NEET Previous Year Questions (2016-2024): Excretory Products & their Elimination | Biology Class 11 PDF Download

2024

Q1: Given below are two statements :
Statement I : In the nephron, the descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water and permeable to electrolytes.
Statement II : The proximal convoluted tubule is lined by simple columnar brush border epithelium and increases the surface area for reabsorption.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the option given below :
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
Ans: (b)
Correct answer is option (B) because Statement I is false as the descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water and almost impermeable to electrolytes.
Statement II is false as proximal convoluted tubule is lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium which increases the surface area for reabsorption.

Q2: Choose the correct statement given below regarding juxta medullary nephron.
(a) Juxta medullary nephrons are located in the columns of Bertini.
(b) Renal corpuscle of juxta medullary nephron lies in the outer portion of the renal medulla.
(c) Loop of Henle of juxta medullary nephron runs deep into medulla.
(d) Juxta medullary nephrons outnumber the cortical nephrons.
Ans: (c)
The juxta medullary nephrons are one of the two types of nephrons found in the kidneys, specifically in mammals, including humans. These nephrons have distinctive characteristics and play crucial roles in the process of urine concentration, which is essential for water conservation and the regulation of blood pressure.

Option A: Juxta medullary nephrons are located in the columns of Bertin.
This option is incorrect. The juxta medullary nephrons are not located in the columns of Bertin. The columns of Bertin, or renal columns, are extensions of the renal cortex located between the renal pyramids. They consist primarily of lines of blood vessels and cortical material. The juxta medullary nephrons, however, have their renal corpuscles located at the deep cortex, close to the medulla, not within the columns of Bertin.

Option B: Renal corpuscle of juxta medullary nephron lies in the outer portion of the renal medulla.
This option is incorrect. In juxta medullary nephrons, the renal corpuscles are not located in the outer portion of the renal medulla but are located deep in the renal cortex, close to the medulla. The renal corpuscles include the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which are essential for the filtration of blood.

Option C: Loop of Henle of juxta medullary nephron runs deep into the medulla.
This option is correct. The defining characteristic of juxta medullary nephrons is the long loops of Henle that extend deep into the renal medulla. This structural feature is critical for establishing the conditions needed for the concentration of urine, as it allows for a significant reabsorption of water and solutes under the influence of various gradients.

Option D: Juxta medullary nephrons outnumber the cortical nephrons.
This option is incorrect. Juxta medullary nephrons are much less numerous than cortical nephrons. Cortical nephrons make up the majority of nephrons in the kidneys and are primarily involved in the filtering of blood and initial urine formation under different conditions.

In summary, the correct statement about juxta medullary nephrons from the provided options is Option C: Loop of Henle of juxta medullary nephron runs deep into the medulla.

2023

Q1: Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.      (NEET 2023)
Assertion A: Nephrons are of two types: Cortical and juxta medullary, based on their relative position in the cortex and medulla.
Reason R: Juxta medullary nephrons have a short loop of Henle whereas, cortical nephrons have a longer loop of Henle.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Ans: (c)

• Assertion A is correct. In the kidney, nephrons, the functional units responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes, are indeed of two types: cortical and juxta-medullary. These types are classified based on their location within the kidney; cortical nephrons are primarily located in the cortex, while juxta-medullary nephrons are located near the junction between the cortex and medulla.
• However, Reason R is incorrect. The assertion that juxta-medullary nephrons have short loops of Henle, while cortical nephrons have longer loops of Henle is false. In fact, it's the opposite. Juxta-medullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle which extend deep into the medulla. This allows them to concentrate urine more effectively than cortical nephrons, whose loops of Henle are shorter and do not extend as deep into the medulla.

Q2: Which of the following statements are correct?      (NEET 2023)
A. An excessive loss of body fluid from the body switches off osmoreceptors.
B. ADH facilitates water reabsorption to prevent diuresis.
C. ANF causes vasodilation.
D. ADH causes an increase in blood pressure.
E. ADH is responsible for the decrease in GFR.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(a) A and B only
(b) B, C and D only
(c) A, B and E only
(d) C, D and E only
Ans: (b)
Option (b) is the correct answer because statements B, C and D are true statements. ADH facilitates water reabsorption from DCT of nephron to prevent diuresis, which causes increase in blood pressure. ANF which is secreted by the heart is a vasodilator.

