NCERT Textbook - International Organisations | Polity and Constitution (Prelims) by IAS Masters - UPSC PDF Download

 Page 1


Overview In this chapter we shall discuss the 
role of international organisations 
after the collapse of the Soviet 
Union. We shall examine how, 
in this emerging world, there 
were calls for the restructuring 
of international organisations to 
cope with various new challenges 
including the rise of US power. 
The potential reform of the United 
Nations Security Council is an 
interesting case of the reform 
process and its difficulties. We 
then turn to India’s involvement 
in the UN and its view of Security 
Council reforms. The chapter 
closes by asking if the UN can play 
any role in dealing with a world 
dominated by one superpower. 
In this chapter we also look 
at some other trans-national 
organisations that are playing a 
crucial role. 
Chapter 4
International Organisations
This is the United Nations’ logo. The emblem has a world map 
with olive branches around it, signifying world peace. 
Credit : www.un.org
Chapter 4.indd   45 14 September 2022   11:03:24
2024-25
Page 2


Overview In this chapter we shall discuss the 
role of international organisations 
after the collapse of the Soviet 
Union. We shall examine how, 
in this emerging world, there 
were calls for the restructuring 
of international organisations to 
cope with various new challenges 
including the rise of US power. 
The potential reform of the United 
Nations Security Council is an 
interesting case of the reform 
process and its difficulties. We 
then turn to India’s involvement 
in the UN and its view of Security 
Council reforms. The chapter 
closes by asking if the UN can play 
any role in dealing with a world 
dominated by one superpower. 
In this chapter we also look 
at some other trans-national 
organisations that are playing a 
crucial role. 
Chapter 4
International Organisations
This is the United Nations’ logo. The emblem has a world map 
with olive branches around it, signifying world peace. 
Credit : www.un.org
Chapter 4.indd   45 14 September 2022   11:03:24
2024-25
Contemporary World Politics
46
Why Internat Ional 
o rgan Isat Ions ?
Read the two cartoons on this 
page. Both the cartoons comment 
on the ineffectiveness of the 
United Nations Organisation, 
usually referred to as the UN, in 
the Lebanon crisis in 2006. Both 
the cartoons represent the kind of 
opinions that we often hear about 
the UN.
On the other hand, we also 
find that the UN is generally 
regarded as the most important 
international organisation in 
today’s world. In the eyes of many 
people all over the world, it is 
indispensable and represents the 
great hope of humanity for peace 
and progress. Why do we then 
need organisations like the UN? 
Let us hear two insiders:
“The United Nations was 
not created to take humanity to 
heaven, but to save it from hell.”  
— Dag Hammarskjold, the UN’s 
second Secretary-General.
 “Talking shop? Yes, there are 
a lot of speeches and meetings 
at the U.N., especially during the 
annual sessions of the General 
Assembly. But as Churchill put it, 
jaw-jaw is better than war-war. 
Isn’t it better to have one place 
where all… countries in the world 
can get together, bore each other 
sometimes with their words rather 
than bore holes into each other on 
the battlefield?” — Shashi Tharoor, 
the former UN Under-Secretary-
General for Communications and 
Public Information.
These two quotes suggest 
something important. 
International organisations are 
not the answer to everything, but 
they are important. International 
organisations help with matters 
of war and peace. They also help 
countries cooperate to make 
better living conditions for us all.
Countries have conflicts and 
differences with each other. That 
does not necessarily mean they 
must go to war to deal with their 
That’s what they 
say about the  
parliament too —  
a talking shop. Does 
it mean that we need 
talking shops?
During June 2006, Israel attacked Lebanon, saying that it was necessary to control the militant group called Hezbollah. 
Large numbers of civilians were killed and many public buildings and even residential areas came under Israeli 
bombardment. The UN passed a resolution on this only in August and the Israel army withdrew from the region only in 
October. Both these cartoons comment on the role of the UN and its Secretary-General in this episode.
© Harry Harrison, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
© Petar Pismestrovic, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
Chapter 4.indd   46 14 September 2022   11:03:25
2024-25
Page 3


Overview In this chapter we shall discuss the 
role of international organisations 
after the collapse of the Soviet 
Union. We shall examine how, 
in this emerging world, there 
were calls for the restructuring 
of international organisations to 
cope with various new challenges 
including the rise of US power. 
