Page 1 Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Chapter 2 MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Ram Babu, working as an engineer in Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh, was born in a small village of district Bhojpur, Bihar. At an early age of twelve he moved to a nearby town Ara to complete his intermediate level studies. He went to Sindri, Jharkhand, for his engineering degree and he got a job at Bhilai, where he is living for the last 31 years. His parents were illiterate and the only source of their livelihood was meagre income from agriculture. They spent their whole life in that village. Ram Babu has three children who got their education up to the intermediate level at Bhilai and then moved to different places for higher education. First one studied at Allahabad and Mumbai and is presently working in Delhi as a scientist. The second child got her higher education from different universities in India and is now working in USA. The third one after finishing her education settled at Surat after marriage. This is not a story of only Ram Babu and his children but such movements are increasingly becoming universal trend. People have been moving from one village to another, from villages to towns, from smaller towns to bigger towns and from one country to another. In your Book Fundamentals of Human Geography you have already learnt about the concept and definition of migration. Migration has been an integral part and a very important factor in redistributing population over time and space. India has witnessed the waves of migrants coming to the country from Central and West Asia and also from Southeast Asia. In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of migrants coming and settling one after another in different parts of the country. In the words of a renowned poet Firaque Gorakhpuri; SAR ZAMIN-E-HIND PAR AQWAM-E-ALAM KE FIRAQUE KAFILE BASTE GAYE, HINDOSTAN BANTA GAYA (The carvans of people from all parts of the world kept on coming and settling in India and led to the formation of India.) Similarly, large numbers of people from India too have been migrating to places in search 2020-21 Page 2 Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Chapter 2 MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Ram Babu, working as an engineer in Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh, was born in a small village of district Bhojpur, Bihar. At an early age of twelve he moved to a nearby town Ara to complete his intermediate level studies. He went to Sindri, Jharkhand, for his engineering degree and he got a job at Bhilai, where he is living for the last 31 years. His parents were illiterate and the only source of their livelihood was meagre income from agriculture. They spent their whole life in that village. Ram Babu has three children who got their education up to the intermediate level at Bhilai and then moved to different places for higher education. First one studied at Allahabad and Mumbai and is presently working in Delhi as a scientist. The second child got her higher education from different universities in India and is now working in USA. The third one after finishing her education settled at Surat after marriage. This is not a story of only Ram Babu and his children but such movements are increasingly becoming universal trend. People have been moving from one village to another, from villages to towns, from smaller towns to bigger towns and from one country to another. In your Book Fundamentals of Human Geography you have already learnt about the concept and definition of migration. Migration has been an integral part and a very important factor in redistributing population over time and space. India has witnessed the waves of migrants coming to the country from Central and West Asia and also from Southeast Asia. In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of migrants coming and settling one after another in different parts of the country. In the words of a renowned poet Firaque Gorakhpuri; SAR ZAMIN-E-HIND PAR AQWAM-E-ALAM KE FIRAQUE KAFILE BASTE GAYE, HINDOSTAN BANTA GAYA (The carvans of people from all parts of the world kept on coming and settling in India and led to the formation of India.) Similarly, large numbers of people from India too have been migrating to places in search 2020-21 16 India : People and Economy of better opportunities specially to the countries of the Middle-East, Western Europe, America, Australia and East and South East Asia. Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; to Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers. All such migrations were covered under the time-bound contract known as Girmit Act (Indian Emigration Act). However, the living conditions of these indentured labourers were not better than the slaves. The second wave of migrants ventured out into the neighbouring countries in recent times as professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues. There was a steady outflow of India’s semi-skilled and skilled labour in the wake of the oil boom in West Asia in the 1970s. There was also some outflow of entrepreneurs, storeowners, professionals, businessmen to Western Countries. Third wave, of migrant was comprised professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers, management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany, etc. These professional enjoy the distinction of being one of highly educated, the highest earning and prospering groups. After liberalisation, in the 90s education and knowledge–based Indian emigration has made Indian Diaspora one of the most powerful diasporas in the world. In all these countries, Indian diaspora has been playing an important role in the development of the respective countries. Migration Migration Migration Migration Migration You are familiar with Census in India. It contains