Q3: Match List I with List II.     (NEET 2023)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(a) A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III
(b) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(c) A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
(d) A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
Ans: (b)
(A) Taenia (a genus of tapeworm) has flame cells as its excretory orgAns:
(B) Paramoecium, a unicellular protist, uses contractile vacuoles to excrete waste and excess water.
(C) Periplaneta (the American cockroach) uses malpighian tubules for excretion, but "Urecose gland" is not a correct match. However, given the available options, it's the closest match.
(D) Pheretima, a genus of earthworms, uses nephridia as excretory orgAns:

2022

Q1: Select the correct statements.     (NEET 2022 Phase 2)
(a) Angiotensin II activates the cortex of adrenal gland to release aldosterone.
(b) Aldosterone leads to increase in blood pressure.
(c) ANF acts as a check on renin-angiotensin mechanism.
(d) ADH causes vasodilation.
(e) Vasopressin is released from adenohypophysis.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(a) (a), (b) and (c) only
(b) (a), (b) and (e) only
(c) (c), (d) and (e) only
(d) (b), (c) and (d) only
Ans: (a)
Option (a) is the correct answer because statements (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
Angiotensin II activates the adrenal cortex of adrenal gland to release aldosterone. Aldosterone increases blood volume and thus blood pressure by increasing reabsorption of water and electrolytes from distal parts of nephron. ANF causes vasodilation and decreases blood pressure and thus GFR. Statements (d) and (e) are incorrect as ADH/vasopressin is a potent vasoconstrictor which is released from neurohypophysis.

Q3: Nitrogenous waste is excreted in the form of pellet or paste by:      (NEET 2022 Phase 1)
(a) Salamandra
(b) Hippocampus
(c) Pavo
(d) Ornithorlnychus
Ans: (c) Pavo

• Option (c) is the correct answer because birds (Pavo) excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with minimum loss of water.
• Option (a) and (b) are incorrect because many bony fishes (like Hippocampus) and aquatic amphibians (like Salamandra) are ammonotelic in nature.
• Option (d) is incorrect because mammals (like Ornithorhynchus) mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic animals.

2020

Q1: Presence of which of the following conditions in urine are indicative of Diabetes Mellitus?     (NEET 2020)
(a) Ketonuria and Glycosuria
(b) Renal calculi and Hyperglycaemia
(c) Uremia and Ketonuria
(d) Uremia and Renal Calculi
Ans: (a) Ketonuria and Glycosuria
Presence of Ketone bodies in urine (Ketonuria) and presence of glucose in urine (Glycosuria) are indicative of Diabetes mellitus.

Q2: Which of the following would help in the prevention of diuresis?     (NEET 2020)
(a) Atrial natriuretic factor causes vasoconstriction
(b) Decrease in the secretion of renin by JG cells
(c) More water reabsorption due to under-secretion of ADH
(d) Reabsorption of Na⁺ and water from renal tubules due to aldosterone
Ans: (d)
Adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone which increase the reabsorption of Na+ and water from renal tubule that prevent diuresis. Diuresis is a condition in which the kidneys filter too much bodily fluid.

2019

Q1: Use of an artificial kidney during hemodialysis may result in
(A) Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body
(B) Non-elimination of excess potassium ions
(C) Reduced absorption of calcium ions from the gastrointestinal tract
(D) Reduced RBC production
Which of the following options is the most appropriate?    (NEET 2019)
(a) (A) and (D) are correct.
(b) (A) and (B) are correct.
(c) (B) and (C) are correct.
(d) (C) and (D) are correct.
Ans: (d)

• Kidney produces erythropoietin which helps in RBC production
• Kidney also secretes calcitriol which allows absorption of calcium ion from gastro intestinal tract.

Q2: Which of the following factors is responsible for the formation of concentrated urine?    (NEET 2019)
(a) Hydrostatic pressure during glomerular filtration.
(b) Low levels of antidiuretic hormone.
(c) Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards the medullary interstitium in the kidneys.
(d) Secretion of erythropoietin by Juxtaglomerular complex.
Ans: (c)
Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards inner medullary interstitium in the kidneys for the formation of concentrated urine.

2018

Q1: Match the items given in column I with those in column II and select the correct option given below.    (NEET 2018)

Ans: (d)

• Glycosuria means there is sugar glucose in the urine, which is often seen in people with diabetes.
• Gout is a painful condition caused by the buildup of uric acid in the joints.
• Renal calculi are masses of crystallized salts that form in the kidney.
• Glomerular nephritis is when the glomerulus (a part of the kidney that helps filter blood) becomes inflamed.