The potential reform of the United 
Nations Security Council is an 
interesting case of the reform 
process and its difficulties. We 
then turn to India’s involvement 
in the UN and its view of Security 
Council reforms. The chapter 
closes by asking if the UN can play 
any role in dealing with a world 
dominated by one superpower. 
In this chapter we also look 
at some other trans-national 
organisations that are playing a 
crucial role. 
Chapter 4
International Organisations
This is the United Nations’ logo. The emblem has a world map 
with olive branches around it, signifying world peace. 
Credit : www.un.org
Chapter 4.indd   45 14 September 2022   11:03:24
2024-25
Contemporary World Politics
46
Why Internat Ional 
o rgan Isat Ions ?
Read the two cartoons on this 
page. Both the cartoons comment 
on the ineffectiveness of the 
United Nations Organisation, 
usually referred to as the UN, in 
the Lebanon crisis in 2006. Both 
the cartoons represent the kind of 
opinions that we often hear about 
the UN.
On the other hand, we also 
find that the UN is generally 
regarded as the most important 
international organisation in 
today’s world. In the eyes of many 
people all over the world, it is 
indispensable and represents the 
great hope of humanity for peace 
and progress. Why do we then 
need organisations like the UN? 
Let us hear two insiders:
“The United Nations was 
not created to take humanity to 
heaven, but to save it from hell.”  
— Dag Hammarskjold, the UN’s 
second Secretary-General.
 “Talking shop? Yes, there are 
a lot of speeches and meetings 
at the U.N., especially during the 
annual sessions of the General 
Assembly. But as Churchill put it, 
jaw-jaw is better than war-war. 
Isn’t it better to have one place 
where all… countries in the world 
can get together, bore each other 
sometimes with their words rather 
than bore holes into each other on 
the battlefield?” — Shashi Tharoor, 
the former UN Under-Secretary-
General for Communications and 
Public Information.
These two quotes suggest 
something important. 
International organisations are 
not the answer to everything, but 
they are important. International 
organisations help with matters 
of war and peace. They also help 
countries cooperate to make 
better living conditions for us all.
Countries have conflicts and 
differences with each other. That 
does not necessarily mean they 
must go to war to deal with their 
That’s what they 
say about the  
parliament too —  
a talking shop. Does 
it mean that we need 
talking shops?
During June 2006, Israel attacked Lebanon, saying that it was necessary to control the militant group called Hezbollah. 
Large numbers of civilians were killed and many public buildings and even residential areas came under Israeli 
bombardment. The UN passed a resolution on this only in August and the Israel army withdrew from the region only in 
October. Both these cartoons comment on the role of the UN and its Secretary-General in this episode.
© Harry Harrison, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
© Petar Pismestrovic, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
Chapter 4.indd   46 14 September 2022   11:03:25
2024-25
International Organisations
47
antagonisms. They can, instead, 
discuss contentious issues and 
find peaceful solutions; indeed, 
even though this is rarely noticed, 
most conflicts and differences 
are resolved without going to 
war. The role of an international 
organisation can be important 
in this context. An international 
organisation is not a super-state 
with authority over its members. 
It is created by and responds to 
states. It comes into being when 
states agree to its creation. Once 
created, it can help member states 
resolve their problems peacefully.
International organisations 
are helpful in another way. 
Nations can usually see that 
there are some things they must 
do together. There are issues that 
are so challenging that they can 
only be dealt with when everyone 
works together. Disease is an 
example. Some diseases can only 
be eradicated if everyone in the 
world cooperates in inoculating or 
vaccinating their populations. Or 
take global warming and its effects. 
As temperatures rise because 
of the increase in greenhouse 
gases in the atmosphere, there 
is a danger that sea levels will 
also rise, thereby submerging 
many coastal areas of the world 
including huge cities. Of course, 
each country can try to find its 
own solution to the effects of 
global warming. But in the end a 
more effective approach is to stop 
the warming itself. This requires 
at least all of the major industrial 
powers to cooperate.
Unfortunately, recognising 
the need for cooperation and 
actually cooperating are two 
different things. Nations can 
recognise the need to cooperate 
but cannot always agree on how 
best to do so, how to share the 
costs of cooperating, how to 
make sure that the benefits of 
cooperating are justly divided, 
and how to ensure that others do 
not break their end of the bargain 
and cheat on an agreement. An 
international organisation can 
help produce information and 
ideas about how to cooperate. 