information about migration in the country. Actually migration was recorded beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881. This data were recorded on the basis of place of birth. However, the first major modification was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born elsewhere). Further in 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated. Information on reasons for migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses. In the Census the following questions are asked on migration : • Is the person born in this village or town? If no, then further information is taken on rural/urban status of the place of birth, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country of birth. • Has the person come to this village or town from elsewhere? If yes, then further questions are asked about the status (rural/urban) of previous place of residence, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country. In addition, reasons for migration from the place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration are also asked. In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases : (i) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant); (ii) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence). As per 2011 census, out of 1,210 million people in the country, 455.8 million (about 37%) were reported as migrants of place of last residence. 2020-21 Page 3 Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Chapter 2 MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Ram Babu, working as an engineer in Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh, was born in a small village of district Bhojpur, Bihar. At an early age of twelve he moved to a nearby town Ara to complete his intermediate level studies. He went to Sindri, Jharkhand, for his engineering degree and he got a job at Bhilai, where he is living for the last 31 years. His parents were illiterate and the only source of their livelihood was meagre income from agriculture. They spent their whole life in that village. Ram Babu has three children who got their education up to the intermediate level at Bhilai and then moved to different places for higher education. First one studied at Allahabad and Mumbai and is presently working in Delhi as a scientist. The second child got her higher education from different universities in India and is now working in USA. The third one after finishing her education settled at Surat after marriage. This is not a story of only Ram Babu and his children but such movements are increasingly becoming universal trend. People have been moving from one village to another, from villages to towns, from smaller towns to bigger towns and from one country to another. In your Book Fundamentals of Human Geography you have already learnt about the concept and definition of migration. Migration has been an integral part and a very important factor in redistributing population over time and space. India has witnessed the waves of migrants coming to the country from Central and West Asia and also from Southeast Asia. In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of migrants coming and settling one after another in different parts of the country. In the words of a renowned poet Firaque Gorakhpuri; SAR ZAMIN-E-HIND PAR AQWAM-E-ALAM KE FIRAQUE KAFILE BASTE GAYE, HINDOSTAN BANTA GAYA (The carvans of people from all parts of the world kept on coming and settling in India and led to the formation of India.) Similarly, large numbers of people from India too have been migrating to places in search 2020-21 16 India : People and Economy of better opportunities specially to the countries of the Middle-East, Western Europe, America, Australia and East and South East Asia. Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; to Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers. All such migrations were covered under the time-bound contract known as Girmit Act (Indian Emigration Act). However, the living conditions of these indentured labourers were not better than the slaves. The second wave of migrants ventured out into the neighbouring countries in recent times as professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues. There was a steady outflow of India’s semi-skilled and skilled labour in the wake of the oil boom in West Asia in the 1970s. There was also some outflow of entrepreneurs, storeowners, professionals, businessmen to Western Countries. Third wave, of migrant was comprised professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers, management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany, etc. These professional enjoy the distinction of being one of highly educated, the highest earning and prospering groups. After liberalisation, in the 90s education and knowledge–based Indian emigration has made Indian Diaspora one of the most powerful diasporas in the world. In all these countries, Indian diaspora has been playing an important role in the development of the respective countries. Migration Migration Migration Migration Migration You are familiar with Census in India. It contains information about migration in the country. Actually migration was recorded beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881. This data were recorded on the basis of place of birth. However, the first major modification was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born elsewhere). Further in 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated. Information on reasons for migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses. In the Census the following questions are asked on migration : • Is the person born in this village or town? If no, then further information is taken on rural/urban status of the place of birth, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country of birth. • Has the person come to this village or town from elsewhere? If yes, then further questions are asked about the status (rural/urban) of previous place of residence, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country. In addition, reasons for migration from the place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration are also asked. In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases : (i) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant); (ii) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence). As per 2011 census, out of 1,210 million people in the country, 455.8 million (about 37%) were reported as migrants of place of last residence. 