s
fcuk vkil esa dnkfi u feyk,¡A ;fn vki ,slk
djsaxs] rks fo|qr~&lsy osQ jklk;fud&inkFkZ cM+h rs”kh
ls [kpZ gks tk,¡xs vkSj lsy dk;Z djuk can dj nsxkA
(a)
(b)
VfeZuy
118 118 118 118 118 foKku
vc mu O;oLFkkvksa dks è;kuiwoZd nsf[k, ftuesa
cYc nhIr gksrkA bu O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk nwljh
O;oLFkkvksa ls dhft, ftuesa cYc nhIr ugha gksrk
gSA D;k vki bl varj dk dkj.k Kkr dj ldrs gaS\
fp=k 12-5 (a) esa fo|qr~&lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy
ls izkjaHk djosQ] viuh isafly dh uksd dks rkj osQ
vuqfn'k cYc rd ykb,A vc cYc ds nwljs VfeZuy
ls izkjaHk djosQ] fo|qr~~&lsy ls tqM+s nwljs rkj osQ
vuqfn'k isafly dh uksad dks ykb,A bl dk;Z dks
fp=k 12-5 dh rjg 'ks"k O;oLFkkvksa osQ fy, nksgjkb,A
D;k mu O;oLFkkvksa esa cYc nhIr gksrk gS] ftuesa
lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy ls okil nwljs VfeZuy rd
igq¡pus esa isafly dks Åij mBkuk iM+rk gS\
12-3 fo|qr~&ifjiFk
fØ;kdyki 2 esa vkius fo|qr~~&lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy
dks rkj }kjk cYc ls gksrs gq, fo|qr~~&lsy osQ nwljs
VfeZuy ls tksM+kA è;ku nhft, fd fp=k 12-5 (a)
cYc osQ lkFk rkjksa dks tksM+us osQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~jks/h Vsi (fctyh osQ fefL=k;ksa }kjk mi;ksx
dh tkus okyh) vkSj lsy osQ fy, jcM+ cSaM ;k Vsi
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
vc cYc rFkk fo|qr~&lsy dks vyx&vyx N%
fHkUUk <axksa ls tksfM+,] tSlk fd fp=k 12-5 (a) ls
12-5 (f) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA izR;sd O;oLFkk esa nsf[k,
fd cYc nhIr gS ;k ughaA izR;sd O;oLFkk osQ fy,
^gk¡* ;k ^ugha* fyf[k,A
 (d) (e) (f)
fp=k 12-5 fo|qr~&lsy rFkk cYc dks tksM+us dh fofHkUu O;oLFkk,¡
(a)                                            (b) (c)
fp=k 12-4 nks rkjksa ls tqM+k cYc
Page 4


116 116 116 116 116 foKku
12 12
12 12
12
fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
g
e fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx vius cgqr ls dk;ks± dks
vklku cukus osQ fy, djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, ge fo|qr~~ dk mi;ksx oqQ,¡ ls iai }kjk
ty ckgj fudkyus  vFkok ”kehu dh lrg ls ty
dks Nr ij j[kh gqbZ Vadh esa igq¡pkus osQ fy, djrs
gSaA vU; dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z gSa] ftuosQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\ muesa ls oqqQN dh lwph
viuh uksVcqd esa fyf[k,A
D;k vkidh lwph esa izdk'k osQ fy, fo|qr~~ dk
mi;ksx lfEefyr gS\ lwjt fNius osQ ckn Hkh fo|qr~
gekjs ?kjksa] lM+dksa] nÝrjksa rFkk iSQfDVª;ksa dks izdkf'kr
djrh gSA ;g jkr esa yxkrkj dke djus esa gekjh
lgk;rk djrh gSA fo|qr~~ gesa fctyh ?kj ls izkIr
gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh fo|qr~ dh vkiwfrZ BIi gks ldrh