It  can  provide  mechanisms, 
rules  and  a  bureaucracy, 
to help members have more 
confidence that costs will be 
shared properly, that the benefits  
Make a list of issues or 
problems (other than 
the ones mentioned in 
the text) that cannot 
be handled by any one 
country and require an 
international organisation. 
IMF
IMF
The International Monetary 
Fund (IMF) is an international 
organisation that oversees those 
financial institutions and regula-
tions that act at the international 
level. The IMF has 190 member 
countries (as on 19 Febuary 2024) but 
they do not enjoy an equal say. The G-7 members 
US (16.52%), Japan (6.15%), Germany (5.32%), 
France (4.03%), UK (4.03%), Italy (3.02%) and 
Canada (2.22%) have 41.29% of the votes. 
China (6.09%), India (2.64%), Russia (2.59%) 
Brazil (2.22%) and Saudi Arabia (2.02%) are the 
other major members.
Chapter 4.indd   47 15-03-2024   11:51:04
2024-25
Page 4


Overview In this chapter we shall discuss the 
role of international organisations 
after the collapse of the Soviet 
Union. We shall examine how, 
in this emerging world, there 
were calls for the restructuring 
of international organisations to 
cope with various new challenges 
including the rise of US power. 
The potential reform of the United 
Nations Security Council is an 
interesting case of the reform 
process and its difficulties. We 
then turn to India’s involvement 
in the UN and its view of Security 
Council reforms. The chapter 
closes by asking if the UN can play 
any role in dealing with a world 
dominated by one superpower. 
In this chapter we also look 
at some other trans-national 
organisations that are playing a 
crucial role. 
Chapter 4
International Organisations
This is the United Nations’ logo. The emblem has a world map 
with olive branches around it, signifying world peace. 
Credit : www.un.org
Chapter 4.indd   45 14 September 2022   11:03:24
2024-25
Contemporary World Politics
46
Why Internat Ional 
o rgan Isat Ions ?
Read the two cartoons on this 
page. Both the cartoons comment 
on the ineffectiveness of the 
United Nations Organisation, 
usually referred to as the UN, in 
the Lebanon crisis in 2006. Both 
the cartoons represent the kind of 
opinions that we often hear about 
the UN.
On the other hand, we also 
find that the UN is generally 
regarded as the most important 
international organisation in 
today’s world. In the eyes of many 
people all over the world, it is 
indispensable and represents the 
great hope of humanity for peace 
and progress. Why do we then 
need organisations like the UN? 
Let us hear two insiders:
“The United Nations was 
not created to take humanity to 
heaven, but to save it from hell.”  
— Dag Hammarskjold, the UN’s 
second Secretary-General.
 “Talking shop? Yes, there are 
a lot of speeches and meetings 
at the U.N., especially during the 
annual sessions of the General 
Assembly. But as Churchill put it, 
jaw-jaw is better than war-war. 
Isn’t it better to have one place 
where all… countries in the world 
can get together, bore each other 
sometimes with their words rather 
than bore holes into each other on 
the battlefield?” — Shashi Tharoor, 
the former UN Under-Secretary-
General for Communications and 
Public Information.
These two quotes suggest 
something important. 
International organisations are 
not the answer to everything, but 
they are important. International 
organisations help with matters 
of war and peace. They also help 
countries cooperate to make 
better living conditions for us all.
Countries have conflicts and 
differences with each other. That 
does not necessarily mean they 
must go to war to deal with their 
That’s what they 
say about the  
parliament too —  
a talking shop. Does 
it mean that we need 
talking shops?
During June 2006, Israel attacked Lebanon, saying that it was necessary to control the militant group called Hezbollah. 
Large numbers of civilians were killed and many public buildings and even residential areas came under Israeli 
bombardment. The UN passed a resolution on this only in August and the Israel army withdrew from the region only in 
October. Both these cartoons comment on the role of the UN and its Secretary-General in this episode.