2020-21 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences 17 Conduct a survey of five households in your neighbourhood to find out their migration status. If migrants, classify these on the basis of the two criteria mentioned in the text. Streams of Migration A few facts pertaining to the internal migration (within the country) and international migration (out of the country and into the country from other countries) are presented here. Under the internal migrants. The stream was dominated by female migrants. Most of these were migrants related to marriage. The distribution of male and female migrants in different streams of intra-state and inter-state migration is presented in Fig. 2.1 a and 2.1 b. It is clearly evident that females predominate the streams of short distance rural to rural migration in both types of migration. Contrary to this, men predominate the rural to urban stream of inter-state migration due to economic reasons. Apart from these streams of internal migration, India also experiences immigration migration, four streams are identified: (a) rural to rural (R-R); (b) rural to urban (R-U); (c) urban to urban (U-U); and (d) urban to rural (U-R). In India, during 2011, out of 455.0 million migrants, enumerated on the basis of the last residence, 141.9 million had changed their place of residence in the last ten years. Out of these, 118.7 million were intra-state from and emigration to the neighbouring countries. Table 2.1 presents the details of migrants from neighbouring countries. Indian Census 2011 has recorded that more than 5 million person have migrated to India from other countries. Out of these, about 88.9 per cent came from the neighbouring countries: Bangladesh followed by Nepal and Pakistan. Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig. 2.1 a : Intra-state Migration by Place of Last Residence Indicating Migration Streams India, 2011 Fig. 2.1 b : Inter-state Migration by Place of Last Residence Indicating Migration Streams India, 2011 Examine Fig. 2.1 a and 2.1 b showing intra-state and inter-state migration in India according to the Census 2001 and find out: (i) Why are the numbers of females migrating from rural to rural areas in both the diagrams higher? (ii) Why is the inter-state male migration higher from rural to urban? Migration in Millions 5 4 3 2 1 0 Migration Streams 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Rural to Rural Rural to urban Urban to Rural Urban to Urban Migration in Millions Migration Streams Male Female Rural to Rural Rural to urban Urban to Rural Urban to Urban 2020-21 Page 4 Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Chapter 2 MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Ram Babu, working as an engineer in Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh, was born in a small village of district Bhojpur, Bihar. At an early age of twelve he moved to a nearby town Ara to complete his intermediate level studies. He went to Sindri, Jharkhand, for his engineering degree and he got a job at Bhilai, where he is living for the last 31 years. His parents were illiterate and the only source of their livelihood was meagre income from agriculture. They spent their whole life in that village. Ram Babu has three children who got their education up to the intermediate level at Bhilai and then moved to different places for higher education. First one studied at Allahabad and Mumbai and is presently working in Delhi as a scientist. The second child got her higher education from different universities in India and is now working in USA. The third one after finishing her education settled at Surat after marriage. This is not a story of only Ram Babu and his children but such movements are increasingly becoming universal trend. People have been moving from one village to another, from villages to towns, from smaller towns to bigger towns and from one country to another. In your Book Fundamentals of Human Geography you have already learnt about the concept and definition of migration. Migration has been an integral part and a very important factor in redistributing population over time and space. India has witnessed the waves of migrants coming to the country from Central and West Asia and also from Southeast Asia. In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of migrants coming and settling one after another in different parts of the country. In the words of a renowned poet Firaque Gorakhpuri; SAR ZAMIN-E-HIND PAR AQWAM-E-ALAM KE FIRAQUE KAFILE BASTE GAYE, HINDOSTAN BANTA GAYA (The carvans of people from all parts of the world kept on coming and settling in India and led to the formation of India.) Similarly, large numbers of people from India too have been migrating to places in search 2020-21 16 India : People and Economy of better opportunities specially to the countries of the Middle-East, Western Europe, America, Australia and East and South East Asia. Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; to Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers. All such migrations were covered under the time-bound contract known as Girmit Act (Indian Emigration Act). However, the living conditions of these indentured labourers were not better than the slaves. The second wave of migrants ventured out into the neighbouring countries in recent times as professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues. There was a steady outflow of India’s semi-skilled and skilled labour in the wake of the oil boom in West Asia in the 1970s. There was also some outflow of entrepreneurs, storeowners, professionals, businessmen to Western Countries. Third wave, of migrant was comprised professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers, management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany, etc. These professional enjoy the distinction of being one of highly educated, the highest earning and prospering groups. After liberalisation, in the 90s education and knowledge–based Indian emigration has made Indian Diaspora one of the most powerful diasporas in the world. In all these countries, Indian diaspora has been playing an important role in the development of the respective countries. Migration Migration Migration Migration Migration You are familiar with Census in India. It contains information about migration in the country. Actually migration was recorded beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881. This data were recorded on the basis of place of birth. However, the first major modification was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born elsewhere). Further in 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated. Information on reasons for migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses. In the Census the following questions are asked on migration : • Is the person born in this village or town? If no, then further information is taken on rural/urban status of the place of birth, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country of birth. • Has the person come to this village or town from elsewhere? If yes, then further questions are asked about the status (rural/urban) of previous place of residence, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country. In addition, reasons for migration from the place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration are also asked. In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases : (i) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant); (ii) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence). As per 2011 census, out of 1,210 million people in the country, 455.8 million (about 37%) were reported as migrants of place of last residence. 2020-21 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences 17 Conduct a survey of five households in your neighbourhood to find out their migration status. If migrants, classify these on the basis of the two criteria mentioned in the text. Streams of Migration A few facts pertaining to the internal migration (within the country) and international migration (out of the country and into the country from other countries) are presented here. Under the internal migrants. The stream was dominated by female migrants. Most of these were migrants related to marriage. The distribution of male and female migrants in different streams of intra-state and inter-state migration is presented in Fig. 2.1 a and 2.1 b. It is clearly evident that females predominate the streams of short distance rural to rural migration in both types of migration. Contrary to this, men predominate the rural to urban stream of inter-state migration due to economic reasons. Apart from these streams of internal migration, India also experiences immigration migration, four streams are identified: (a) rural to rural (R-R); (b) rural to urban (R-U); (c) urban to urban (U-U); and (d) urban to rural (U-R). In India, during 2011, out of 455.0 million migrants, enumerated on the basis of the last residence, 141.9 million had changed their place of residence in the last ten years. Out of these, 118.7 million were intra-state from and emigration to the neighbouring countries. Table 2.1 presents the details of migrants from neighbouring countries. Indian Census 2011 has recorded that more than 5 million person have migrated to India from other countries. Out of these, about 88.9 per cent came from the neighbouring countries: Bangladesh followed by Nepal and Pakistan. Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig. 2.1 a : Intra-state Migration by Place of Last Residence Indicating Migration Streams India, 2011 Fig. 2.1 b : Inter-state Migration by Place of Last Residence Indicating Migration Streams India, 2011 Examine Fig. 2.1 a and 2.1 b showing intra-state and inter-state migration in India according to the Census 2001 and find out: (i) Why are the numbers of females migrating from rural to rural areas in both the diagrams higher? (ii) Why is the inter-state male migration higher from rural to urban? Migration in Millions 5 4 3 2 1 0 Migration Streams 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Rural to Rural Rural to urban Urban to Rural Urban to Urban Migration in Millions Migration Streams Male Female Rural to Rural Rural to urban Urban to Rural Urban to Urban 2020-21 18 India : People and Economy Represent the data given in Table 2.1 by pie diagrams assuming the migration from neighbouring countries 47,66,231 persons as 100 per cent). Spatial Variation in Migration Some states like Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, etc. Maharashtra occupied first place in migrants, followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana. On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh was the state, which had the largest number of net out-migrants from the state. From the From the From the From the From the given given given given given news news news news news items try to identify items try to identify items try to identify items try to identify items try to identify the political the political the political the political the political and and and and and economic economic economic