gS ;k dbZ LFkkuksa ij vuqiyC/ gks ldrh gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa izdk'k osQ fy, VkWpZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
VkWpZ esa ,d cYc gksrk gSA tc bldk fLop nckrs
gSa] rc ;g izdk'k nsus yxrk gSA VkWpZ dks fo|qr~
dgk¡ ls feyrh gS\
12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
VkWpZ osQ cYc dks fo|qr~~] fo|qr~&lsy ls feyrh gSA
fo|qr~~&lsy dk mi;ksx fo|qr~&Lkzksr osQ :i esa vykeZ
?kM+h] dykbZ ?kM+h] jsfM;ks] oSQejk rFkk vU; ;qfDr;ksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh fo|qr~~&lsy dks
è;kuiwoZd ns[kk gS\ vkius ;g ns[kk gksxk fd blosQ
,d vksj /krq dh Vksih rFkk nwljh vksj /krq dh
fMLd (pfØdk) gksrh gS (fp=k 12-1)A D;k vkius
fo|qr~~&lsy osQ Åij ,d èku fpÉ (+) rFkk ,d
½.k fpÉ (–) ns[kk gS\ fo|qr~&lsy esa èkkrq dh Vksih
èkukRed fljk rFkk èkkrq dh fMLd Í.kkRed fljk
fp=k 12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
dgykrk gSA lHkh fo|qr~&lsyksa esa nks fljs gksrs gSa]
ftuesa ,d /ukRed (VfeZuy) fljk rFkk nwljk
Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
fo|qr~&lsy eas lafpr jklk;fud inkFkks± ls lsy
fo|qr~ mRiUu djrk gSA tc fo|qr~&lsy esa lafpr
jklk;fud&inkFkZ bLrseky dj fy, tkrs gSa rc
fo|qr~~&lsy] fo|qr~ iSnk djuk can dj nsrk gSA rc
vkius fo|qr~&[kaHkksa] fo|qr~&miosaQnzksa rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij bl izdkj dk fpÉ ns[kk gksxkA ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd fo|qr~ dk mi;ksx mfpr :i ls u fd;k tk, rks ;g vR;ar [krjukd gks
ldrh gSA ;fn fo|qr~ rFkk fo|qr~ ;qfDr;ksa dks vlko/kuhiwoZd cjrk tk, rks ;g xaHkhj pksV
vFkok e`R;q rd dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA vr,o vkidks dHkh Hkh fo|qr~ osQ rkjksa rFkk
lkWosQV vkfn ls iz;ksx djus dk iz;Ru ugha djuk pkfg,A ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k, fd lqcká
tfu=k (iksVsZcy tsujsVj) }kjk mRiUu fo|qr~ Hkh bruh gh [krjukd gSA fo|qr~ lacaf/r lHkh
fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, osQoy lkèkkj.k cSVjh dk gh mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
psrkouh
117 117 117 117 117 fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
ml fo|qr~&lsy dks ,d u, fo|qr~&lsy ls cnyuk
iM+rk gSA
VkWpZ osQ cYc esa dk¡p dk ,d ckgjh vkoj.k]
èkkrq dh lrg ij fpidk gksrk gS [(fp=k 12-2 (a)]A
cYc osQ dk¡p osQ vkoj.k osQ vanj D;k gksrk gS\
fØ;kdyki 1
,d VkWpZ yhft, rFkk blosQ cYc osQ Hkhrj nsf[k,A
vki vius vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls bl cYc dks
VkWpZ ls ckgj Hkh fudky ldrs gSaA vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
D;k vki dk¡p osQ cYc osQ eè; ,d iryk rkj
ns[krs gSa [fp=k 12-2 (b)]\ vc VkWpZ dk fLop nckb,
rFkk nsf[k, fd cYc dk dkSu&lk Hkkx nhIr gSA
izdk'k mRlftZr djus okys irys rkj dks cYc