© Harry Harrison, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
© Petar Pismestrovic, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
Chapter 4.indd   46 14 September 2022   11:03:25
2024-25
International Organisations
47
antagonisms. They can, instead, 
discuss contentious issues and 
find peaceful solutions; indeed, 
even though this is rarely noticed, 
most conflicts and differences 
are resolved without going to 
war. The role of an international 
organisation can be important 
in this context. An international 
organisation is not a super-state 
with authority over its members. 
It is created by and responds to 
states. It comes into being when 
states agree to its creation. Once 
created, it can help member states 
resolve their problems peacefully.
International organisations 
are helpful in another way. 
Nations can usually see that 
there are some things they must 
do together. There are issues that 
are so challenging that they can 
only be dealt with when everyone 
works together. Disease is an 
example. Some diseases can only 
be eradicated if everyone in the 
world cooperates in inoculating or 
vaccinating their populations. Or 
take global warming and its effects. 
As temperatures rise because 
of the increase in greenhouse 
gases in the atmosphere, there 
is a danger that sea levels will 
also rise, thereby submerging 
many coastal areas of the world 
including huge cities. Of course, 
each country can try to find its 
own solution to the effects of 
global warming. But in the end a 
more effective approach is to stop 
the warming itself. This requires 
at least all of the major industrial 
powers to cooperate.
Unfortunately, recognising 
the need for cooperation and 
actually cooperating are two 
different things. Nations can 
recognise the need to cooperate 
but cannot always agree on how 
best to do so, how to share the 
costs of cooperating, how to 
make sure that the benefits of 
cooperating are justly divided, 
and how to ensure that others do 
not break their end of the bargain 
and cheat on an agreement. An 
international organisation can 
help produce information and 
ideas about how to cooperate. 
It  can  provide  mechanisms, 
rules  and  a  bureaucracy, 
to help members have more 
confidence that costs will be 
shared properly, that the benefits  
Make a list of issues or 
problems (other than 
the ones mentioned in 
the text) that cannot 
be handled by any one 
country and require an 
international organisation. 
IMF
IMF
The International Monetary 
Fund (IMF) is an international 
organisation that oversees those 
financial institutions and regula-
tions that act at the international 
level. The IMF has 190 member 
countries (as on 19 Febuary 2024) but 
they do not enjoy an equal say. The G-7 members 
US (16.52%), Japan (6.15%), Germany (5.32%), 
France (4.03%), UK (4.03%), Italy (3.02%) and 
Canada (2.22%) have 41.29% of the votes. 
China (6.09%), India (2.64%), Russia (2.59%) 
Brazil (2.22%) and Saudi Arabia (2.02%) are the 
other major members.
Chapter 4.indd   47 15-03-2024   11:51:04
2024-25
Contemporary World Politics
48
will be fairly divided, and that once 
a member joins an agreement 
it will honour the terms and 
conditions of the agreement.
With the end of the Cold War, 
we can see that the UN may 
have a slightly different role. 
As the United States and its 
allies emerged victorious, there 
was concern amongst many 
governments and peoples that 
the Western countries led by 
the US would be so powerful 
that there would be no check 
against their wishes and desires. 
Can the UN serve to promote 
dialogue and discussion with the 
US in particular, and could it 
limit the power of the American 
government? We shall try to 
answer this question at the end 
of the chapter.
e volut Ion of the un The First World War encouraged 
the world to invest in an 
international organisation to 
deal with conflict. Many believed 
that such an organisation would 
help the world to avoid war. As a 
result, the League of Nations was 
born. However, despite its initial 
success, it could not prevent the 
Second World War (1939-45). 
Many more people died and were 
wounded in this war than ever 
before.
The UN was founded as 
a successor to the League of  
Nations. It was established in 
1945 immediately after the  
Second World War. The 
1941 August: Signing of the Atlantic Charter by the US 
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston S. 
Churchill
1942 January: 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis 
Powers meet in Washington, D.C., to support the Atlantic 
Charter and sign the ‘Declaration by United Nations’ 
1943 December: Tehran Conference Declaration of the 
Three Powers (US, Britain and Soviet Union)
1945 February: Yalta Conference of the ‘Big Three’ 
(Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin) decides to organise a United 
Nations conference on the proposed world organisation
April-May: The 2-month long United Nations Conference on 
International Organisation at San Francisco 
1945 June 26: Signing of the UN Charter by 50 nations (Poland 
signed on October 15; so the UN has 51 original founding 
members)
1945 October 24: the UN was founded (hence October 24 
is celebrated as UN Day)
1945 October 30: India joins the UN
The US Office of War Information 
created the above poster during 
the Second World War as per the 
Declaration by United Nations of 1942. 