economic economic causes of causes of causes of causes of causes of migration. migration. migration. migration. migration. Countries No of % of total Migrants Migrants Total migration 53,63,099 100 Migration from neighbouring countries 47,66,231 88.9 Afghanistan 6,476 0.1 Bangladesh 27,47,062 51.2 Bhutan 7,964 0.1 China 18,114 0.3 Myanmar 59,282 1.1 Nepal 8,10,158 15.1 Pakistan 9,18,982 17.1 Sri Lanka 1,98,193 3.7 Table 2.1 : Migrants classified by place of last residence outside India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011 2020-21 Page 5 Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Unit I Chapter 2 MIGRATION Types, Causes and Consequences Ram Babu, working as an engineer in Bhilai Steel Plant, Chhattisgarh, was born in a small village of district Bhojpur, Bihar. At an early age of twelve he moved to a nearby town Ara to complete his intermediate level studies. He went to Sindri, Jharkhand, for his engineering degree and he got a job at Bhilai, where he is living for the last 31 years. His parents were illiterate and the only source of their livelihood was meagre income from agriculture. They spent their whole life in that village. Ram Babu has three children who got their education up to the intermediate level at Bhilai and then moved to different places for higher education. First one studied at Allahabad and Mumbai and is presently working in Delhi as a scientist. The second child got her higher education from different universities in India and is now working in USA. The third one after finishing her education settled at Surat after marriage. This is not a story of only Ram Babu and his children but such movements are increasingly becoming universal trend. People have been moving from one village to another, from villages to towns, from smaller towns to bigger towns and from one country to another. In your Book Fundamentals of Human Geography you have already learnt about the concept and definition of migration. Migration has been an integral part and a very important factor in redistributing population over time and space. India has witnessed the waves of migrants coming to the country from Central and West Asia and also from Southeast Asia. In fact, the history of India is a history of waves of migrants coming and settling one after another in different parts of the country. In the words of a renowned poet Firaque Gorakhpuri; SAR ZAMIN-E-HIND PAR AQWAM-E-ALAM KE FIRAQUE KAFILE BASTE GAYE, HINDOSTAN BANTA GAYA (The carvans of people from all parts of the world kept on coming and settling in India and led to the formation of India.) Similarly, large numbers of people from India too have been migrating to places in search 2020-21 16 India : People and Economy of better opportunities specially to the countries of the Middle-East, Western Europe, America, Australia and East and South East Asia. Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora During colonial period (British period) millions of the indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Tobago and Guyana), Fiji and South Africa by British from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; to Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Surinam by French and Dutch and by Portuguese from Goa, Daman and Diu to Angola, Mozambique to work as plantation workers. All such migrations were covered under the time-bound contract known as Girmit Act (Indian Emigration Act). However, the living conditions of these indentured labourers were not better than the slaves. The second wave of migrants ventured out into the neighbouring countries in recent times as professionals, artisans, traders and factory workers, in search of economic opportunities to Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and African countries, etc. and the trend still continues. There was a steady outflow of India’s semi-skilled and skilled labour in the wake of the oil boom in West Asia in the 1970s. There was also some outflow of entrepreneurs, storeowners, professionals, businessmen to Western Countries. Third wave, of migrant was comprised professionals like doctors, engineers (1960s onwards), software engineers, management consultants, financial experts, media persons (1980s onwards), and others migrated to countries such as USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Germany, etc. These professional enjoy the distinction of being one of highly educated, the highest earning and prospering groups. After liberalisation, in the 90s education and knowledge–based Indian emigration has made Indian Diaspora one of the most powerful diasporas in the world. In all these countries, Indian diaspora has been playing an important role in the development of the respective countries. Migration Migration Migration Migration Migration You are familiar with Census in India. It contains information about migration in the country. Actually migration was recorded beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881. This data were recorded on the basis of place of birth. However, the first major modification was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born elsewhere). Further in 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated. Information on reasons for migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses. In the Census the following questions are asked on migration : • Is the person born in this village or town? If no, then further information is taken on rural/urban status of the place of birth, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country of birth. • Has the person come to this village or town from elsewhere? If yes, then further questions are asked about the status (rural/urban) of previous place of residence, name of district and state and if outside India then name of the country. In addition, reasons for migration from the place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration are also asked. In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases : (i) place of birth, if the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant); (ii) place of residence, if the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as migrant by place of last residence). As per 2011 census, out of 1,210 million people in the country, 455.8 million (about 37%) were reported as migrants of place of last residence. 