dk rarq dgrs gSaA ;g rarq nks eksVs rkjksa osQ chp yxk
gksrk gS ftls fp=k 12-2 (b) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;s
eksVs rkj rarq dks vkèkkj iznku djrs gaSA bu eksVs rkjksa
esa ls ,d eksVk rkj cYc dh lrg ij /krq osQ <k¡ps
ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gS [fp=k 12-2 (b)]A nwljk eksVk
rkj vk/kj oasQnz ij èkkrq dh uksd ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
cYc osQ vkèkkj ij /krq dk <k¡pk rFkk /krq dh
uksd] cYc osQ nks VfeZuy gaSA ;s nksuksa VfeZuy bl
izdkj yxk, tkrs gSa fd ;s ,d&nwljs dks u Nq,¡A
?kjksa esa mi;ksx gksus okys fo|qr~&cYcksa dh Hkh ,slh
gh lajpuk gksrh gSA bl izdkj fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
fo|qr~&cYc nksuksa esa gh nks&nks VfeZuy gksrs gSaA buesa
;s nks VfeZuy D;ksa gksrs gSa\
12-2 fo|qr~&lsy ls tqM+k gqvk cYc
vkb,] fo|qr~&lsy dk mi;ksx djosQ ,d cYc
dks tykus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ,slk ge fdl izdkj
djrs gSa\
fØ;kdyki 2
fofHkUu jaxksa osQ IykfLVd dk vkoj.k p<+s fo|qr~~&rkj
osQ pkj VqdM+s yhft,A izR;sd rkj osQ VqdM+s osQ nksuksa
fljksa ls IykfLVd vkoj.k dks gVk nhft,A bl
izdkj nksuksa fljksa ij /krq dk rkj vukofjr gks
tk,xkA rkj osQ vukofjr Hkkxksa dks fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
cYc ls fp=k 12-3 rFkk 12-4 esa n'kkZ, x, vuqlkj
tksM+ nhft,A
fp=k 12-2 (a) VkWpZ dk cYc vkSj (b) mldk Hkhrjh n`';
fp=k&12-3 nks rkjksa ls tqM+h fo|qr~&lsy
rarq
psrkouh %     fo|qr~&lsy osQ nks VfeZuyksa ls tqM+s rkjksa
dks fLop rFkk cYc tSlh ;qfDr dks chp esa tksM+s
fcuk vkil esa dnkfi u feyk,¡A ;fn vki ,slk
djsaxs] rks fo|qr~&lsy osQ jklk;fud&inkFkZ cM+h rs”kh
ls [kpZ gks tk,¡xs vkSj lsy dk;Z djuk can dj nsxkA
(a)
(b)
VfeZuy
118 118 118 118 118 foKku
vc mu O;oLFkkvksa dks è;kuiwoZd nsf[k, ftuesa
cYc nhIr gksrkA bu O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk nwljh
O;oLFkkvksa ls dhft, ftuesa cYc nhIr ugha gksrk
gSA D;k vki bl varj dk dkj.k Kkr dj ldrs gaS\
fp=k 12-5 (a) esa fo|qr~&lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy
ls izkjaHk djosQ] viuh isafly dh uksd dks rkj osQ
vuqfn'k cYc rd ykb,A vc cYc ds nwljs VfeZuy
ls izkjaHk djosQ] fo|qr~~&lsy ls tqM+s nwljs rkj osQ
vuqfn'k isafly dh uksad dks ykb,A bl dk;Z dks
fp=k 12-5 dh rjg 'ks"k O;oLFkkvksa osQ fy, nksgjkb,A
D;k mu O;oLFkkvksa esa cYc nhIr gksrk gS] ftuesa
lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy ls okil nwljs VfeZuy rd
igq¡pus esa isafly dks Åij mBkuk iM+rk gS\
12-3 fo|qr~&ifjiFk
fØ;kdyki 2 esa vkius fo|qr~~&lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy
dks rkj }kjk cYc ls gksrs gq, fo|qr~~&lsy osQ nwljs
VfeZuy ls tksM+kA è;ku nhft, fd fp=k 12-5 (a)
cYc osQ lkFk rkjksa dks tksM+us osQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~jks/h Vsi (fctyh osQ fefL=k;ksa }kjk mi;ksx
