NEET Syllabus 2024: Topicwise Details & Important Chapters - How To Prepare For NEET

Class 11th Physics Syllabus

Class 12th Physics Syllabus

Physical world and measurement

Electrostatics

Kinematics

Current Electricity

Laws of motion

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Work, Energy, and Power

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

Electromagnetic Waves

Gravitation

Optics

Properties of Bulk Matter

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Thermodynamics

Atoms and Nuclei

Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

Electronic Devices

Oscillations and wave

Physical World and measurement

• Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology, and society
• Need for measurement: units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass, and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures
• Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications

Kinematics

• Frame of reference, motion in a straight line; position-time graph, speed, and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed, and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, and position-time graphs for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment)
• Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity
• Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components
• Scalar and vector products of vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration – projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.

Laws of Motion

• Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion. Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

Work, Energy, and Power

• Work done by a constant force and variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
• Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Unit 5 –

Motion of systems of particle and rigid body

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid; Centre of mass of uniform rod
• Momentum of a force-torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples
• Equillibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparision of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications

Gravitation

• Kepler’s law of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites

Properties of Bulk Matter

• Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, poisson’s ratio; elastic energy
• Viscosity, Stoke’s law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity, Bernoulli’s theorem, and its applications.
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles, and capillary rise
• Heat, temperature,thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat of capacity:Cp, Cv-calorimetry; change of state-latent heat
• Heat transfer – conduction and thermal conductivity, convection, and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black body radiation. Wein’s displacement law, and the greenhouse effect.

Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law

Thermodynamics

Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators

Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (Statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path

• Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM – Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period; free and forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance
• Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.

Electrostatics

• Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
• Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole, and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
• Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator

• Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
• Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Kirchoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge
• Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell

• Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic Field Intensity due to a magnetic dipole(bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent soilenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic  field and magnetic elements.
• Para -, dia-and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s law, eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current
• AC generator and transformer

• Need for displacement current
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) includes elementary facts about their uses.

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
• Scattering of light–blue color of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
• Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hyper myopia) using lenses
• Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts
• Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle
  Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane-polarized light and polaroids

• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle nature of light.
• Matter waves – wave nature of particles, deBrogile relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained)

Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion

Chemistry Class 11 Syllabus

Chemistry Class 12 Syllabus

Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Unit I: Solid State

Unit II: Structure of Atom

Unit II: Solutions

Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Unit III: Electrochemistry

Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Unit V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

Unit VI: Thermodynamics

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Unit VII: Equilibrium

Unit VII: p-Block Elements

Unit VIII: Redox Reactions

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements

Unit IX: Hydrogen

Unit IX: Coordination Compounds

Unit X: s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Unit XI: Some p-Block Elements

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Unit XII: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques

Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons

Unit XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Unit XIV: Environmental Chemistry

Unit XIV: Biomolecules

Unit XV: Polymers

Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

• General Introduction – Importance and Scope of chemistry
• Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms and molecules
• Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry

Liquid state – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)

Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.

Third law of thermodynamics – Brief introduction

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses

Preparation and properties of some important compounds

Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium

Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca

Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies

General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation of states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides

Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses

Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond(ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition

Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water

Aromatic hydrocarbons – introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, Benzene; resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution – Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity

Group 16 elements – General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides, ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms, compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only)

Group 17 elements – General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structure only)

Group 18 elements – General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses

Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences

Actinoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only)

Uses and environment effects of – dichloromethane, tri chloromethane, tetra chloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT

Phenol – Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols

Ethers – Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.

Carboxylic acids: nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses

Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places

Diazonium salts – preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Proteins – elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

Hormones – Elementary idea (excluding structure) 

Vitamins – classification and function

Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA

Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants

Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Biology Syllabus for Class 11th

Biology Syllabus for Class 12th

1. Diversity in Living World

• The Living World

• Biological Classification

• Plant Kingdom

• Animal Kingdom

1. Reproduction

• Reproduction in Organisms

• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Human Reproduction

• Reproductive Health

2. Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

• Morphology of Flowering Plants

• Anatomy of Flowering Plants

• Structural Organisation in Animals.

2. Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of Inheritance and Variation

• Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• Evolution

3. Cell Structure and Function

• Cell-The Unit of Life

• Biomolecules 

• Cell Cycle and Cell Division

3. Biology and Human Welfare

• Human Health and Diseases

• Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Microbes in Human Welfare

4. Plant Physiology

• Transport in Plants 

• Mineral Nutrition 

• Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

• Respiration in Plants 

• Plant - Growth and Development

4. Biotechnology and its Applications

• Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

• Biotechnology and its Application

5. Human Physiology

• Digestion and Absorption

• Breathing and Exchange of Gases

• Body Fluids and Circulation

• Excretory Products and Their Elimination

• Locomotion and Movement

• Neural Control and Coordination

• Chemical Coordination and Integration

5. Ecology and Environment

• Organisms and Populations

• Ecosystem

• Biodiversity and its Conservation

• Environmental Issues

Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).

• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

• Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)

• Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.

• B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

• Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation(anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

• Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth

Regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system- Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

• Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, flagella, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia Gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout

• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system;

Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators. Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goitre, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison’s disease).

(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt with in brief.)

• Diversity in the living world: The Living World, Biological Classification, Plant Kingdom, Animal Kingdom.
• Structural Organisation - Plants and Animals: Morphology of Flowering Plants, Anatomy of Flowering Plants, Structural Organisation in Animals.
• Cell structure and function: Cell-The Unit of Life, Biomolecules, Cell Cycle and Cell Division.
• Plant physiology: Transport in Plants, Mineral Nutrition, Photosynthesis in Higher Plants, Respiration in Plants, Plant - Growth and Development.
• Human physiology:  Digestion and Absorption, Breathing and Exchange of Gases, Body Fluids and Circulation, Excretory Products and Their Elimination, Locomotion and Movement, Neural Control and Coordination, Chemical Coordination and Integration.

• Reproduction: Reproduction in Organisms, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, Human Reproduction, Reproductive Health.
• Genetics and Evolution: Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Evolution.
• Biology and Human welfare: Human Health and Diseases, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, Microbes in Human Welfare.
• Biotechnology and its applications: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, Biotechnology and its Application.
• Ecology and environment: Organisms and Populations, Ecosystem, Biodiversity and its Conservation, Environmental Issues.

• Reproduction: Reproduction in Organisms, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, Human Reproduction, Reproductive Health.

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT II: 
Genetics and Evolution: Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Evolution.

• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting.

• Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

• Biology and Human welfare: Human Health and Diseases, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, Microbes in Human Welfare.

• Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

• Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

• Ecology and environment: Organisms and Populations, Ecosystem, Biodiversity and its Conservation, Environmental Issues.

• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.

• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.

• Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.