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NCERT Textbook: Plant Growth & Development | Biology Class 11 - NEET PDF Download

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FAQs on NCERT Textbook: Plant Growth & Development - Biology Class 11 - NEET

1. What are the different stages of plant growth and development?
Ans. The different stages of plant growth and development are seed germination, vegetative growth, reproductive growth, and senescence. In seed germination, the seed absorbs water and undergoes cell division and elongation to develop into a seedling. During vegetative growth, the plant grows in size and produces leaves, stems, and roots. Reproductive growth involves the formation of flowers, pollination, fertilization, and the development of fruits and seeds. Senescence is the final stage where the plant ages and eventually dies.
2. How does light affect plant growth and development?
Ans. Light plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. It is necessary for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy to produce food. Different wavelengths of light have varying effects on plant growth. Red and blue light are essential for photosynthesis, while green light has little effect. Light also influences the direction of plant growth (phototropism) and the timing of flowering (photoperiodism).
3. What are plant hormones and how do they regulate plant growth and development?
Ans. Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, are chemical messengers that regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. They are produced in one part of the plant and then transported to target cells or tissues to trigger specific responses. The major plant hormones include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. These hormones control processes such as cell elongation, cell division, root and shoot growth, flowering, fruit ripening, and response to environmental stimuli.
4. How do plants respond to environmental stimuli?
Ans. Plants have the ability to sense and respond to various environmental stimuli. For example, they can respond to light by growing towards it (positive phototropism) or away from it (negative phototropism). They can also respond to gravity through gravitropism, where roots grow downwards and shoots grow upwards. Plants can sense touch and wind, which can trigger responses like thigmotropism or the closing of leaves in response to touch. They can also respond to changes in temperature, humidity, and water availability.
5. What are the factors that affect seed germination?
Ans. Several factors influence seed germination. The most crucial factors are water, temperature, light, and oxygen. Seeds require water to activate enzymes that break down stored food and promote cell division and growth. Optimal temperature conditions are necessary for proper germination, as different plant species have specific temperature requirements. Light can either stimulate or inhibit seed germination, depending on the species. Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration, which provides energy for seed germination. Additionally, seed dormancy, presence of inhibitors or stimulators in the seed coat, and the availability of nutrients also affect seed germination.
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