dh tkus okyh) vkSj lsy osQ fy, jcM+ cSaM ;k Vsi
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
vc cYc rFkk fo|qr~&lsy dks vyx&vyx N%
fHkUUk <axksa ls tksfM+,] tSlk fd fp=k 12-5 (a) ls
12-5 (f) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA izR;sd O;oLFkk esa nsf[k,
fd cYc nhIr gS ;k ughaA izR;sd O;oLFkk osQ fy,
^gk¡* ;k ^ugha* fyf[k,A
 (d) (e) (f)
fp=k 12-5 fo|qr~&lsy rFkk cYc dks tksM+us dh fofHkUu O;oLFkk,¡
(a)                                            (b) (c)
fp=k 12-4 nks rkjksa ls tqM+k cYc
119 119 119 119 119 fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
rFkk fp=k 12-5 (f) dh O;oLFkkvksa esa fo|qr~~&lsy
osQ nks VfeZuy] cYc osQ nks VfeZuyksa ls tksM+s x, gSaA
bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk fo|qr~~&ifjiFk dk ,d mnkgj.k
gSA fo|qr~~&ifjiFk] fo|qr~~&lsy osQ nks VfeZuyksa osQ
chp fo|qr~~&izokg (fo|qr~~&èkkjk) osQ laiw.kZ iFk dks
n'kkZrk gSA cYc osQoy rHkh nhIr gksrk gS tc
ifjiFk esa fo|qr~~&/kjk izokfgr gksrh gSA
fdlh fo|qr~~&ifjiFk esa fp=k 12-6 esa n'kkZ,
x, vuqlkj] fo|qr~~&/kjk dh fn'kk fo|qr~~&lsy osQ
(+) VfeZuy ls (–) VfeZuy dh vksj gksrh gSA tc
cYc osQ VfeZuyksa dks rkj osQ }kjk fo|qr~~&lsy osQ
VfeZuyksa ls tksM+k tkrk gS rks cYc osQ rarq ls gksdj
fo|qr~~&/kjk izokfgr gksrh gSA ;g cYc dks nhfIreku
djrh gSA
dHkh&dHkh fo|qr~~&cYc] fo|qr~~&lsy ls tqM+s
gksus ij Hkh nhIr ugha gksrkA ,slk cYc osQ Ý;w”k
gksus osQ dkj.k gks ldrk gSA Ý;w”k cYc dks è;kuiwoZd
nsf[k,A D;k bldk rarq v{kq.k gS\
D;k vc vki ;g crk ldrs gaS fd fp=k 12-5 (b)]
(c)] (d) rFkk (e) esa vkiosQ iz;kl djus ij Hkh
cYc nhfIreku D;ksa ugha gksrk gS\
vc gesa Kkr gS fd fo|qr~&lsy dk mi;ksx dj]
cYc dks nhfIreku oSQls fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vki
vius fy, ,d VkWpZ cukuk ilan djasxs\
fØ;kdyki 3
,d VkWpZ&cYc rFkk rkj dk ,d VqdM+k yhft,A
igys dh rjg rkj osQ nksuksa fljksa ls IykfLVd
vkoj.k dks gVkb,A fp=k 12-7 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj rkj
osQ ,d fljs dks cYc osQ /krq osQ <k¡ps osQ pkjksa vksj
fp=k 12-7 ?kj esa rS;kj dh xbZ VkWpZ
fo|qr~~ cYc dbZ dkj.kksa ls Ý;w”k gks ldrk gSA
buesa ls ,d dkj.k gS] cYc osQ rarq dk [kafMr gksukA
cYc dk rarq [kafMr gksus osQ dkj.k] fo|qr~~&lsy osQ
VfeZuyksa osQ chp fo|qr~~&èkkjk dk ifjiFk VwV tkrk
gSA blfy, Ý;w”k&cYc blosQ rarq ls fo|qr~~&/kjk
izokfgr u gksus osQ dkj.k nhfIreku ugha gksrk gSA
fp=k 12-6 fo|qr~&ifjiFk esa /kjk dh fn'kk
igsyh osQ ikl cYc rFkk lsy tksM+us
dh nwljh O;oLFkk gSA D;k bl
O;oLFkk esa cYc tysxk\
yisfV,A rkj osQ nwljs fljs dks jcM+ cSaM dh lgk;rk
ls fo|qr~~&lsy osQ Í.kkRed VfeZuy ls tksfM+,A vc
cYc osQ vk/kj dh uksd vFkkZr~ blosQ VfeZuy dks
fo|qr~~&lsy osQ èkukRed VfeZuy ij jf[k,A D;k
