Jawaharlal Nehru: Architect of Modern India's Foreign Policy:
Bandung Conference (1955):
The five sponsoring countries were motivated by several concerns:
Communal Riots and Minority Status:
Delhi Pact Overview:
Signing of the Treaty:
Aim of the Pact
Establishment of Minority Commissions
Difficulties in Boundary Demarcation:
Objectives of the 1958 Agreement:
Union No.12 Issue:
Division of Union No.12:
Resolution of Enclave Issues:
Territory Exchange:
Implementation Challenges:
Supreme Court Ruling:
Constitutional Amendment:
1955: China began patrolling parts of the Indian border, leading to negotiations.
1959-1961: India adopted the "Forward Policy," establishing military outposts in disputed areas.
1962: China launched a full-scale invasion, catching India by surprise. The Indian military was unprepared, and both the USA and Soviet Union provided limited assistance.
Outcome: India lost the conflict, with China retaining Aksai Chin and withdrawing to pre-war lines in the eastern zone.
Impact on Foreign Policy: Nehru shifted India’s approach to international relations, realizing the importance of military strength and not relying solely on peaceful negotiations.
International Cooperation:
Nature of Indo-Russia Relations During Nehru's Era:
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