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Page 1 Popular Struggles and Movements 57 Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Overview In the earlier chapters we discussed why power sharing is important in a democracy and how different tiers of government and various social groups share power. In this chapter we will carry this discussion further and see how those who exercise power are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them. Democracy almost invariably involves conflict of interests and viewpoints. These differences are often expressed in organised ways. Those who are in power are required to balance these conflicting demands and pressures. We begin this chapter with a discussion of how struggles around conflicting demands and pressures shape democracy. This leads to an analysis of the different ways and organisations through which ordinary citizen can play a role in democracy. In this chapter, we look at the indirect ways of influencing politics, through pressure groups and movements. This leads us in the next chapter to the direct ways of controlling political power in the form of political parties. 2022-23 Page 2 Popular Struggles and Movements 57 Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Overview In the earlier chapters we discussed why power sharing is important in a democracy and how different tiers of government and various social groups share power. In this chapter we will carry this discussion further and see how those who exercise power are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them. Democracy almost invariably involves conflict of interests and viewpoints. These differences are often expressed in organised ways. Those who are in power are required to balance these conflicting demands and pressures. We begin this chapter with a discussion of how struggles around conflicting demands and pressures shape democracy. This leads to an analysis of the different ways and organisations through which ordinary citizen can play a role in democracy. In this chapter, we look at the indirect ways of influencing politics, through pressure groups and movements. This leads us in the next chapter to the direct ways of controlling political power in the form of political parties. 2022-23 58 Democratic Po l i t i c s Popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????????????? ? ?? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ? 2022-23 Page 3 Popular Struggles and Movements 57 Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Overview In the earlier chapters we discussed why power sharing is important in a democracy and how different tiers of government and various social groups share power. In this chapter we will carry this discussion further and see how those who exercise power are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them. Democracy almost invariably involves conflict of interests and viewpoints. These differences are often expressed in organised ways. Those who are in power are required to balance these conflicting demands and pressures. We begin this chapter with a discussion of how struggles around conflicting demands and pressures shape democracy. This leads to an analysis of the different ways and organisations through which ordinary citizen can play a role in democracy. In this chapter, we look at the indirect ways of influencing politics, through pressure groups and movements. This leads us in the next chapter to the direct ways of controlling political power in the form of political parties. 2022-23 58 Democratic Po l i t i c s Popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????????????? ? ?? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ? 2022-23 Popular Struggles and Movements 59 ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ?? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ???? ??????????????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? Political parties and people of Nepal in a rally demanding restoration of democracy in their country © Min Bajarachya 2022-23 Page 4 Popular Struggles and Movements 57 Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Overview In the earlier chapters we discussed why power sharing is important in a democracy and how different tiers of government and various social groups share power. In this chapter we will carry this discussion further and see how those who exercise power are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them. Democracy almost invariably involves conflict of interests and viewpoints. These differences are often expressed in organised ways. Those who are in power are required to balance these conflicting demands and pressures. We begin this chapter with a discussion of how struggles around conflicting demands and pressures shape democracy. This leads to an analysis of the different ways and organisations through which ordinary citizen can play a role in democracy. In this chapter, we look at the indirect ways of influencing politics, through pressure groups and movements. This leads us in the next chapter to the direct ways of controlling political power in the form of political parties. 2022-23 58 Democratic Po l i t i c s Popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????????????? ? ?? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ? 2022-23 Popular Struggles and Movements 59 ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ?? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ???? ??????????????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? Political parties and people of Nepal in a rally demanding restoration of democracy in their country © Min Bajarachya 2022-23 60 Democratic Po l i t i c s ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ? ? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ??? ? ? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ? ????????? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????????? ? ? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ??? ? ? ?? ? ???? ????? ? ? ? ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???????? ???? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ??? ? ? ??? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ? ??????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??????? ? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ??? ? ? ?? ?????? ? ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ? ????? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ? ?????????? ?? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2022-23 Page 5 Popular Struggles and Movements 57 Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements Overview In the earlier chapters we discussed why power sharing is important in a democracy and how different tiers of government and various social groups share power. In this chapter we will carry this discussion further and see how those who exercise power are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them. Democracy almost invariably involves conflict of interests and viewpoints. These differences are often expressed in organised ways. Those who are in power are required to balance these conflicting demands and pressures. We begin this chapter with a discussion of how struggles around conflicting demands and pressures shape democracy. This leads to an analysis of the different ways and organisations through which ordinary citizen can play a role in democracy. In this chapter, we look at the indirect ways of influencing politics, through pressure groups and movements. This leads us in the next chapter to the direct ways of controlling political power in the form of political parties. 2022-23 58 Democratic Po l i t i c s Popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????????????? ? ?? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ? 2022-23 Popular Struggles and Movements 59 ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ?? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ???? ??????????????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? Political parties and people of Nepal in a rally demanding restoration of democracy in their country © Min Bajarachya 2022-23 60 Democratic Po l i t i c s ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ? ? ? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ??? ? ? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ? ????????? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????????? ? ? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ??? ? ? ?? ? ???? ????? ? ? ? ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???????? ???? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ??? ? ? ??? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?? ? ??????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??????? ? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ??? ? ? ?? ?????? ? ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ? ????? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ? ?????????? ?? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2022-23 Popular Struggles and Movements 61 ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ? ?????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??????? ?? ? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ?? ? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ? Mobilisation and organisations ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ? ? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ? ? ? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? 2022-23Read More
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Document Description: NCERT Textbook: Popular Struggles & Movements for Class 10 2024 is part of Class 10 preparation. The notes and questions for NCERT Textbook: Popular Struggles & Movements have been prepared according to the Class 10 exam syllabus. Information about NCERT Textbook: Popular Struggles & Movements covers topics like and NCERT Textbook: Popular Struggles & Movements Example, for Class 10 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for NCERT Textbook: Popular Struggles & Movements.
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