cYc nhfIreku gksrk gS\ vc cYc dks fo|qr~~&lsy
Page 5


116 116 116 116 116 foKku
12 12
12 12
12
fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
g
e fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx vius cgqr ls dk;ks± dks
vklku cukus osQ fy, djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, ge fo|qr~~ dk mi;ksx oqQ,¡ ls iai }kjk
ty ckgj fudkyus  vFkok ”kehu dh lrg ls ty
dks Nr ij j[kh gqbZ Vadh esa igq¡pkus osQ fy, djrs
gSaA vU; dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z gSa] ftuosQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~~ dk mi;ksx djrs gSa\ muesa ls oqqQN dh lwph
viuh uksVcqd esa fyf[k,A
D;k vkidh lwph esa izdk'k osQ fy, fo|qr~~ dk
mi;ksx lfEefyr gS\ lwjt fNius osQ ckn Hkh fo|qr~
gekjs ?kjksa] lM+dksa] nÝrjksa rFkk iSQfDVª;ksa dks izdkf'kr
djrh gSA ;g jkr esa yxkrkj dke djus esa gekjh
lgk;rk djrh gSA fo|qr~~ gesa fctyh ?kj ls izkIr
gksrh gSA fiQj Hkh fo|qr~ dh vkiwfrZ BIi gks ldrh
gS ;k dbZ LFkkuksa ij vuqiyC/ gks ldrh gSA ,slh
fLFkfr esa izdk'k osQ fy, VkWpZ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
VkWpZ esa ,d cYc gksrk gSA tc bldk fLop nckrs
gSa] rc ;g izdk'k nsus yxrk gSA VkWpZ dks fo|qr~
dgk¡ ls feyrh gS\
12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
VkWpZ osQ cYc dks fo|qr~~] fo|qr~&lsy ls feyrh gSA
fo|qr~~&lsy dk mi;ksx fo|qr~&Lkzksr osQ :i esa vykeZ
?kM+h] dykbZ ?kM+h] jsfM;ks] oSQejk rFkk vU; ;qfDr;ksa
esa fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vkius dHkh fo|qr~~&lsy dks
è;kuiwoZd ns[kk gS\ vkius ;g ns[kk gksxk fd blosQ
,d vksj /krq dh Vksih rFkk nwljh vksj /krq dh
fMLd (pfØdk) gksrh gS (fp=k 12-1)A D;k vkius
fo|qr~~&lsy osQ Åij ,d èku fpÉ (+) rFkk ,d
½.k fpÉ (–) ns[kk gS\ fo|qr~&lsy esa èkkrq dh Vksih
èkukRed fljk rFkk èkkrq dh fMLd Í.kkRed fljk
fp=k 12-1 fo|qr~&lsy
dgykrk gSA lHkh fo|qr~&lsyksa esa nks fljs gksrs gSa]
ftuesa ,d /ukRed (VfeZuy) fljk rFkk nwljk
Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
fo|qr~&lsy eas lafpr jklk;fud inkFkks± ls lsy
fo|qr~ mRiUu djrk gSA tc fo|qr~&lsy esa lafpr
jklk;fud&inkFkZ bLrseky dj fy, tkrs gSa rc
fo|qr~~&lsy] fo|qr~ iSnk djuk can dj nsrk gSA rc
vkius fo|qr~&[kaHkksa] fo|qr~&miosaQnzksa rFkk vU; LFkkuksa ij bl izdkj dk fpÉ ns[kk gksxkA ;g
n'kkZrk gS fd fo|qr~ dk mi;ksx mfpr :i ls u fd;k tk, rks ;g vR;ar [krjukd gks
ldrh gSA ;fn fo|qr~ rFkk fo|qr~ ;qfDr;ksa dks vlko/kuhiwoZd cjrk tk, rks ;g xaHkhj pksV
vFkok e`R;q rd dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA vr,o vkidks dHkh Hkh fo|qr~ osQ rkjksa rFkk
lkWosQV vkfn ls iz;ksx djus dk iz;Ru ugha djuk pkfg,A ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k, fd lqcká
tfu=k (iksVsZcy tsujsVj) }kjk mRiUu fo|qr~ Hkh bruh gh [krjukd gSA fo|qr~ lacaf/r lHkh
