Over time, the astika schools, originally known as sanatana dharma, have come to be collectively referred to as Hinduism.
The orthodox systems include:
It is common to see Purva-Mimamsa referred to simply as “Mimamsa” and Uttar-Mimamsa as “Vedanta.”
While the orthodox systems uphold the supremacy of the Vedas, the unorthodox systems do not recognize their authority.
Interestingly, Vaisheshika, Nyaya, Samkhya, and Yoga are unique in that they neither strictly align with orthodox nor unorthodox views. These four systems, at their inception, did not explicitly accept or reject the Vedas.
The orthodox systems can be grouped into pairs:
In each pair, the first system is more concerned with practical aspects, while the second system focuses on theoretical considerations.
Identifying a single founder or promoter for each system can be challenging. However, the following figures are widely recognized as proponents of these systems:
Indian philosophies, with the exception of Ajivikas and Charvakism, share several common characteristics. Charvakism stands out because it advocates for materialism, while the other systems exhibit the following shared traits:
Positive Impact on Life:
Importance of Purushartha:
Ends of Human Life:
From Darkness to Light:
Verifiability of Truth and Reality:
Conquering Ignorance and Attaining Freedom:
Essential Spirituality:
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1. What are the main texts that constitute the Vedas, and what is their significance in Indian philosophy? |
2. What distinguishes Orthodox (Astika) systems of Indian philosophy from Unorthodox (Nastika) systems? |
3. Can you explain the common characteristics shared by both Orthodox and Unorthodox systems of Indian philosophy? |
4. How do the Vedas influence the development of the Orthodox systems of Indian philosophy? |
5. What role do the concepts of karma and dharma play in both Orthodox and Unorthodox Indian philosophies? |
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