2020-21 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences 17 Conduct a survey of five households in your neighbourhood to find out their migration status. If migrants, classify these on the basis of the two criteria mentioned in the text. Streams of Migration A few facts pertaining to the internal migration (within the country) and international migration (out of the country and into the country from other countries) are presented here. Under the internal migrants. The stream was dominated by female migrants. Most of these were migrants related to marriage. The distribution of male and female migrants in different streams of intra-state and inter-state migration is presented in Fig. 2.1 a and 2.1 b. It is clearly evident that females predominate the streams of short distance rural to rural migration in both types of migration. Contrary to this, men predominate the rural to urban stream of inter-state migration due to economic reasons. Apart from these streams of internal migration, India also experiences immigration migration, four streams are identified: (a) rural to rural (R-R); (b) rural to urban (R-U); (c) urban to urban (U-U); and (d) urban to rural (U-R). In India, during 2011, out of 455.0 million migrants, enumerated on the basis of the last residence, 141.9 million had changed their place of residence in the last ten years. Out of these, 118.7 million were intra-state from and emigration to the neighbouring countries. Table 2.1 presents the details of migrants from neighbouring countries. Indian Census 2011 has recorded that more than 5 million person have migrated to India from other countries. Out of these, about 88.9 per cent came from the neighbouring countries: Bangladesh followed by Nepal and Pakistan. Source: Census of India, 2011 Fig. 2.1 a : Intra-state Migration by Place of Last Residence Indicating Migration Streams India, 2011 Fig. 2.1 b : Inter-state Migration by Place of Last Residence Indicating Migration Streams India, 2011 Examine Fig. 2.1 a and 2.1 b showing intra-state and inter-state migration in India according to the Census 2001 and find out: (i) Why are the numbers of females migrating from rural to rural areas in both the diagrams higher? (ii) Why is the inter-state male migration higher from rural to urban? Migration in Millions 5 4 3 2 1 0 Migration Streams 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Rural to Rural Rural to urban Urban to Rural Urban to Urban Migration in Millions Migration Streams Male Female Rural to Rural Rural to urban Urban to Rural Urban to Urban 2020-21 18 India : People and Economy Represent the data given in Table 2.1 by pie diagrams assuming the migration from neighbouring countries 47,66,231 persons as 100 per cent). Spatial Variation in Migration Some states like Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, etc. Maharashtra occupied first place in migrants, followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana. On the other hand, Uttar Pradesh was the state, which had the largest number of net out-migrants from the state. From the From the From the From the From the given given given given given news news news news news items try to identify items try to identify items try to identify items try to identify items try to identify the political the political the political the political the political and and and and and economic economic economic economic economic causes of causes of causes of causes of causes of migration. migration. migration. migration. migration. Countries No of % of total Migrants Migrants Total migration 53,63,099 100 Migration from neighbouring countries 47,66,231 88.9 Afghanistan 6,476 0.1 Bangladesh 27,47,062 51.2 Bhutan 7,964 0.1 China 18,114 0.3 Myanmar 59,282 1.1 Nepal 8,10,158 15.1 Pakistan 9,18,982 17.1 Sri Lanka 1,98,193 3.7 Table 2.1 : Migrants classified by place of last residence outside India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011 2020-21 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences 19 Causes of Migration People, generally are emotionally attached to their place of birth. But millions of people leave their places of birth and residence. There could be variety of reasons. These reasons can be put into two broad categories : (i) push factor, these cause people to leave their place of residence or origin; and (ii) pull factors, which attract the people from different places. In India people migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty, high population pressure on the land, lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care, education, etc. Apart from these factors, natural disasters such as, flood, drought, cyclonic storms, earthquake, tsunami, wars and local conflicts also give extra push to migrate. On the other hand, there are pull factors which attract people from rural areas to cities. The most important pull factor for majority of the rural migrants to urban areas is the better opportunities, availability of regular work and relatively higher wages. Better opportunities for education, better health The four stories describe different situations of migrants. Enumerate the push and pull factors for Aarif? What are the pull factors for Mohan Singh? Study the story of Subbalakshmi and Manish Gawarkar. Compare their cases on the basis of types of migration, causes of migration and their living conditions. 2020-21Read More
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