fØ;kdykiksa osQ fy, osQoy lkèkkj.k cSVjh dk gh mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A
psrkouh
117 117 117 117 117 fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
ml fo|qr~&lsy dks ,d u, fo|qr~&lsy ls cnyuk
iM+rk gSA
VkWpZ osQ cYc esa dk¡p dk ,d ckgjh vkoj.k]
èkkrq dh lrg ij fpidk gksrk gS [(fp=k 12-2 (a)]A
cYc osQ dk¡p osQ vkoj.k osQ vanj D;k gksrk gS\
fØ;kdyki 1
,d VkWpZ yhft, rFkk blosQ cYc osQ Hkhrj nsf[k,A
vki vius vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls bl cYc dks
VkWpZ ls ckgj Hkh fudky ldrs gSaA vki D;k ns[krs gSa\
D;k vki dk¡p osQ cYc osQ eè; ,d iryk rkj
ns[krs gSa [fp=k 12-2 (b)]\ vc VkWpZ dk fLop nckb,
rFkk nsf[k, fd cYc dk dkSu&lk Hkkx nhIr gSA
izdk'k mRlftZr djus okys irys rkj dks cYc
dk rarq dgrs gSaA ;g rarq nks eksVs rkjksa osQ chp yxk
gksrk gS ftls fp=k 12-2 (b) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ;s
eksVs rkj rarq dks vkèkkj iznku djrs gaSA bu eksVs rkjksa
esa ls ,d eksVk rkj cYc dh lrg ij /krq osQ <k¡ps
ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gS [fp=k 12-2 (b)]A nwljk eksVk
rkj vk/kj oasQnz ij èkkrq dh uksd ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
cYc osQ vkèkkj ij /krq dk <k¡pk rFkk /krq dh
uksd] cYc osQ nks VfeZuy gaSA ;s nksuksa VfeZuy bl
izdkj yxk, tkrs gSa fd ;s ,d&nwljs dks u Nq,¡A
?kjksa esa mi;ksx gksus okys fo|qr~&cYcksa dh Hkh ,slh
gh lajpuk gksrh gSA bl izdkj fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
fo|qr~&cYc nksuksa esa gh nks&nks VfeZuy gksrs gSaA buesa
;s nks VfeZuy D;ksa gksrs gSa\
12-2 fo|qr~&lsy ls tqM+k gqvk cYc
vkb,] fo|qr~&lsy dk mi;ksx djosQ ,d cYc
dks tykus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ,slk ge fdl izdkj
djrs gSa\
fØ;kdyki 2
fofHkUu jaxksa osQ IykfLVd dk vkoj.k p<+s fo|qr~~&rkj
osQ pkj VqdM+s yhft,A izR;sd rkj osQ VqdM+s osQ nksuksa
fljksa ls IykfLVd vkoj.k dks gVk nhft,A bl
izdkj nksuksa fljksa ij /krq dk rkj vukofjr gks
tk,xkA rkj osQ vukofjr Hkkxksa dks fo|qr~&lsy rFkk
cYc ls fp=k 12-3 rFkk 12-4 esa n'kkZ, x, vuqlkj
tksM+ nhft,A
fp=k 12-2 (a) VkWpZ dk cYc vkSj (b) mldk Hkhrjh n`';
fp=k&12-3 nks rkjksa ls tqM+h fo|qr~&lsy
rarq
psrkouh %     fo|qr~&lsy osQ nks VfeZuyksa ls tqM+s rkjksa
dks fLop rFkk cYc tSlh ;qfDr dks chp esa tksM+s
fcuk vkil esa dnkfi u feyk,¡A ;fn vki ,slk
djsaxs] rks fo|qr~&lsy osQ jklk;fud&inkFkZ cM+h rs”kh
ls [kpZ gks tk,¡xs vkSj lsy dk;Z djuk can dj nsxkA
(a)
(b)
VfeZuy
118 118 118 118 118 foKku
vc mu O;oLFkkvksa dks è;kuiwoZd nsf[k, ftuesa
cYc nhIr gksrkA bu O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk nwljh
O;oLFkkvksa ls dhft, ftuesa cYc nhIr ugha gksrk
gSA D;k vki bl varj dk dkj.k Kkr dj ldrs gaS\
fp=k 12-5 (a) esa fo|qr~&lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy
ls izkjaHk djosQ] viuh isafly dh uksd dks rkj osQ
vuqfn'k cYc rd ykb,A vc cYc ds nwljs VfeZuy
ls izkjaHk djosQ] fo|qr~~&lsy ls tqM+s nwljs rkj osQ
vuqfn'k isafly dh uksad dks ykb,A bl dk;Z dks
fp=k 12-5 dh rjg 'ks"k O;oLFkkvksa osQ fy, nksgjkb,A
D;k mu O;oLFkkvksa esa cYc nhIr gksrk gS] ftuesa
lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy ls okil nwljs VfeZuy rd
igq¡pus esa isafly dks Åij mBkuk iM+rk gS\
12-3 fo|qr~&ifjiFk
fØ;kdyki 2 esa vkius fo|qr~~&lsy osQ ,d VfeZuy
dks rkj }kjk cYc ls gksrs gq, fo|qr~~&lsy osQ nwljs
VfeZuy ls tksM+kA è;ku nhft, fd fp=k 12-5 (a)
cYc osQ lkFk rkjksa dks tksM+us osQ fy, vki
fo|qr~~jks/h Vsi (fctyh osQ fefL=k;ksa }kjk mi;ksx
dh tkus okyh) vkSj lsy osQ fy, jcM+ cSaM ;k Vsi
dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
vc cYc rFkk fo|qr~&lsy dks vyx&vyx N%
fHkUUk <axksa ls tksfM+,] tSlk fd fp=k 12-5 (a) ls
12-5 (f) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA izR;sd O;oLFkk esa nsf[k,
fd cYc nhIr gS ;k ughaA izR;sd O;oLFkk osQ fy,
^gk¡* ;k ^ugha* fyf[k,A
 (d) (e) (f)
fp=k 12-5 fo|qr~&lsy rFkk cYc dks tksM+us dh fofHkUu O;oLFkk,¡
(a)                                            (b) (c)
fp=k 12-4 nks rkjksa ls tqM+k cYc
119 119 119 119 119 fo|qr~ rFkk ifjiFk
rFkk fp=k 12-5 (f) dh O;oLFkkvksa esa fo|qr~~&lsy
osQ nks VfeZuy] cYc osQ nks VfeZuyksa ls tksM+s x, gSaA
bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk fo|qr~~&ifjiFk dk ,d mnkgj.k
gSA fo|qr~~&ifjiFk] fo|qr~~&lsy osQ nks VfeZuyksa osQ
chp fo|qr~~&izokg (fo|qr~~&èkkjk) osQ laiw.kZ iFk dks
n'kkZrk gSA cYc osQoy rHkh nhIr gksrk gS tc
ifjiFk esa fo|qr~~&/kjk izokfgr gksrh gSA
fdlh fo|qr~~&ifjiFk esa fp=k 12-6 esa n'kkZ,
x, vuqlkj] fo|qr~~&/kjk dh fn'kk fo|qr~~&lsy osQ
(+) VfeZuy ls (–) VfeZuy dh vksj gksrh gSA tc
cYc osQ VfeZuyksa dks rkj osQ }kjk fo|qr~~&lsy osQ
VfeZuyksa ls tksM+k tkrk gS rks cYc osQ rarq ls gksdj
fo|qr~~&/kjk izokfgr gksrh gSA ;g cYc dks nhfIreku
djrh gSA
dHkh&dHkh fo|qr~~&cYc] fo|qr~~&lsy ls tqM+s
gksus ij Hkh nhIr ugha gksrkA ,slk cYc osQ Ý;w”k
gksus osQ dkj.k gks ldrk gSA Ý;w”k cYc dks è;kuiwoZd
nsf[k,A D;k bldk rarq v{kq.k gS\
D;k vc vki ;g crk ldrs gaS fd fp=k 12-5 (b)]
(c)] (d) rFkk (e) esa vkiosQ iz;kl djus ij Hkh
cYc nhfIreku D;ksa ugha gksrk gS\
vc gesa Kkr gS fd fo|qr~&lsy dk mi;ksx dj]
cYc dks nhfIreku oSQls fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vki
vius fy, ,d VkWpZ cukuk ilan djasxs\
fØ;kdyki 3
,d VkWpZ&cYc rFkk rkj dk ,d VqdM+k yhft,A
igys dh rjg rkj osQ nksuksa fljksa ls IykfLVd
vkoj.k dks gVkb,A fp=k 12-7 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj rkj
osQ ,d fljs dks cYc osQ /krq osQ <k¡ps osQ pkjksa vksj
fp=k 12-7 ?kj esa rS;kj dh xbZ VkWpZ
fo|qr~~ cYc dbZ dkj.kksa ls Ý;w”k gks ldrk gSA