Q2: Match the items given in column I with those in column II and select the correct option given below.    (NEET 2018)

Ans: (b)

• Ultrafiltration happens in the kidneys when blood is filtered to form urine in a part called Bowman's capsule, also known as the Malpighian corpuscle.
• The function of Henle's loop is to maintain the concentration of urine by reabsorbing water and sodium chloride from the urine.
• Urine is transported from the kidney to the bladder through a duct called the ureter. The bladder stores the urine until it is time for the body to release it through urination.

2017

Q1: A decrease in blood pressure/volume will not cause the release of    (NEET 2017)
(a) Atrial natriuretic factor
(b) Aldosterone
(c) ADH
(d) Renin.
Ans: (a)
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is responsible for lowering of blood pressure and volume. The walls of the atria of the heart release ANF in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure. It opposes regulation by RAAS. It inhibits release of renin from JGA thereby inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct and reduces aldosterone release from adrenal gland.

Q2: Which of the following statements is correct?    (NEET 2017)
(a) The descending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
(b) The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water.
(c) The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to electrolytes.
(d) The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
Ans: (d)
Descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water but impermeable to electrolytes whereas ascending limb is impermeable to water but permeable to electrolytes.

2016

Q1: The part of the nephron involved in the active reabsorption of sodium is    (NEET 2016 Phase 2)
(a) Distal convoluted tubule
(b) Proximal convoluted tubule
(c) Bowman’s capsule
(d) Descending limb of Henle’s loop.
Ans: (b)

• From the Bowman’s capsule, a glomerular filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule. Absorption of selected materials takes place from the filtrate into the blood of the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta. It is termed the tubular reabsorption. Reabsorption involves both passive and active transport across the tubular epithelium.
• About 65 per cent of the glomerular filtrate is normally reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule before reaching the loop of Henle. Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, sodium, potassium, chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates, much of water and some urea from the filtrate are absorbed. Sodium and potassium are reabsorbed by primary active transport.

2015

Q1: Human urine is usually acidic because:    (NEET 2015 / AIPMT 2015)
(a) Excreted plasma proteins are acidic
(b) Potassium and sodium exchange generates acidity
(c) Hydrogen ions are actively secreted into the filtrate.
(d) The sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion, in peritubular capillaries.
Ans: (c)
Urine has acidic nature because hydrogen ions(H+) are components of an acid which are secreted into the filtrate.

Q2: Which of the following does not favour the formation of large quantities of dilute urine?    (NEET / AIPMT 2015 Cancelled Paper)
(a) Caffeine
(b) Renin
(c) Atrial-natriuretic factor
(d) Alcohol
Ans: (b)
Angiotensinogen is an α-globulin protein produced by liver. Renin serves as an enzyme in the conversion of the plasma protein angiotensinogen into angiotensin. This protein stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone which acts on the cells of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and increases the rate of reabsorption of Na+ . Reabsorption of Na+ brings about the uptake of an osmotically equivalent amount of water. Absorption of sodium and water increases blood volume and pressure.

Q3: Removal of proximal convoluted tubule from the nephron will result in:     (NEET / AIPMT 2015 Cancelled Paper)
(a) More concentrated urine
(b) No change in quality and quantity of urine
(c) No urine formation
(d) More diluted urine
Ans: (d) 

• Removal of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) from the nephron will result in more concentrated urine.
• The PCT is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water, glucose, amino acids, and ions (such as sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate) that are filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus. This reabsorption occurs through active and passive transport mechanisms, which help maintain the proper balance of ions and water in the body.
• If the PCT is removed from the nephron, less water and solutes would be reabsorbed, and more would be excreted in the urine. This would lead to a higher concentration of solutes in the remaining tubules and collecting ducts, and ultimately to the production of more concentrated urine.

So, option D, "more concentrated urine," is the correct answer.

2014

Q1: Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?    (NEET 2014 / AIPMT 2014 )
(a) Increase in aldosterone levels 
(b) Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels
(c) Decrease in aldosterone levels
(d) Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels
Ans: (a)
Aldosterone hormone, released by the adrenal glands, helps the body regulate blood pressure. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.