The poster features the flags of all 
nations that were part of the Allied 
Forces. It reflects the belligerent origins 
of the UN.
FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Chapter 4.indd   48 14 September 2022   11:03:26
2024-25
Page 5


Overview In this chapter we shall discuss the 
role of international organisations 
after the collapse of the Soviet 
Union. We shall examine how, 
in this emerging world, there 
were calls for the restructuring 
of international organisations to 
cope with various new challenges 
including the rise of US power. 
The potential reform of the United 
Nations Security Council is an 
interesting case of the reform 
process and its difficulties. We 
then turn to India’s involvement 
in the UN and its view of Security 
Council reforms. The chapter 
closes by asking if the UN can play 
any role in dealing with a world 
dominated by one superpower. 
In this chapter we also look 
at some other trans-national 
organisations that are playing a 
crucial role. 
Chapter 4
International Organisations
This is the United Nations’ logo. The emblem has a world map 
with olive branches around it, signifying world peace. 
Credit : www.un.org
Chapter 4.indd   45 14 September 2022   11:03:24
2024-25
Contemporary World Politics
46
Why Internat Ional 
o rgan Isat Ions ?
Read the two cartoons on this 
page. Both the cartoons comment 
on the ineffectiveness of the 
United Nations Organisation, 
usually referred to as the UN, in 
the Lebanon crisis in 2006. Both 
the cartoons represent the kind of 
opinions that we often hear about 
the UN.
On the other hand, we also 
find that the UN is generally 
regarded as the most important 
international organisation in 
today’s world. In the eyes of many 
people all over the world, it is 
indispensable and represents the 
great hope of humanity for peace 
and progress. Why do we then 
need organisations like the UN? 
Let us hear two insiders:
“The United Nations was 
not created to take humanity to 
heaven, but to save it from hell.”  
— Dag Hammarskjold, the UN’s 
second Secretary-General.
 “Talking shop? Yes, there are 
a lot of speeches and meetings 
at the U.N., especially during the 
annual sessions of the General 
Assembly. But as Churchill put it, 
jaw-jaw is better than war-war. 
Isn’t it better to have one place 
where all… countries in the world 
can get together, bore each other 
sometimes with their words rather 
than bore holes into each other on 
the battlefield?” — Shashi Tharoor, 
the former UN Under-Secretary-
General for Communications and 
Public Information.
These two quotes suggest 
something important. 
International organisations are 
not the answer to everything, but 
they are important. International 
organisations help with matters 
of war and peace. They also help 
countries cooperate to make 
better living conditions for us all.
Countries have conflicts and 
differences with each other. That 
does not necessarily mean they 
must go to war to deal with their 
That’s what they 
say about the  
parliament too —  
a talking shop. Does 
it mean that we need 
talking shops?
During June 2006, Israel attacked Lebanon, saying that it was necessary to control the militant group called Hezbollah. 
Large numbers of civilians were killed and many public buildings and even residential areas came under Israeli 
bombardment. The UN passed a resolution on this only in August and the Israel army withdrew from the region only in 
October. Both these cartoons comment on the role of the UN and its Secretary-General in this episode.
© Harry Harrison, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
© Petar Pismestrovic, Cagle Cartoons Inc.
Chapter 4.indd   46 14 September 2022   11:03:25
2024-25
International Organisations
47
antagonisms. They can, instead, 
discuss contentious issues and 
find peaceful solutions; indeed, 
even though this is rarely noticed, 
most conflicts and differences 
are resolved without going to 
war. The role of an international 
organisation can be important 
in this context. An international 
organisation is not a super-state 
with authority over its members. 
It is created by and responds to 
states. It comes into being when 
states agree to its creation. Once 
created, it can help member states 
resolve their problems peacefully.
International organisations 
are helpful in another way. 
Nations can usually see that 
there are some things they must 
do together. There are issues that 
are so challenging that they can 
only be dealt with when everyone 
works together. Disease is an 
example. Some diseases can only 
be eradicated if everyone in the 
world cooperates in inoculating or 
vaccinating their populations. Or 
take global warming and its effects. 