buesa ls ,d dkj.k gS] cYc osQ rarq dk [kafMr gksukA
cYc dk rarq [kafMr gksus osQ dkj.k] fo|qr~~&lsy osQ
VfeZuyksa osQ chp fo|qr~~&èkkjk dk ifjiFk VwV tkrk
gSA blfy, Ý;w”k&cYc blosQ rarq ls fo|qr~~&/kjk
izokfgr u gksus osQ dkj.k nhfIreku ugha gksrk gSA
fp=k 12-6 fo|qr~&ifjiFk esa /kjk dh fn'kk
igsyh osQ ikl cYc rFkk lsy tksM+us
dh nwljh O;oLFkk gSA D;k bl
O;oLFkk esa cYc tysxk\
yisfV,A rkj osQ nwljs fljs dks jcM+ cSaM dh lgk;rk
ls fo|qr~~&lsy osQ Í.kkRed VfeZuy ls tksfM+,A vc
cYc osQ vk/kj dh uksd vFkkZr~ blosQ VfeZuy dks
fo|qr~~&lsy osQ èkukRed VfeZuy ij jf[k,A D;k
cYc nhfIreku gksrk gS\ vc cYc dks fo|qr~~&lsy
120 120 120 120 120 foKku
fp=k 12-9 fLop lfgr fo|qr&ifjiFk
fp=k 12-10 vkWu fLFkfr esa fLop
fp=k 12-8 lk/kj.k fLop
vc lqj{kk fiu dks MªkWbax fiu ls gVkb,A D;k cYc
vc Hkh tyrk jgrk gS\
tc lqj{kk fiu nksuksa MªkWbax fiuksa ls Li'kZ djrk
gS rc og nksuksa MªkWbax fiuksa osQ chp osQ fjDr LFkku
dks Hkjrk gSA rc bl fLFkfr esa fLop dks ^vkWu*
dgrs gSa (fp=k 12-10)A pwafd lqj{kkfiu dk inkFkZ
fo|qr~~&èkkjk dks vius esa ls izokfgr gksus nsrk gS]
vr% fo|qr~&ifjiFk iwjk gks tkrk gS] bl rjg cYc
nhfIreku gksrk gSA
osQ VfeZuy ls gVkb,A D;k cYc vHkh Hkh izdkf'kr
gS\ D;k ;g VkWpZ dks ^vkWu* o ^vkWiQ* djus osQ
leku ugha gS\
12-4 fo|qr~&fLop
?kj esa rS;kj dh xbZ VkWpZ dks ^vkWu* vFkok ^vkWiQ*
djus esa fo|qr~~&cYc dks fo|qr~~&lsy dh uksd ls
Li'kZ djkrs gSa vFkok gVkrs gaSA ;g ,d lkèkkj.k
fo|qr~~&fLop Fkk] ysfdu bls mi;ksx djuk lqfoèkktud
ugha gSA ge vius mi;ksx osQ fy, nwljk ljy ,oa
lqfo/ktud fLop cuk ldrs gaSA
fØ;kdyki 4
vki nks MªkWbax fiu] ,d lqj{kk fiu (;k isij
fDyi) nks rkj rFkk FkeksZdksy ;k ydM+h osQ cksMZ ls
,d fo|qr~~&fLop rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA lqj{kk fiu
dh fjax esa ,d MªkWbax fiu yxkdj bls FkeksZdksy
'khV ij xkM+ nhft,] tSlk fd fp=k 12-8 esa fn[kk;k
x;k gSA ;g lqfuf'pr dhft, fd lqj{kk fiu vklkuh
ls ?kwe losQA vc nwljh MªkWbax fiu dks FkeksZdksy
'khV ij bl rjg yxk,¡ fd lqj{kk fiu dk Loar=k
fljk bls Li'kZ dj losQA bl izdkj tqM+k gqvk lqj{kk
fiu] bl  fØ;kdyki esa vkidk fLop gksxkA
vc fo|qr~~&lsy cYc rFkk fLop dks fp=k 12-9 esa
n'kkZ, vuqlkj tksM+dj ifjiFk dks iwjk dhft,A
lqj{kk fiu dks bl rjg ?kqek,¡ fd mldk Lora=k
fljk nwljs MªkWbax fiu dks Nq,A vki D;k  ns[krs  gSa\
blosQ foijhr] tc lqj{kk fiu nwljh MªkWbax fiu
ls Li'kZ ugha djrh rks fo|qr~&cYc nhfIreku ugha
gksrkA bl rjg MªkWbax fiuksa osQ chp dk fjDr LFkku
can ugha gksrk gS rFkk ifjiFk iwjk ugha gksrkA bl n'kk
(fLFkfr) esa fLop ^vkWiQ* dgykrk gS] tSlk&fd
fp=k 12-9 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
fLop ,d ljy ;qfDr gS tks ifjiFk dks tksM+
;k rksM+ ldrh gSA ?kjksa esa fLop dk mi;ksx cYc
dks nhfIreku djus rFkk vU; ;qfDr;ksa dks pykus osQ