As temperatures rise because 
of the increase in greenhouse 
gases in the atmosphere, there 
is a danger that sea levels will 
also rise, thereby submerging 
many coastal areas of the world 
including huge cities. Of course, 
each country can try to find its 
own solution to the effects of 
global warming. But in the end a 
more effective approach is to stop 
the warming itself. This requires 
at least all of the major industrial 
powers to cooperate.
Unfortunately, recognising 
the need for cooperation and 
actually cooperating are two 
different things. Nations can 
recognise the need to cooperate 
but cannot always agree on how 
best to do so, how to share the 
costs of cooperating, how to 
make sure that the benefits of 
cooperating are justly divided, 
and how to ensure that others do 
not break their end of the bargain 
and cheat on an agreement. An 
international organisation can 
help produce information and 
ideas about how to cooperate. 
It  can  provide  mechanisms, 
rules  and  a  bureaucracy, 
to help members have more 
confidence that costs will be 
shared properly, that the benefits  
Make a list of issues or 
problems (other than 
the ones mentioned in 
the text) that cannot 
be handled by any one 
country and require an 
international organisation. 
IMF
IMF
The International Monetary 
Fund (IMF) is an international 
organisation that oversees those 
financial institutions and regula-
tions that act at the international 
level. The IMF has 190 member 
countries (as on 19 Febuary 2024) but 
they do not enjoy an equal say. The G-7 members 
US (16.52%), Japan (6.15%), Germany (5.32%), 
France (4.03%), UK (4.03%), Italy (3.02%) and 
Canada (2.22%) have 41.29% of the votes. 
China (6.09%), India (2.64%), Russia (2.59%) 
Brazil (2.22%) and Saudi Arabia (2.02%) are the 
other major members.
Chapter 4.indd   47 15-03-2024   11:51:04
2024-25
Contemporary World Politics
48
will be fairly divided, and that once 
a member joins an agreement 
it will honour the terms and 
conditions of the agreement.
With the end of the Cold War, 
we can see that the UN may 
have a slightly different role. 
As the United States and its 
allies emerged victorious, there 
was concern amongst many 
governments and peoples that 
the Western countries led by 
the US would be so powerful 
that there would be no check 
against their wishes and desires. 
Can the UN serve to promote 
dialogue and discussion with the 
US in particular, and could it 
limit the power of the American 
government? We shall try to 
answer this question at the end 
of the chapter.
e volut Ion of the un The First World War encouraged 
the world to invest in an 
international organisation to 
deal with conflict. Many believed 
that such an organisation would 
help the world to avoid war. As a 
result, the League of Nations was 
born. However, despite its initial 
success, it could not prevent the 
Second World War (1939-45). 
Many more people died and were 
wounded in this war than ever 
before.
The UN was founded as 
a successor to the League of  
Nations. It was established in 
1945 immediately after the  
Second World War. The 
1941 August: Signing of the Atlantic Charter by the US 
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston S. 
Churchill
1942 January: 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis 
Powers meet in Washington, D.C., to support the Atlantic 
Charter and sign the ‘Declaration by United Nations’ 
1943 December: Tehran Conference Declaration of the 
Three Powers (US, Britain and Soviet Union)
1945 February: Yalta Conference of the ‘Big Three’ 
(Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin) decides to organise a United 
Nations conference on the proposed world organisation
April-May: The 2-month long United Nations Conference on 
International Organisation at San Francisco 
1945 June 26: Signing of the UN Charter by 50 nations (Poland 
signed on October 15; so the UN has 51 original founding 
members)
1945 October 24: the UN was founded (hence October 24 
is celebrated as UN Day)
1945 October 30: India joins the UN
The US Office of War Information 
created the above poster during 
the Second World War as per the 
Declaration by United Nations of 1942. 
The poster features the flags of all 
nations that were part of the Allied 
Forces. It reflects the belligerent origins 
of the UN.
FOUNDING OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Chapter 4.indd   48 14 September 2022   11:03:26
2024-25
International Organisations
49
Adapted from http://www.newint.org/issue375/pics/un-map-big.gif
For more details about the UN System, visit www.un.org
Chapter 4.indd   49 14 September 2022   11:03:27
2024-25